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Mpharm Y2S1 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are four requirements to make a good vaccine?

A

Effective
Safe
Stable
Low cost

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2
Q

Explain why a vaccine needs to be effective and give an example:

A

Must not only be an adequate immune response but must be the right type of response
e.g a purely antibody response is unlikely to benefit against an infection such as Tb, as T cell mediated immunity is required

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3
Q

Explain why a vaccine needs to have a good duration:

A

For protection against exposure in the future, the induction of immune memory is essential, may need a boost as can’t rely on and knowledge immunological memory boosted by periodic outbreak

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4
Q

Why will diseases with a longer incubation period be easier to protect against?

A

The immune system has more time to mount a secondary response

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5
Q

Which type of vaccines induce a stronger and more lasting immunity?

A

Live vaccines

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6
Q

What are the safety factors of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Insufficient attenuation
  • Reverse to wildtype
  • Admin to immunodeficient patient
  • Persistent infection
  • Contamination by other viruses
  • Foetal damage
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7
Q

What are the safety factors of non-living vaccines?

A
  • Contamination by toxins
  • Allergic reactions
  • Autoimmunity
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8
Q

What are the safety factor of genetically engineered vaccines?

A

Possible inclusion of oncogenes

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9
Q

What type of protective antigens should a vaccine contain?

A

Microbes with artificially reduced virulence (attenuated)
Microbe with naturally reduced virulence
Killed organisms
Sub-cellular fragments

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10
Q

What types of active ingredients are used in a passive vaccination?

A

Immune serum globulin
Specific immunoglobulins
Monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of passive vaccinations:

A

+ Rapid response
- only give immunity for as long as antibodies are in your body as doesn’t cause an immune response (max 12 months)

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12
Q

What type of active ingredients are used in inactivated vaccinations?

A

Killed bacterium/virus
Subunit
Toxoid
Peptide or polysaccharide

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13
Q

What type of active ingredients are used in live active vaccinations and why won’t they make you ill?

A

Attenuated mutants which have lost their virulence

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of live active vaccines?

A

Limited host range
Temp sensitive
Cold- adapted
Genetically manipulated

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15
Q

What are passive vaccinations used for?

A
  • prevent disease after exposure
  • to ameliorate symptoms of an ongoing disease
  • protect immune deficient individuals
  • block an action of bacterial toxins and prevent disease
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16
Q

Give three examples of passive vaccinations:

A

Diptheria, tetanus- prophylaxis+ treatment
Hep A- prophylaxis for travel
Varicells zoster- prophylaxis in imuno deficient

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17
Q

Name two principal methods for how live attenuated vaccines are made:

A

Serial passage in cells cultured in vivo
Adoption at low temperatures

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18
Q

Describe how a vaccine is made:

A

Virus grows in monkey kidney cell tissue culture
Repeated sub passage mutations accumulated and non-virulent strains taken
Test in monkeys for paralysis (or neurotoxicity), then clinical trials in humans

19
Q

Describe three serotypes of polio mutations of attenuated viruses:

A

Type 1- contains 57 base substitutions
Type 2 and 3- only contain few base substitutions but all but 2 are unrelated

20
Q

Why are inactivated vaccines used?

A

When living vaccines aren’t available, for example the reversion to wild type may happen too easily

21
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of inactivated vaccines:

A

+ Non- infectivity and relatively safe
- Lower immunogenicity so needs several doses

22
Q

How can sub cellular fractions be used as vaccines?

A

Protective immunity is directed against a particular part of an organism

23
Q

What are toxoids?

A

Bacterial toxins that have been inactivated, usually by formaldehyde, are called toxoids

24
Q

What is an adjuvant and which type of vaccine does it need to be added to?

A

Added to vaccines to give a better immune response by enhancing uptake or by stimulating dendritic cells or macrophages
Non- living vaccines

25
Q

Give an example of an adjuvant

A

Alum (aluminium hydroxide or aluminium phosphate)

26
Q

What is a safety factor in live vaccines?

A

May revert back to virulence (wild- type)

27
Q

What is the Critical Vaccination Coverage?

A

The amount of the population that needs to be vaccinated to prevent outbreaks

28
Q

What type of infection is chemotherapy most effective towards?

A

Bacteria
Viruses, fungi and parasites are moderate

29
Q

What type of infection are vaccines most effective towards?

A

Viruses
Bacteria, fungi and parasites are low/ moderate

30
Q

What are five factors which would determine whether a global eradication of an infectious disease would be favourable?

A
  • Disease limited to humans
  • No long term carrier status
  • Cases easily recognisable (so surveillance possible)
  • One or two serotypes (single vaccine adequate)
  • Stable/ cheap/ effective (more likely to be undertaken)
31
Q

What are two non- routine immunisations and when will they occur?

A

Tuberculosis (BCG)- At birth to babies who more likely to come into contact than the general population
HBV- At birth when babies who’s mothers are HBV positive

32
Q

What is the BCG vaccine?

A

A vaccine against TB prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine TB bacillus

33
Q

Under which conditions is the HBV vaccine administered?

A

All pregnant women are given screening for HBV and if they are carriers then the baby will be given the killed vaccine at birth

34
Q

What is the schedule of the HBV vaccine?

A

3 doses:
Initial vaccination
Another vaccination after 4 weeks
Another vaccination after 6 months
A booster after 10 years

35
Q

What is the schedule of the HBV vaccine for babies who’s mothers have HBV?

A

Initial vaccination within 2 days of birth
2nd dose at 1 month old
3rd dose at 2 months old
Booster and blood test at 12 months old

36
Q

What is the vaccination effectiveness for the HBV vaccine?

A

Very effective in patients under 40 years
If older than 40 with first dose may not be as effective

37
Q

What is the pneumococcus vaccine?

A

Protects against pneumococcal infection which can cause pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis, older people are at risk so vaccine is offered to them

38
Q

What is the virus that causes cervical cancer and how common is it?

A

Human papilloma virus (HPV)
12th most common women’s cancer

39
Q

How much protection does the influenza strain give?

A

70-80%, varies each year and decreases with age, however decreases mortality

40
Q

What type of viruses are AZT therapy used for?

A

Retroviruses (HIV)

41
Q

Who should you not give the measles vaccine to and why?

A

Pregnant women, risk is almost zero but as a precaution

42
Q

What are the two forms of the polio vaccination and what are the differences?

A

Injection not as effective
Oral liquid more effective but 1 in 2.4 million risk of getting polio with it as type 2 and 3 serotypes can reverse back to wild type

43
Q

What is the difference between the Salk and Sabin vaccine?

A

Salk- Killed virus, by IV
Sabin- live virus, orally, cheaper

44
Q

What is the Sabin and Salk vaccination used for?

A

Polio

Mpharm Y2S1 (12 decks)

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