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Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main criteria to consider when to vaccinate

A

Disease is commune and difficult to treat (endemic, severe, viral)

Vaccine is effective

Vaccine has low risks (compared to risk of not vaccinating)

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2
Q

What are the 4 main risks of vaccinating

A

Unwanted reactions

Not effective

Misplaced dependence on the vaccine (not 100% effective)

Cost

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3
Q

What is active immunization vs passive immunization

A

Passive is what is seen with colostrum antibody transfer from damn to neonate

Active immunization is deliberately administering antigens to stimulate the animal to produce its own immunity

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4
Q

Describe the traditional killed vaccine type

A

The live bacteria/virus is cultured and then killed (using formaldehyde, alcohol or alkylating agents) or a toxin is coloured and inactivated

May contain antigens specific to the organism and/or antigens that stimulate pattern recognition receptors

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5
Q

Describe the effectiveness of traditional killer vaccines, and the advantages or Disadvantages

A

Tend to be less immunogenic (weaker, less complete -doesn’t contain the whole virus, shorter periods of immunity since the virus is not replicating)

No or very litter interferon production

Often contains an adjuvant to increase effectiveness of the vaccine

Increased risk of adverse reactions to the adjuvants

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6
Q

Describe modified live vaccines

A

Developed in 2 ways:

1) long term culturing on an unusual medium to change it slightly
2) genetic manipulation (deletes virulence factors, makes bacteria antibiotic dependent, alters genetic code)

Live pathogen is Modified greatly to reduce risk of causing disease

Still infects the animal and replicates to stimulate immunity

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7
Q

What are the advantages of modified live vaccines

A

The whole pathogen is involved to stimulate strong immunity

Broad immunity (may only require 1 dose for initial vaccination, and contain antigens that non-specifically stimulate the immune system)

Active pattern recognition receptors

Long lasting immunity

Rapid onset of immunity

Less likely to cause adverse reactions (no adjuvant)

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of modified live vaccines

A

Possibility of spreading pathogen (vaccinating pregnant dams and it spreads disease to neonate)

Possibility of reversion to a virulent form (mainly older MLV)

May interfere with diagnostic tests (often have an antigen deleted to help differentiate vaccination from the disease -test for deleted antigen)

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9
Q

Describe subunit vaccines

A

Single/small group of antigens amplified by gene cloning (using known major antigen, isolate responsible gene, insert into E.Coli,plant or organism, antigen is excreted into a medium and harvested and purified)

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10
Q

What are the advantages of sub unit vaccines

A

Minimal risk of disease or developing an infection

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of sun unit vaccines

A

Antibody response may be weak (protein not appropriately modified, no stimulation of pattern recognition receptors, incorrect presentation to the host, some animals may not respond to it)

Less effective, doesn’t have whole virus

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12
Q

Describe genetically attenuated organisms

A

Like traditional attenuated vaccines (MLV) but not modified by genetic engineering

Attenuation: Targeted: removes damaging parts of the pathogen.
Multiple steps making reversion difficult Rapid, can knock out major antigens (used as a marker for testing)
Commonly used method for MLV

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13
Q

Describe recombinant vaccines

A

Inserting a part of a pathogen genome into a harmless vector that replicates in the host but does not cause disease (not meant for that species/mammals)

Used the same as a live vaccine, antigens belonging to a pathogen then expressed in the host

Alternatively: can be grown in culture, killed and used as a vaccine

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14
Q

What the two common viruses used as vector for recombinant vaccines, describe why they are chosen

A

Canarypox

Canarypox only partially replicates in mammals (meant for avian cells)

No new competent virus particles produced, large stable genome including code for “virus factories”, easy to insert viral pathogen DNA into, infected cells can express high levels of antigen

No immune response to the Canarypox itself

Vaccinia

Originally developed for control of smallpox, now it is modified to control other diseases (Rabies)

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15
Q

Give two examples of common vectored vaccines

A

West Nile virus:
1) Canarypox vector
2) yellow fever vector
Both give better immunity than killer vaccines and need 2 doses for initial series

FeLV:
1) canarypox vector (not as effective as killer adjuvant)

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16
Q

What are polynucleotide vaccines

A

Widely used in Covid 19 vaccines

Very quick development:
Sequence of DNA/RNA of pathogen/gene that codes for antigens is identified and used to mass produce mRNA to copy this gene.
This gene is packaged in a lipid nanoparticle (protects) and is injected into the animal susceptible to the disease. The lipid nanoparticles fuse with cell membranes and the mRNA message directs cells to produce the viral antigens and displays them on cell surfaces. This stimulate an immune response

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17
Q

What are the advantages of polynucleotide vaccines

A

Very rapid development

Uses RNA so it cannot change the genetic code of the individual vaccinated (only gives mRNA message to start the mechanism of replication in cells)

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of polynucleotide vaccines

A

Has to be stored at very cold temperatures

Only has one or small group of antigens

The DNA/RNA sequence for the gene must be known

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19
Q

Why may an adjuvant be added to a vaccine

A

To slow down the release of the antigen (gives the immune system time to find it and create a response)

To increase the strength of the immune response

To improve the delivery of the vaccine

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20
Q

Describe depot adjuvants

A

Creates a slow release

Aluminum salts

Freunds incomplete adjuvant: most common of the two types

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21
Q

Describe immunostimulant adjuvants

A

Various killed bacteria/bacterial parts (anaerobic corynebacteria, BCG, lipopolysaccharide)

Sugar polymers, detergents

All stimulate pattern recognition receptors and activate immune cells

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22
Q

Describe delivery system adjuvants

A

Liposomes, ISCOMS, microparticles

Small particles containing antigen, easy to phagocytose and present to the immune system

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23
Q

Describe combined adjuvants

A

Freunds complete adjuvant: water-oil emulsion +inactivated mycobacterium

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24
Q

describe passive immunization

A

Administration of preformed antibody

Performed when the need for antibody is immediate against a serious disease

Less reactions, and much faster response

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25
Q

What are the two types of passive immunization used (besides collateral antibody)

A

Equine antisera

Hybridoma genetic manipulation

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26
Q

Describe equine antisera

A

Typically used for color riding organisms especially tetanus (rapidly fatal and caused by toxins)

Toxoids are denatured (inactivated) toxins used to repeatedly vaccinate horses and the serum is harvested

Equine immunoglobulin preparation is called an antiserum or antitoxin

Often used in conjunction with traditional vaccination for long lasting immunity

27
Q

Describe the necessary vaccination for tetanus in horses

A

Antitoxin is used of the horse was not vaccination or vaccinated over a year ago (this provides immediate passive protection and boosts active immunity)

Routine vaccination is the best protection

28
Q

Describe passive immunity using Hybridomas

A

Culture of hybrid cells that results from the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells

Monoclonal antibody against E.Coli, rota or coronavirus

Raised in a mouse hybridoma

Mouse immunoglobulin given orally to calves to protect against scours

29
Q

What are the problems with passive immunity

A

Antibody often from a different species (immune reaction shortens life and there is a risk of anaphylaxis)

May interfere with active immunity

Only involves antibodyC not cell mediated immunity

30
Q

As a general re, how do you know how to store vaccines

A

Read the label

31
Q

What are some tips on what you should do for a vaccine fridge

A

Date multi use containers

Only keep 50% full to allow good airflow

Use breathable plastic mesh baskets (label), keep baskets away from other baskets and away from walls

Keep vaccines in original box until they are used

Keep vaccines with shorter expiration dates to the front of the fridge

Place the temperature probe in the middle of the fridge

Keep temperature between 2-8 degrees (5 is ideal)

Check and log temperature daily

32
Q

What are some things to avoid with a vaccine fridge

A

Never store food or drinks in the fridge

Don’t Place vaccine in solid plastic trays

Don’t store vials out of their original packaging

don’t put anything in the veggie bins, drawers or on the floor of the fridge

Don’t open door unnecessarily

Never over pack

33
Q

What are some options for travelling with vaccines

A

Ice boxes

Freezer bags

Portable electric coolers

34
Q

Describe vaccines for immunocastration

A

Vaccine for pigs against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) IMPROVAC

Contains GnRH linked to a carrier to stimulate an immune reaction

Antibodies bind to animals GnRH, block its activity so the anterior pituitary does not produce FSH/LH to stimulate the testes

Two doses starting at 12 weeks of age

No risk on accidental injection to self on first occasion

35
Q

What deems a vaccine as “core”

A

Regarded as essential or highly recommended

For severe and common diseases

Effective

Risk of adverse reaction is small

Benefits of vaccination is likely to exceed the risks

36
Q

What deems a vaccine as “non-core” or optional

A

Depends on location or spikes in disease prevalence

37
Q

What are the two methods of systemic administration of vaccines? What are the disadvantages and advantages? What are some precautions

A

IM or SQ

Advantages: reliable administration, systemic immunity (IgG)

Disadvantages: difficult technique, no or little IgA

Ensure there is a clean bottle and new needle and syringe

38
Q

What are the two methods of mucosal administration? What are the disadvantages and advantages?

A

PO or IN

advantages: both local and systemic immunity (IgA and IgG), do not require a needle, but may need alternate device

Disadvantages: requires effective restraint, potential for variable vaccine administration (may cough, sneeze or foam at mount and loose some of the dose), requires a MLV (killed is not as effective in the route)

39
Q

True or false

Combo vaccines are not as effective as single vaccines

A

FALSE

there is no issue with combo vaccines

40
Q

Many Killed vaccines consist of an initial priming vaccination followed by a secondary vaccination typically ___ days later. Maximal immunity develops about ___ weeks later. Booster vaccination is done ___ years later.

A

21-28 days later

2-3 weeks later

1-3 years later

41
Q

What happens after the initial priming vaccine

A

There is NO antibody initially

Antigen has to be phagocytosed by dendritic cells and taken to lymphocytes to create memory cells, B cells and then antibodies

42
Q

What is the first antibody typically made

A

IgM followed by IgG, IgA and IgE

43
Q

Describe how maternal immunity interacts with vaccination

A

Passive immunity from maternal antibody in colostrum prevents successful vaccination, the circulating antibodies kill off the antigens in the vaccine and does not allow for the body to make any antibody

44
Q

How are puppies and kittens vaccinated in terms of maternal antibody

A

Typically given multiple vaccinations in the beginning

8, 12 and 16 weeks, followed by 1 year and then every 1 or 3 years after that

Or vaccination can be delayed until after colostrum antibody is gone (usually about 12 weeks in kittens and puppies and up to 6 months in foals and calves)

45
Q

Why may an individual not respond to vaccination

A

Incorrect storage or administration of the vaccine

Inability to respond: colostrum antibody, genetic differences, immune suppression

46
Q

High antibody levels following vaccination are associated with

A

Strongly antigenic vaccines (some are more antigenic than others)

Small dogs

First vaccination as a younger adult (3-4 years old)

Certain breeds respond better

47
Q

About ___% of dogs experience adverse reactions.

A

0.4%

48
Q

When Most vaccine reactions occur?

A

The day of vaccination

49
Q

When are adverse vaccine reactions most often seen

A

Small dogs

When Multiple vaccines given as once

Repeated vaccines

Neutered dogs

50
Q

What are the most common adverse reactions seen

A

Lethargy, fever and inflammation at the injection site

51
Q

Describe why discomfort at the time of vaccination is common

A

Struggling during administration increases destruction of tissue, pain and inflammation

May lead to biting or severe discomfort

Can be reduced by proper restraint, appropriate environment, rewards and distraction

52
Q

Describe inflammation seen with vaccinations

A

Typically occurs after 1-7 days

Warmth, swelling and edema at the injection site and a possible fever

Usually subsides on its own (can use NSAIDs)

May develop into an abscess and severe reactions can cause abortions

53
Q

Describe hypersensitivity type 1 reactions seen with vaccinations

A

Rare by is a serious problem

Associated with repeated vaccination (mainly with killed vaccines)

Type 1 (anaphylaxis) occurs within minutes (may have a history) IgE mediated

54
Q

Describe hypersensitivity type 3 reactions seen with vaccination

A

Occurs when antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the tissues

Occurs 2-3 weeks following infection/vaccination

Signs: intense local information, purpura, blue eye, ischemic dermatitis and alopecia

55
Q

Describe hypersensitivity type 4 reactions seen with vaccination

A

The cellular infiltrate is T cells and macrophages. These produce a granuloma at the injection site which may abscess (more common with depot (oil) vaccines)

56
Q

Describe vaccine induced autoimmune diseases

A

Rare

Tend to occur with vaccines grown in cell lines of the same species and when the vaccine contains an adjuvant

The adjuvant may stimulate immunity to vaccine cell line antigens and the antibodies then cross react with host antigens

57
Q

Describe vaccine induced hypertrophic osteodystrophy

A

Rare

Thickening of the long bones following vaccination

Mainly reported in Weimaraners vaccinated with MLVs

Starts within 10 days of vaccination

Treated with corticosteroids

Some believe there is a pre-existing immunodeficiency in this breed and will used killed vaccines instead

58
Q

Describe injection site sarcomas

A

Invasive tumour, will Metastasize and must be removed with very large margins

Rare problem in cats (1 in 5000)

associated with vaccination with multiple vaccines given at a time or vaccines with strong adjuvants

Problems affects young adult cats and are difficult and expensive to treat

59
Q

What is a common error seen with vaccine manufacturing

A

Poor attenuation of the vaccine (contaminated vaccines)

60
Q

True or false

Some vaccines are mildly immunosuppressive

A

True

May be transient

61
Q

How can you prevent adverse reactions

A

Always obtain a full history (previous reactions)

Pretreat with antihistamines

Close monitoring for 20 mins after vaccination to detect anaphylaxis

Don’t over vaccinate

62
Q

How do you treat adverse vaccine reactions

A

Anaphylaxis: epinephrine and/or antihistamines, corticosteroids, and IV fluids

Fever and soreness treated with NSAIDs

63
Q

Describe vaccine approval

A

All vaccines must be licensed by the CFIA

they must be manufactured in appropriate facilities following safety and cleanliness standards

64
Q

Describe the 80:80 challenge studies when approving vaccines

A

Standard:
80% protection in those vaccinated
80% disease prevalence in unvaccinated population

Not always followed and may only need to show an antibody response

Immunology (13 decks)

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