vaccine lecture

Question 1

what are the immune system’s nonspecific methods of defense?

Answer 1

skin

phagocytes

inflammatory response

fever

Question 2

what are key characteristics of the immune system?

Answer 2

specificity

diversity

self/non-self recognition

memory

Question 3

what is meant by immune system specificity?

Answer 3

ability to recognize and eliminate particular foreign objects

Question 4

what is meant by immune system diversity?

Answer 4

its large number of antigen specific lymphocytes

Question 5

what is meant by immune system self/non-self recognition?

Answer 5

the ability to distinguish between the body and foreign objects

Question 6

what is meant by immune system memory?

Answer 6

ability to remember encounters with molecules and react promptly and strongly when there’s another encounter

Question 7

what is meant by immune system memory?

Answer 7

ability to remember encounters with molecules and react promptly and strongly when there’s another encounter

Question 8

what are macrophages/phagocytes?

Answer 8

non-specific immune cells that engulf/ingest foreign objects

Question 9

where are immune cells produced in the body?

Answer 9

bone marrow-> differentiated

Question 10

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 10

white blood cells

Question 11

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 11

B and T cells

Question 12

what are B cells?

Answer 12

white blood cells that mature in bone marrow, produce antibodies, and fight free viruses and bacteria

Question 13

what are free viruses and bacteria?

Answer 13

those that are not yet in a host cell or are between host cells

Question 14

what are T cells?

Answer 14

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and have a variety of functions

fight intracellular viruses and bacteria, transform cells, fungi, and worms

Question 15

what are the two main types of T cells?

Answer 15

helper and killer/cytotoxic T cells

Question 16

what do helper T cells do?

Answer 16

have CD4 receptors

secrete proteins (interleukins) to coordinate between immune cells

needed to send signals to B cells to produce antibodies

Question 17

what are killer T cells?

Answer 17

have CD8 receptors

secrete protein (perforin) to punch holes in cells to kill them

Question 18

without helper T cells, the body can’t…

Answer 18

fight infections

Question 19

what can be used as a criteria for determining if someone is HIV+ or has developed AIDS?

Answer 19

level of helper T cells

Question 20

there are disproportional occurrences of HIV infections across races/ethnicities. what does this indicate?

Answer 20

failures of our current infrastructures

Question 21

when did we get the first HIV antiviral?

Answer 21

1987

Question 22

what are the different HIV antivirals?

Answer 22

NRTI

NNRTI

PI

other drugs that target different aspects of HIV life cycle

Question 23

what is an NRTI?

Answer 23

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

ex: AZT

Question 24

what is an NNRTI?

Answer 24

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

ex: nevirapine

Question 25

what is a PI?

Answer 25

protease inhibitor

ex: invirase

Question 26

what is the recent timeline for HIV?

Answer 26

rapid increase since 1980s until peaking in 1994/95

rapid decrease through 1997 and slowly since then

continues to be a top 10 leading cause of death in people age 25-44 (especially in black communities)

Question 27

what is HAART?

Answer 27

COME BACK TO

Question 28

what are some new HIV antivirals?

Answer 28

INSTI

FI

CCR5 antagonists

Question 29

what are INSTIs?

Answer 29

integrase inhibitors

Question 30

what are FIs?

Answer 30

fusion inhibitors

Question 31

what are CCR5 antagonists?

Answer 31

chemokine receptor antagonists

Question 32

what was the initial goal of HIV control? how has it changed?

Answer 32

2010: 90-90-90 diagnose, treat, viral suppression for those treated

changed, 2016: 70-77-82

Question 33

why can HIV testing sometimes be inaccurate?

Answer 33

may not have a positive immediately as it takes time to “seroconvert”

Question 34

different HIV tests are used at..

Answer 34

different times after exposure

Question 35

what is PrEP?

Answer 35

pre-exposure prophylaxis

preventative medication for HIV

Question 36

what were the unintended consequences of PrEP?

Answer 36

decreased emphasis on safe-sex

decreased use of condoms

dramatic increase of syphilis

Question 37

what antibiotic are we currently experiencing a shortage of?

Answer 37

penicillin