Vaccines pt 1

Question 1

core vaccines protect against diseases that have one or more of the following:

Answer 1

• high morbidity / mortality
• significant public health risk
• common
• easily transmissible

Question 2

non-core vaccines are reccomended to some cats and dogs based on:

Answer 2

• lifestyle
• geographic location
• risk of exposure

Question 3

canine core vaccines:

Answer 3

• Rabies
• Distemper
• Adenovirus
• Parvovirus

Question 4

canine non-core:

Answer 4

• Parainfluenza
• Bordetella
• Leptospirosis*
• Borrelia
• Influenza

Question 5

feline core:

Answer 5

• Rabies
• Panleukopenia
• Herpesvirus
• Calicivirus
• Feline Leukemia virus (cats <1y)

Question 6

feline non-core

Answer 6

• Feline leukemia virus
• Chlamydia
• Bordetella

Question 7

canine core vaccine series timing:

Answer 7

Distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus:
- Dogs up to 16 weeks of age:
> At least 3 doses given every 2-4 weeks.
> Start at 6-8 weeks, vaccinate until 16 weeks.

• Dogs >16 weeks of age:
  > 2 doses given, 2-4 weeks apart
• Revaccination:
  > One dose within 1 year of last dose in
  initial vaccine series; then every 3 years

Rabies:
- as per local law, given once when dog at least 12 weeks old
- Revaccination: as per local laws and vaccine label, typically every 1-3 years

Question 8

Distemper: how contagious? clinical manifestations? shedding?

Answer 8

• Highly contagious but well controlled due to high vaccination rates
• Various disease manifestations:
  ­ > Respiratory – cough, nasal discharge
  ­ > GI – vomiting, diarrhea
  ­ > Neurologic – seizures / other CNS, ocular signs ­
  > Cutaneous - hyperkeratosis
• Shed in secretions
• Can be highly fatal if poor immunity

Question 9

canine adenovirus-1: clinical signs?

Answer 9

Infectious hepatitis
­- Signs of liver disease, including non-specific vomiting, depression
- ­Coagulopathy, other signs of liver failure
­- Can also cause uveitis (“blue eye”)
­- Potentially fatal

Question 10

what does the canine adenovirus-1 vaccine immunize against specifically and how does it work for us? why do we do this?

Answer 10

• Vaccines contain product to immunize against Adenovirus-2 which provides cross- protection to Adenovirus-1
  ­- High side effect rates with Adeno-1 vaccines previously

Question 11

canine parvovirus: how contagious? environmental survival? transmission? disease manifestation? testing?

Answer 11

• Highly contagious, able to survive in environment
• Feco-oral transmission
• Destroys rapidly dividing cells
  ­> GI signs - diarrhea**, vomiting
  ­> Bone marrow suppression – cytopenias
• In-house testing for fecal antigen highly specific

Question 12

rabies transmission and clinical signs?

Answer 12

• Transmitted via bites, travels along nervous system
• Variety of clinical signs:
  ­> Behaviour change, difficulty swallowing, paralysis, seizures, and more
• Almost always fatal

Question 13

rabies vaccine legal requirements:

Answer 13

Rabies vaccine is a public health legislative requirement for dogs and cats in Ontario
- ­Cat or dog must be vaccinated for rabies at 3 months old and must be kept up-to-date for its entire life
­- After first vaccine, they must get a booster shot within 1 year of the date they were vaccinated
­- After that, they must be vaccinated for rabies every 1 to 3 years depending on the type of vaccine
­- Owners can be fined if pet is not vaccinated

Question 14

leptospirosis can cause what types of disease? transmission?

Answer 14

• Bacterial pathogen that can cause: ­Renal disease
  ­- Hepatic disease
  ­- Less commonly affects other systems
  (respiratory, etc)
• Transmitted via urine of infected animals & in contaminated water

Question 15

what dogs are considered at risk of lepto infection?

Answer 15

• North American prevalence increasing
  ­ > Rural, outdoor dogs with water access used to be considered most at risk
  ­ > Lepto commonly seen now in many dogs
• Most dogs in North America considered at
  risk
• Endemic in many areas and zoonotic
  ­> “Non-core” but highly consider leptospirosis vaccination for canine patients

Question 16

what type of vaccine is available for leptospirosis? serovars consideration?

Answer 16

• Killed “4-way” purified subunit vaccine available ­
  > Grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohemorrhagica, pomona ­
  > Might not cross-protect against other serovars

Question 17

leptospirosis vaccination schedule?

Answer 17

• Vaccination for dogs > 12 weeks of age
• Initial series of 2-3 vaccines, 3-4 weeks apart
• Repeated annually if risk continues

Question 18

Canine infectious respiratory disease complex transmitted via:

Answer 18

aerosol

Question 19

what vaccines are used for canine infectious respiratory disease complex? route of admin?

Answer 19

• Vaccines commonly protect against Bordetella
  > CAV-2, parainfluenza virus sometimes included
• Intranasal & oral products preferred over SQ vaccine
  > Increased efficacy, fast onset (48-72 hours after administration)

Question 20

when is the bordetella vaccine reccomended?

Answer 20

• Vaccine recommended in at-risk dogs ­
  > At least 1 week prior to potential exposure
  ­> Re-vaccination yearly if risk persists
  ­> IN options include Bordetella +/- PI, CAV-2 ­
  > Oral option includes only Bordetella
• Routinely given >8 weeks of age
  ­> Can be given as early as 3-4 weeks, not often indicated this young

Question 21

what strains are canine influenza? disease presentation and contagiousness?

Answer 21

• H3N2 & H3N8 Canine Influenza
  ­> Respiratory disease similar to the ”typical” canine respiratory infectious complex
  ­> Highly contagious, dogs shed prior to developing signs
  > ­Most dogs have mild-moderate signs, resolve
• Periodic outbreaks

Question 22

canine influenza vaccines target what strains? how effective?

Answer 22

• Vaccines target H3N8 +/- H3N2
• Not 100% effective but can reduce severity

Question 23

canine influenza vaccine schedule

Answer 23

• 2 doses, given 2-4 weeks apart
• ­Revaccinate annually if risk persists

Question 24

Who should be vaccinated for canine influenza? Consider if one or more of the following:

Answer 24

­- Dogs traveling to high risk areas (parts of US, Asia), or in contact with dogs imported from these areas
­- Dogs with high exposure to other dogs (travel for shows or other events)
­- Dogs at increased risk of serious disease (e.g., pre-existing respiratory conditions) ­
- Others?

Question 25

who should consider a lyme borreliosis vaccine? how common are clinical signs and what are they? can we vaccinate a seropositive dog?

Answer 25

• Lyme borreliosis may be considered for dogs in endemic areas ­
  > <10% of dogs develop signs of disease
  ­> Polyarthritis, less commonly renal disease (nephritis – high fatality rate)
• If you choose to vaccinate in your practice, it is indicated to vaccinate seropositive dogs (provided no signs of disease) ­
  > No immunity from natural infection/exposure

Question 26

borrelia vaccine schedule

Answer 26

• Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks)
• Administer 2 doses initially (2-4 weeks apart)
  ­> Revaccinate annually if risk persists

Question 27

borrelia vaccine: should we give it? considerations?

Answer 27

ACVIM expert panel recommendations were divided:
­- Vaccine considered safe, but efficacy & duration of immunity questioned

• 2022 AAHA Vaccine guidelines supportive of administering in high risk areas
• Tick prophylaxis first line of defense
  ­> In endemic areas, Bb vaccines alone not effective

Question 28

schedule for non-core canine vaccines, overview:

Answer 28

Lepto, borrelia, influenza:
- 2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart, starting at 12 weeks
> (for lepto: dogs should be 12 weeks or older)
- Revaccination: within one year, and then annually

Bordetella (+/- parainfluenza)
- single dose, intranasal or oral
- revaccinate annually