Climatology part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is atmosphere

A

A thick gaseous envelope which surrounds the earth from all sides and which is attached to the surface of earth by gravitational force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the importance of atmosphere

A
  1. Provides all necessary gases for sustainance of life
  2. No life if no atmosphere
  3. Doesn’t allow harmful uv radiations to reach earth surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Height of atmosphere

A

It’s between 16000km to 29,000 km from earth surface,

But 97% of atmosphere is in 30kms and 50% of atmosphere is in 5km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Composition of atmosphere

A

Water vapour , gases , particulate matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gases in the atmosphere and there composition

A

99% of atmosphere is made up of two gases
1. Oxygen 78%
2. Nitrogen 21%
Other 1% have co2 (0.03%), Argon (0.93%), Neon (0.02%)
0.005 % of helium, xenon,krypton, hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

C02 have special property in receiving and sending out the radiation what is it

A

It is transparent to incoming radiation while opaque to out going radiation. Due to this property it heats up the lower atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is water vapour

A

It’s the amount of humidity in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amount of water vapour changes in atmosphere in what basis

A

Height : 90% water vapour in just 5km
Season :more moisture during summer
Latitudes : it decreases as we go up to the poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Importance of water vapour

A

Acts like a greenhouse gas, so it helps in heating of the atmosphere at lower surface
Responsible for condensation (fog and clouds),precipitation (rainfall )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Particulate matter includes what ? And there importance in atmosphere

A

Particulate matter implies smoke,ash, pollen grains, dust, salts, etc
Importance
1. They act as an hydroscopic nuclei in which watervapour condenses to form cloud.
2. The artificial rainfall which are due to sprinkling of iodide/salt in to the atmosphere for the formation of the hydroscopic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydroscopic nuclei is responsible for

A

Maintaining watervapour as clouds in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Different layers of atmosphere

A

Exosphere, ionosphere, Mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mixing of different gases occur in which layer of atmosphere

A

Troposphere-zone of mixing of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

All weather phenomenon occurs in which layer

A

Troposphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clouds are present in which layer

A

Troposphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In which layer temp decreases with increase in height

A

Troposphere here the temp decrease at a rate of 6.5 degree celcius per kilometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Height of troposphere

A

8-9km in poles, 16 kilometers on equator.

So poles x2 we get the distance of the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tropopause mane Kya hai

A

Troposphere ends and stratosphere starts this is called tropopause,
As the height is more in equator so temp Is a bit low in tropopause than at the poles, as in troposphere 6.5 degree celcius decrease is seen with increase in km height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The place where zone of mixing of air stops

A

Tropopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Layer from 20 km to 50km

A

Stratosphere, it is next to troposphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The high clouds present in stratosphere are called

A

CIRRUS CLOUDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

OZONE is present in ?>

A

Lower layer of stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What’s the job of ozone

A

It protects the earth from harmful UV Radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

So the temp increases or decreases when we go above the stratosphere

A

The temp increases due to the presence of ozone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The end of stratosphere is called

A

Stratopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Layer between 50km to 80km is called and is present where

A

Mesosphere is present above stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Temp quality or characteristics in meso sphere

A

In mesosphere the temp goes on decreasing with increase in height and it goes to around -80 degrees centigrade at 80 kilometer height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is thermosphere

A

It is above mesosphere
And classified into two types ionosphere and exosphere
and temp increases with increase in height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ionosphere qualities

A
It is between 80km-640km 
But it got divided into 4 sub layer known as 
D layer - 80 - 99 km;
E layer - 99 - 130 km;
F layer - 130 - 380 km;
G layer - 380 - 640 km;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Range of Dlayer

A

80-99 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Range of E layer

A

99-130 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

range of F layer

A

130-380 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Range of G layer

A

380-640 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Operations of D layer

A

It reflects low frequency radio waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Operation of other layers excluding D layer

A

They reflect medium and high frequency radio waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Montreal protocol is on

A

Substances that deplete O3 layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

F layer is also called

A

Apleton layer

38
Q

E layer is also called

A

Kenny heviside layer

39
Q

What is insolation

A

INcident SOlar radiaTION is called insolation

40
Q

Mechanism in solar energy

A

When hydrogen is converted to helium, through the process of nuclear fusion, we get the interior of the sun releasing large amount of energy

41
Q

What is solar constant

A

It’s the amount of insolation reaching the earth surface from the sun, it is around 2cal/cm2/min

42
Q

What is Wien’s displacement law ?

A

It states that the wavelength increases when the temperature of the insolating body decreases

43
Q

Very high temperature implies what as per wien’s displacement law

A

High temperature implies short waves

44
Q

Terrestrial radiation or earth radiation have what waves

A

Earth radiation have long waves, i.e low energy waves

45
Q

What is greenhouse gas effect

A

Trapping of long waves Is called greenhouse gas effect

46
Q

The earth is divided into 3 zones as per latitudes and amount of insolation it receives

A

3 layers are

  1. Tropics
  2. Temperate
  3. Polar
47
Q

What is perihelion and aphelion

A

Perihelion is on jan 3 and aphelion is on July 4

48
Q

Why is sky-> blue in colour

A

Because the atmosphere scatters the sun rays , i.e 23% of the Sunrays gets scattered,and the blue light is the most scattered of all during day time and red is the most scattered of all during early mornings and evening

49
Q

Other two operations rather than Scattering of sun rays by atmosphere are ?

A

Absorption and reflection

50
Q

How much amount of sunrays are absorbed by the atmosphere

51
Q

Sunrays getting reflected is called

52
Q

Out of 100% of the heat received by earths from sun how much is scattered

A

35% is scattered and 27% is by clouds and 6% is by dust particles and 2% is by snow

53
Q

How much % of sun radiation is reflected or scattered by clouds and snow

A

27% by cloud and 2 % by snow

54
Q

65% gets un scattered, how much is absorbed by the atmosphere

A

14% is absorbed by the atmosphere, and 51 % is absorbed by the earth surface

55
Q

Direct radiation received by the earth

A

Earth gets 51 % of radiation in. That direct holds 34% and 17% by the diffused light

56
Q

Refer albedo once

A

Yup, else you wont get first rank

57
Q

There are three types of heating of earth

A

Conduction, convection, radiation.

58
Q

what is conduction by the atmosphere

A
  1. Transfer of heat by molecules
  2. Touching of bodies of different temperatures.
    - > metals are the good conductor of heat so heat transfer is possible to only ground layers of the atmosphere
59
Q

Explain about radiation

A

Transfer or heat by no medium.

Solar radiation heats up to the ground, terrestrial radiation heats up the atmosphere

60
Q

What is convection

A

Transfer of heat through the movement of mass of a substance.
Effective in fluids
Seen in cyclones

61
Q

What sort of heat transfer is seen in cyclone

A

Convection

62
Q

Which air has high humidity holding capacity hot or cold

A

Hot air has high humidity holding capacity and cold air have comparatively less humidity holding capacity

63
Q

How are clouds formed

A

If you have said just by evaporation slap your self you fool!!
Due to convection the warm air becomes lighter and rises upwards and forms clouds at the hygroscopic nuclei

64
Q

Low preassure is associated with rainfall or dryness

A

Low pressure implies high rainfall

65
Q

High pressure implies what rainfall or dryness

A

High pressure implies dryness

66
Q

Factors affecting distribution of temperature

A
  1. Latitudes
  2. Altitudes
  3. Distance from the coast
  4. Difference between nature of land and water
  5. Nature of ground water
  6. Nature of ground slope
  7. Winds
  8. Ocean currents
67
Q

How do latitudes affect the temperature

A

Temp decreases as we go away from the equator or gets nearer to the poles

68
Q

Large amount of temperature is not on the equator but on 5N or 5S why

A

As the equatorial regions gets cloud cover and max rainfall everyday,so the temperatures are comparatively Low in equatorial than at 5N or 5S

69
Q

How does altitude affect the distribution of temperature

A

Normal lapse rate -> 6.5*C as we increase the altitude by 1 km till 16-20kms, as maximum amount of water vapour is present in the lower atmosphere so the heat Is more at the ground as we move up it gets gradually decreased.

70
Q

What is normal lapse rate

A

The increase in temperature 6.5*C with increase in 1 kilometer above the ground is called normal lapse rate

71
Q

How does the coast affect the distribution of temperature

A

As the air moves from low pressure to high pressure and pressure is inversely proportional to temperature, we have low pressure at the land,
so the wind blow from sea to land at day (on shore winds)
And the wind blows from land to sea at night ( off shore winds)

72
Q

What are offshore winds

A

The winds that blow from land to sea are known as offshore winds

73
Q

Why do coastal cities have moderate temperatures

A

Due to the daily rhythms of winds flow from land to sea and from sea to land, due to this effect absent in continental interiors so they have extreme climates
I.e hot summers and cold winters

74
Q

What is meant by continentality

A

The continental interiors expose to extreme temperatures

I.e high temperatures at summer and lower temperatures at winter

75
Q

How does difference of nature of land and water affect distribution of temperature

A

Land heats up quickly and water heats up slowly
Because
1. Land gets the heats to go up to 3mts depth where as water gets 200mts depth of heat,
2. During night time land gets cooled faster than water.
3. Specific heat of water is more than land.
4. Water gets heat redistributed due to waves and ocean currents, but land doesn’t do any distribution
5. Albedo -> water gets more sun insolation to get reflected than Land

76
Q

How do the nature of ground surface affect distribution of temperature

A

As

  1. Black cotton soil absorbs More heat than other soils
  2. Sand takes more than half amount of heat it receives ie around 66% and the rest is reflected
  3. Open forest takes only 33% of heat And reflectes the rest.
  4. Snow doesn’t care about heat
77
Q

More and low amount of insolation takes place in which kind of soils

A

Black cotton soil and snow

78
Q

How do nature of ground slope affect distribution of temperature

A

Slope which faces the sun receives more insolation,
Eg: in Himalayas the southern slope gets more insolation, so do the vegetation and human settlement compared to northern slope.

79
Q

What are isotherms

A

The line on the map connecting the points having the equal or same temperature at a given time or average time period is called isotherms

80
Q

Isotherms are distributed horizontally or vertically, use brain

A

Horizontal distribution of temperatures have isotherms because the horizontal have latitudes so do the equal temperatures

81
Q

Isotherms are irregular and closely spaced in which hemisphere and why ?

A

Closely spaced in northern hemisphere and it is due to dominance of land

82
Q

Isotherms takes actual temperature of the place or some other temp, if some other explain what it is

A

Isotherms take the temp when it is reduced to sea level.

83
Q

Isotherms are regular and parallelly placed to latitudes in which hemisphere

A

Southern Hemisphere due to the domination by water

84
Q

isotherms while going from land to sea, deviate towards poles in which season

85
Q

isotherms while going from land to sea, deviate towards equator in which season

86
Q

isotherms while going from sea to land, deviate towards poles in which season

87
Q

isotherms while going from sea to land, deviate towards equator in which season

88
Q

Mt. Kilimanjaro though present on equator have ice cap why

A

Because of the normal lapse rate and its height

89
Q

What is tropical zone, list out it’s characteristics

A

Tropical zone extends between 22.5N to 22.5S
The equatorial region experience the vertical sunrays during equinox i.e twice a year.
So the area between the Tropic of Cancer And Tropic of Capricorn receives twice the direct sunlight in a year,
Due to tilting of earth

90
Q

What are temperate zones describe them

A

Temperate zones expands from 23.5N/S to 66.5N/S,

Temperate zone never gets direct sunlight.

91
Q

what is a frigid zone

A

The zones above 66.5N/S to 90N/S is called frigid zone.

92
Q

How does frigid zone have days and nights

A

6 months days and 6 months night in frigid zones