Vaccines Flashcards
5 aims of vaccination
Protection of individuals
Reduce the disease burden
Protection of populations (Herd immunity)
Eradication of the microbe
Block transmission without protecting host
2 types of immunity
innate
adaptive
4 components of innate immunity
phagocytes
dendritic cells
NK cells
complement
2 cell types in adaptive immunity
T and B cells
what is active immunity
natural e.g. via infection or artificial e.g. vaccine
what is passive immunity
natural- maternal antibodies or artificial e.g. monoclonal antibodies.
describe the immune response to vaccines
Vaccine taken up by antigen-presenting cells
activates both T and B cells producing memory cells
generates Th and Tc cells to several epitopes
antigen persists to continue to recruit B memory cells producing high affinity antibody
example of live attenuated vacicne
BCG
MMR
CIs to live vaccines
Hx of anaphylactic reaction to a previous dose of vaccine / a component of vaccine
Primary / acquired immunodeficiency / Immunosuppressants
Infants born to a mother who received immunosuppressants during pregnancy
Those in contact with an individual with immunodeficiency/ on immunosuppressants
Pregnant women
example of inactivated vaccine
rabies
polio
hep A
example of subunit vaccine
hepB
men ACWY
Hib
describe conjugated vaccine
Conjugation links polysaccharide antigen to protein carrier (e.g. diphtheria or tetanus) that the infant’s immune system already recognises in order to provoke an immune response
Why is the MMR vaccine given at 13months
Infants passively acquire some IgG maternal antibodies across the placenta providing protection
