Vaccines pt 1 Flashcards
core vaccines protect against diseases that have one or more of the following:
- high morbidity / mortality
- significant public health risk
- common
- easily transmissible
non-core vaccines are reccomended to some cats and dogs based on:
- lifestyle
- geographic location
- risk of exposure
canine core vaccines:
- Rabies
- Distemper
- Adenovirus
- Parvovirus
canine non-core:
- Parainfluenza
- Bordetella
- Leptospirosis*
- Borrelia
- Influenza
feline core:
- Rabies
- Panleukopenia
- Herpesvirus
- Calicivirus
- Feline Leukemia virus (cats <1y)
feline non-core
- Feline leukemia virus
- Chlamydia
- Bordetella
canine core vaccine series timing:
Distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus:
- Dogs up to 16 weeks of age:
> At least 3 doses given every 2-4 weeks.
> Start at 6-8 weeks, vaccinate until 16 weeks.
- Dogs >16 weeks of age:
> 2 doses given, 2-4 weeks apart - Revaccination:
> One dose within 1 year of last dose in
initial vaccine series; then every 3 years
Rabies:
- as per local law, given once when dog at least 12 weeks old
- Revaccination: as per local laws and vaccine label, typically every 1-3 years
Distemper: how contagious? clinical manifestations? shedding?
- Highly contagious but well controlled due to high vaccination rates
- Various disease manifestations:
> Respiratory – cough, nasal discharge
> GI – vomiting, diarrhea
> Neurologic – seizures / other CNS, ocular signs
> Cutaneous - hyperkeratosis - Shed in secretions
- Can be highly fatal if poor immunity
canine adenovirus-1: clinical signs?
Infectious hepatitis
- Signs of liver disease, including non-specific vomiting, depression
- Coagulopathy, other signs of liver failure
- Can also cause uveitis (“blue eye”)
- Potentially fatal
what does the canine adenovirus-1 vaccine immunize against specifically and how does it work for us? why do we do this?
- Vaccines contain product to immunize against Adenovirus-2 which provides cross- protection to Adenovirus-1
- High side effect rates with Adeno-1 vaccines previously
canine parvovirus: how contagious? environmental survival? transmission? disease manifestation? testing?
- Highly contagious, able to survive in environment
- Feco-oral transmission
- Destroys rapidly dividing cells
> GI signs - diarrhea**, vomiting
> Bone marrow suppression – cytopenias - In-house testing for fecal antigen highly specific
rabies transmission and clinical signs?
- Transmitted via bites, travels along nervous system
- Variety of clinical signs:
> Behaviour change, difficulty swallowing, paralysis, seizures, and more - Almost always fatal
rabies vaccine legal requirements:
Rabies vaccine is a public health legislative requirement for dogs and cats in Ontario
- Cat or dog must be vaccinated for rabies at 3 months old and must be kept up-to-date for its entire life
- After first vaccine, they must get a booster shot within 1 year of the date they were vaccinated
- After that, they must be vaccinated for rabies every 1 to 3 years depending on the type of vaccine
- Owners can be fined if pet is not vaccinated
leptospirosis can cause what types of disease? transmission?
- Bacterial pathogen that can cause: Renal disease
- Hepatic disease
- Less commonly affects other systems
(respiratory, etc) - Transmitted via urine of infected animals & in contaminated water
what dogs are considered at risk of lepto infection?
- North American prevalence increasing
> Rural, outdoor dogs with water access used to be considered most at risk
> Lepto commonly seen now in many dogs - Most dogs in North America considered at
risk - Endemic in many areas and zoonotic
> “Non-core” but highly consider leptospirosis vaccination for canine patients
what type of vaccine is available for leptospirosis? serovars consideration?
- Killed “4-way” purified subunit vaccine available
> Grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohemorrhagica, pomona
> Might not cross-protect against other serovars
leptospirosis vaccination schedule?
- Vaccination for dogs > 12 weeks of age
- Initial series of 2-3 vaccines, 3-4 weeks apart
- Repeated annually if risk continues
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex transmitted via:
aerosol
what vaccines are used for canine infectious respiratory disease complex? route of admin?
- Vaccines commonly protect against Bordetella
> CAV-2, parainfluenza virus sometimes included - Intranasal & oral products preferred over SQ vaccine
> Increased efficacy, fast onset (48-72 hours after administration)
when is the bordetella vaccine reccomended?
- Vaccine recommended in at-risk dogs
> At least 1 week prior to potential exposure
> Re-vaccination yearly if risk persists
> IN options include Bordetella +/- PI, CAV-2
> Oral option includes only Bordetella - Routinely given >8 weeks of age
> Can be given as early as 3-4 weeks, not often indicated this young
what strains are canine influenza? disease presentation and contagiousness?
- H3N2 & H3N8 Canine Influenza
> Respiratory disease similar to the ”typical” canine respiratory infectious complex
> Highly contagious, dogs shed prior to developing signs
> Most dogs have mild-moderate signs, resolve - Periodic outbreaks
canine influenza vaccines target what strains? how effective?
- Vaccines target H3N8 +/- H3N2
- Not 100% effective but can reduce severity
canine influenza vaccine schedule
- 2 doses, given 2-4 weeks apart
- Revaccinate annually if risk persists
Who should be vaccinated for canine influenza? Consider if one or more of the following:
- Dogs traveling to high risk areas (parts of US, Asia), or in contact with dogs imported from these areas
- Dogs with high exposure to other dogs (travel for shows or other events)
- Dogs at increased risk of serious disease (e.g., pre-existing respiratory conditions)
- Others?
who should consider a lyme borreliosis vaccine? how common are clinical signs and what are they? can we vaccinate a seropositive dog?
- Lyme borreliosis may be considered for dogs in endemic areas
> <10% of dogs develop signs of disease
> Polyarthritis, less commonly renal disease (nephritis – high fatality rate) - If you choose to vaccinate in your practice, it is indicated to vaccinate seropositive dogs (provided no signs of disease)
> No immunity from natural infection/exposure
borrelia vaccine schedule
- Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks)
- Administer 2 doses initially (2-4 weeks apart)
> Revaccinate annually if risk persists
borrelia vaccine: should we give it? considerations?
ACVIM expert panel recommendations were divided:
- Vaccine considered safe, but efficacy & duration of immunity questioned
- 2022 AAHA Vaccine guidelines supportive of administering in high risk areas
- Tick prophylaxis first line of defense
> In endemic areas, Bb vaccines alone not effective
schedule for non-core canine vaccines, overview:
Lepto, borrelia, influenza:
- 2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart, starting at 12 weeks
> (for lepto: dogs should be 12 weeks or older)
- Revaccination: within one year, and then annually
Bordetella (+/- parainfluenza)
- single dose, intranasal or oral
- revaccinate annually
