Valcanoes Flashcards
Vent or opening on the surface of the earth
Valcanoes
Difference between volcano and valcanicity
Valcano is just a opening, where as valcanicity is a broad term,
Valcanicity means the exogenic and endogenic process acting i.e, exogenic -> outpouring of lava, endogenic implies magma or molten material.
Materials erupted during valcanoic emission
Water vapour and gases,
Magma and lava,
Fragmental materials
% of water vapour in valcanoic water vapour and gases
60-90%
Gases that come out of valcano
Sulphur dioxide,
Nitrous dioxide,
Carbon dioxide and monoxide both
Difference between magma and lava
Molten rock material inside the earth surface is called magma and which comes out is called lava
What is basic and what is acidic in magma and lava
Lava is acidic and magma is basic and
By this we can say that granite is formed in lava and basalt Is formed in magma,
Basalt is highly denser so a bit fine grained, while granite is less denser so a bit corrosive,
Remember these words:
Plutonic, hypabassal, extrusive,
Pegmatic, pheneratic, aphantic, glassy
Fragmentic materials formed during valcanoic eruption are
Volcanoic dust,
Volcanoic ash, lapilli,
Valcanoic bombs
Volcanic eruption is due to ? And which theory explains it
Plate techtonic theory explains it, due to destructive and constructive plate boundaries
What happens in destructive plate boundaries ?
Collision of two plates, the heavier plate goes below the lighter plate and the subduction zone is formed.
The heavier plate which went down gets melted and the magma rises upwards.
Magma thus rises upwards and blows away forming a volcanic eruption.
Destructive plate boundaries causes volcanoes and where can we see them, in the case of mountain ranges
Fold mountains are the best source of the destructive volcanic eruption.
80% of worlds volcanoes are due to constructive or destructive ?
Constructive
What happens in convergent plates in volcano
Convergent have the constant supply of material for the magma formation, so there is a continuous eruption, these causes a bit low intense eruptions,
these eruptions are called as fissure volcanic eruptions,
Fissure volcanic eruptions are seen in? Convergent or divergent, mention any example
Divergent i.e constructive and example is mid oceanic ridge
What are volcanic hotspots
Areas of active volcanic eruptions, continuous supply of magma, these are not associated with plate boundaries, they are intra plate
what are intra plate volcanoes?
Volcanic hotspots
Example of volcanic hotspots
Reunion hotspot and Hawaii island
what is reunion hotspot
It helped in the formation of black cotton soil in India
Mention the world distribution of volcanoes, i,e types of volcanoes
Circum pacific belt,
Mid Atlantic belt,
Mid continental belt,
Region of volcanic hotspots
Types of volcanic landforms
Intrusive And extrusive
Difference between intrusive and extrusive volcanic landforms
Intrusive here the magma gets cooled below the surface of the earth in extrusive magma gets converted to lava and gets cooled.
In - have larger crystals, Ex - Have smaller crystals.
Larger crystals meant granite and smaller crystals meant basalt,
Intrusive are further divided into plutonic and hypabassal
So difference between plutonic and hypabassal land forms
Plutonic is formed deep inside and hypabassal is formed just below the surface.
Types of intrusive land forms
Batholith - large mass of all the below,
Sill - forms in horizontal like parallel to bedding plain in sedimentary rocks,
Dykes - perpendicular to the bedding plain,
Lopolith - present in the shape of saucer or bent shaped.
Laccolith - mushroom shaped.
Phacolith - lens shaped which occupy anticline and syncline
Features of batholith
It’s the biggest and deepest of all
Features of SILL
Its is horizontal to the ground, i.e parallel to the bedding plain
Features of DYKES
It is vertical i.e it is perpendicular to the bedding plain
Features lo lopolith
It is saucer shaped
Feature of laccoliths
It is mushroom shaped
Features of phacolith
It is lens shaped, having both anticline and syncline
Types of extrusive land forms
Cones -> ash and cinder cones, composite cones, parasitic cones, basic lava cones.
Crater
Plateau,
Plain
Features of ash and cinder cones
They are small compared to composite cones,
Formed due to accumulation of unconsolidated material ash and pyroclastic material
Parasite cone feature bolo ?
Several branches come out of the cone forming many volcanoes on a single volcano
Basic lava cone features ?
These have gentle slope because of the higher degree of fluidity and there fore the lava erupted travel to the longer distance
Composite cones features
Formed due to accumulation of alternate layers of lava and fragmented materials
Which is the highest height among the volcano cones
Composite cones
Composite cone volcanoes are also known as
STRATO volcanoes
What is a crater
Vent or opening on a volcano mountain.
It’s a funnel shaped depression,
Crater of large size are known as calderas
Craters of large size are known as
Calderas
Nested crate
Crate formed inside an another crate is called nested crate
Volcanoic plateaus example in india
Deccan lava plateau
Area where hot water comes from the ground is called
Hot springs and geysers
In hot springs we have continous supply, where as in geysers we have delayed supply
What are fumaroles
Emission of gases and water vapour is called fumaroles
When instead of water, we get gases and water vapour from the ground what do we call it
Fumaroles
Difference between fumaroles and hot springs and geysers
Fumaroles we get gases ans water vapour, where as in hot springs we get continued supply of water and in geysers we get delayed supply of water from the ground
What happens when the techtonic plates demonstrate
We can earth quake man
Define an earth quake
The demonstration of tectonic plates, where there are vibrations and oscillations on the surface of the earth, due to disturbance of rocks beneath the surface of the earth is called earthquake
Place of origin of the earth quake is called
Focus
What is called epicentre in earth quakes
Epicentre is the place where the seismic waves are seen, its the nearest point on surface of earth to the focus
Focus is also called
Hypocenter
Waves generated during earth quakes are called
Primary waves and secondary waves
What are body waves and write the differentiation between body waves and surface waves
Body waves are p-waves and s-waves, these are generated inside the earth quake, where as the surface waves are generated on the surface
Difference between primary and secondary waves
P-waves are similar to sound waves, and can travel through solid, liquid and gases.
Fastest waves of the both and the first wave to reach the epicentre.
S-waves are formed after p-ways, they are slow (half of the speed of primary waves) and do not pass through liquids and gases
What are the most destructive among the three waves
Surface waves
Slowest of all waves
Surface waves
Causes of the earth quakes
Volcanity
Folding and faulting
Anthropogenic causes
Volcanity is one of the causes of the earth quakes explain the blame, else it will slap you
Explosive volcanoes, have materials reaching the earth from interior, shaking the surface rapidly thus causing earthquakes.
Folding
The intensive compressive forces acting on the earth,thus resulting in folding of the earth surface, thus an earth quake
Faulting is a reason of earthquake explain
The sudden dislocation of rocks, due to tensional force (normal fault), Compressional force(reverse fault), sliding of rocks in opposite direction (strike slip fault).
Causes earthquakes -> why because we have the underground rocks holding only up to certain elasticity, and the elasticity have a certain limit, once the elastic limit is seen, the rocks gets broken and gets dislocated thus forming an earthquake
Tremors are the uneven shakes.
what are tremors
Tremors are the uneven shakes on earth, causing the roads and building to get crack
What are anthropogenic causes for a earthquake
Reservoir/ Dam induced earthquakes, Mining activities, Blasting of rocks and mountains using dynamites, Underground drill for exploration, Nuclear explosion
Explain dame induced earthquakes with an example
Due to increase in load of water the rocks present below looses the elastic limit and breaks,
This is called dam induced earthquake,
Example is earthquakes in Konya region of Maharashtra
Konya region of Maharashtra Is famous for
Dam induced earthquakes
Give an example of dam induced earthquakes in india
Konya in Maharashtra is the place where their is prominence occurrence of earthquakes due to dam
How did the earthquakes are seen in the context of plate tectonic theory
Due to convergent, divergent and conservative plate boundaries we get the earthquakes,
Which tectonic boundary causes more intense earthquakes
Convergent and conservative causes more intense earthquakes
Example of an conservative plate boundary
San Andreas fault
One of the stable land mass in the India
Peninsular india
Hazardous effect of earthquake
- Damage of buildings, infrastructure
- Loss of human Life,
- Fires (due to live wires and leakage of gases)
- Land slides
- Flash floods
- Tsunami
How many ways do we measure an earth quake
In two ways i.e magnitude measure and intensity measure
Magnitude measure of explain explain
Measure the amount of energy released during the earthquake i.e size of the earthquake,
Quantitative measure
Scale used : Ritcher scale
Ritcher scale is used in
Magnitude earthquakes measurement
What is the quantitative measure of earthquake called
Magnitude measure of earthquake
Intensity measure of an earthquake explain
Measures the degree of actual shaking of the earth
Amount of energy and degree of shake which is used in which
Amount of energy is used in magnitude measure of earthquake,
Degree of shake is used in intensity measure of an earthquake
What is qualitative measure of an earthquake
Intensity measure of an earthquake is called qualitative measure of an earthquake
What scale used in qualitative measure i.e intensity measure of an earthquake
Modified mercalli scale
Mercalli , Ritcher scale where are the both used
Mercalli for measuring the intensity and Ritcher is to measure the magnitude of the earth quake
When we consider earth quake as the light bulb and light as the quake then the point near to it and point away from it have a same quality and differences quality what are those
Magnitude is same everywhere, because amount of energy is always equal where as the near point have high intensity and farther point have lower intensity
