Vaccines

Question 1

adjuvent

Answer 1

a compound that increases the immunogenicity of an antigen

most common is aluminum salt Alum

Question 2

passive immunization

Answer 2

• use of immune serum to give an immediate resistance to an infection
• tetanus Ig

Question 3

active immunization

Answer 3

-act of immunizing with antigens to induce an immune response to a pathogen

Question 4

live attenuated

Answer 4

-a weakened virus that can replicate to a limited extent

Question 5

herd immunity

Answer 5

when enough individuals are immunized such that spread of an infection is slowed or halted

Question 6

DPT

Answer 6

• older vaccine, used whole killed pertussis
• DTwP
• killed pertussis was really goo adjuvent
• strong innate immune response often led to fever
• some were severe
• many blamed vaccine for permanent disability

Question 7

DTap

Answer 7

• replaced pertussis bacteria with acellular component-toxoid and other purified components
• uses aluminum salts
• much safer than DTP, less severe reactions
• immunity doesn’t last as long

Question 8

Tdap

Answer 8

-reduced concentration used in adolescents and adults

Question 9

DT and Td

Answer 9

boosters

Question 10

Multivaccines

Answer 10

• DTap
• IPV
• Hib

Question 11

disease vs vaccine

Answer 11

• diphtheria/ tetanus death 1/20
• pertussis pneumonia 1 in 8, encephalopathy 1/2, death 1/20
• DTap- continuous crying, acute encephalopathy 0-10 in a million, no deaths proven

Question 12

polo vaccine

Answer 12

• IPV- inactivated polio vaccine, early 1950s
• 1952 58,000 cases of poli, 1994 0 cases
• almost eradicated worldwide
• OPV-oral polio vaccine-live attenuated in 1960s
• rare cases of it causing polio-discontinued. likely to have been immunocompromised parents
• contamination?-SV40 cancer causing virus? AIDS-thoroughly refuted

Question 13

MMR

Answer 13

• live attenuated virus
• infants have maternal antibodies that would prevent virus from growing
• given at 12-15 months

-andrew wakefield sucks-mauscript very flawed and not many cases held up-they were also the ones suing. autism has increased even though vaccines decreased and thimersol decreased

Question 14

measles

Answer 14

• otitis media 1/20
• pneumonia 1/20
• severe CNS 1 in 800
• death 1 in 3000
• SSPE 1 in 100,000

Question 15

MMR vaccine

Answer 15

• fever, rash, malaise

- encephalitis or severe allergic reaction- less than 1 in a million

Question 16

HPV

Answer 16

• cervarix and Gardasil
• both protect against 16 and 18
• 70% of cervical cancer is caused by 16 and 18
• gardasil also protects against 6 and 11-males and females
• recommended for all girls age 11 or 12

Question 17

Rabies

Answer 17

• deadly viral disease
• often transmitted by bite
• 55,000 cases per year- asia and africa
• 97% from dog bites
• vaccination of domestic animals prevents most human exposure

Question 18

if exposed to rabies and not vaccinated

Answer 18

-cleanse, RIG at wound, and vaccine at day 0, 3, 7, 14

Question 19

if exposed to rabies and vaccinated

Answer 19

-cleanse, no RIG, vaccine on 0 and 3

Question 20

HDCV

Answer 20

-human diploid cell rabies vaccine

Question 21

PCECV

Answer 21

• purified chick embryo cell vaccine

- can make AI against nervous tissue with this