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emerging world diseases > quiz 1 info > Flashcards

quiz 1 info Flashcards

1
Q

infectious

A

caused by a biological agent (virus, bacteria, prion)

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2
Q

communicable

A

person-to-person transmission

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3
Q

morbidity

A

illness

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4
Q

mortality

A

death

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5
Q

zoonosis

A

disease transmitted from animals to humans

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6
Q

nosocomial

A

acquired in health care setting

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7
Q

what were hippocrates’ 4 humors?

A

blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile

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8
Q

blood associations

A

spring and air

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9
Q

black bile associations

A

fall and earth

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10
Q

yellow bile

A

summer and fire

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11
Q

phlegm

A

winter and water

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12
Q

what are the types of infectious agents?

A

worms, bacteria, fungus, virus, protists, and prions (prions won’t be discussed in class)

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13
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

we do have normal flora, or good bacteria in/on body

can survive a variety of environments (water or soil), don’t need oxygen

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14
Q

how are bacteria classified?

A

shape and gram positive or negative or neither (different compounds make up cell wall)

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15
Q

why is it important to know gram +/-?

A

to determine medical approaches

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16
Q

fungus

A

live in soil, plants on skin

used in bread and drugs, also mold or yeast

diseases like ringworm

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17
Q

virus

A

rely on host cells to complete life cycle

very flexible and hard to treat

major cause of human illness and hospitalization

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18
Q

how are viruses classified?

A

by structure, chemical composition (envelop or not, DNA or RNA), type of genome for replication of genetic material

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19
Q

protist

A

eukaryotes that don’t really fit in an plant, animal, or fungi

many have flagella

protozoa are common cause of human disease (plasmodium -> malaria, trypanosome -> HAT/sleeping sickness)

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20
Q

what are the different routes of transmission?

A

direct: contact (soil or skin-skin) and airborne (respiratory)

indirect: droplets or contaminated things (blankets or surgical equiptment)

vehicle (food, oral-fecal)

vector (mosquitoes and ticks)

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21
Q

anaerobe bacteria

A

tetanus or botulism

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22
Q

viruses can have a role in ___

A

natural selection

rabbits can be resistant to myxoma in Australia

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23
Q

yellow fever

A

black vomit from swallowing blood

delay in Florida acceptance as state bc inability to maintain sufficient population

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24
Q

yf in philadelphia 1793

A

probably brought by slave ships

Rush bled people, believed in imbalance of fluids (Hippocrates 4 humors)

believed Africans were immune, likely unaffected due to childhood exposure

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25
Q

yf in new orleans 1853

A

called “stranger’s disease” because outbreaks assoc. with ships

severe population decline

commissions formed to combat outbreak, burned tar to purify air (miasma from Boyle)

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26
Q

yf in memphis 1878

A

set-up checkpoints and quarantine areas for epidemic

burned clothing and belongings of dead

still thought african americans were immune

dr. devese believed it was contagious

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27
Q

yf in cuba 1879-1881

A

used military “volunteers” to test mosquito theory

1900 - tried with more volunteers and got good, but not accepted, results

Reed of US yf commision tried controlled experiments

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28
Q

traditional african culture understanding of infectious disease

A

supernatural causes, spiritual diagnosis, plant/animal based treatments

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29
Q

classical cultures

A

500 BCE - 500 AD

romans, greeks, middle ages, and islamic societies

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30
Q

romans and infectious disease

A

developed aqueducts, sewage systems, waste removal rules, and hospitals

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31
Q

greeks and infectious disease

A

local city well to supply clean water and encouraged exercise

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32
Q

islamic societies and infectious disease

A

9th century - organized by nature of disease, not gender

11th - medical practice book, “Canon of Medicine”

book involved basic medicine and physiology, medical substances, diagnosis and treatment by body location, formulation, and non-localized conditions (obesity)

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33
Q

european middle ages

A

believed disease was caused by sin

experienced pan/epidemics of leprosy, bubonic plague, influenza, anthrax, and syphillis

34
Q

what is cell theory?

A

idea that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

35
Q

who came up with cell theory?

A

schleiden, schwann, and virchow

36
Q

Galen

A

physician to gladiators

dissected animals (building understanding of human body)

showed arteries contain blood, not air

37
Q

vesalius

A

believed in surgery by anatomy

dissected criminals’ bodies

made book based on observations of cadavers

understanding of human body not just by external observation

38
Q

leeuwenhoek

A

first to see bacteria - “father of microbiology”

made his own microscopes

very detailed drawings of observed cells

39
Q

semmelweis

A

noticed clinics has poor antiseptics and handwashing techniques

wanted to prevent childbed fever

many women died during childbirth in the hospital

40
Q

germ theory

A

idea that germs/pathogens cause specific diseases

41
Q

stages of development of infectious diseases

A

animal husbandry, agriculture, urban life in the bronze age, and extended trade and commerce

42
Q

animal husbandry

A

domestication and use of animals in work force

people often lived with their animals

43
Q

development of agriculture

A

more sedentary lifestyle, living in relatively permanent groups -> accumulation of waste -> attracts animals, worms, lice, fleas

irrigation -> contaminated water and aquatic pathogens

44
Q

what is an example of a disease that can be spread by contaminated water

A

polio or typhoid

45
Q

development of urban life - the bronze age

A

irrigation increase, specialization of trade led to people being continually exposed to specific pathogens (anthrax), rats attracted to waste piles

46
Q

extended trade and commerce

A

bring disease to new populations

47
Q

epi triad

A

host, environment, agent

48
Q

changes in human population

A

overpopulation, inability to take care of waste, increased mobility, globalization of food preparation, impact of humans on environment

49
Q

changes in environment

A

proximity to carriers, conditions now promote growth of pathogens/carriers, climate change

50
Q

causes of resistance to antibiotics

A

over use, poor compliance, black market drugs, improper storage of drugs, use in agriculture

51
Q

what factors do epidemiologists consider with outbreaks?

A

who - age, race, gender
where - work/living, city, suburb, etc.
when - seasonal?
what - do they have in common
how - is it transmitted

52
Q

contemporary factors to spread of infectious disease

A

increased population (overpop. and inability to take care of waste), increased mobility, globalization of food prep, human impact on enviro., technology

53
Q

bubonic plague and asian nomads

A

asian nomads had rules for catching certain rodents to avoid catching infectious diseases from them

54
Q

leprosy/skin ailments

A

associated with curses from God or contact with “immoral women”

ancient and modern disease

55
Q

historical malaria explanations

A

hippocrates - unhealthy marsh water

egyptians - ate garlic to ward off mosquitoes

exodus - cursing people with swarms of flies

india - evil spirits live in swamps

56
Q

two people involved with germ theory

A

fracastoro - “contagions” can be passed from one to another

koch - established specific pathogen cause specific diseases with testing of anthrax and mice, created four postulates method

roux and behring - work with diphtheria and determining anti-toxin

57
Q

two people involved in cell theory/understanding of the human body

A

leeuwenhoek - first to see bacteria, “father of microbiology”

vesalius - dissected criminals’ bodies, first time observing anatomy directly, wrote book of findings

galen - physician to gladiators, dissected animals

58
Q

koch’s four postulates

A

1) bact/pathogen must be present in every case of disease but not in healthy individuals

2) bacteria must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture

3) infect susceptible host with culture-grown bacteria, host gets same disease

4) isolate same bacteria from new infected host

59
Q

limitations to koch’s postulates

A

caused by opportunistic pathogen, not true pathogen

no good experimental host

can’t do diseases involving multiple organisms (strep + staph = impetigo)

causative agents that can’t be grown, like toxins (think diphtheria)

those with long latency periods

60
Q

clinical diphtheria

A

bacteria found in upper resp. system of humans, cattle, and horses

can have sub-clinical infection, advance to think pseudo membrane (rarely find large numbers of bacteria or invasion in tissue)

death by suffocation

non-toxigenic strains exist, complex pathogenicity

rod shaped, gram +, produces toxin

61
Q

challenges of increased global food production

A

transmission of diseases, increased population, requires environmental damage and resources

62
Q

advantages to increased global food production

A

economic development that leads to access to clean water, education, healthcare, and better nutrition

63
Q

basic info on dengue fever

A

enveloped, RNA virus

vectorborne from mosquitoes

four strains

64
Q

demographic of dengue fever

A

immunocompromised (elderly and children)

increased risk in tropical and sub-tropical climates

65
Q

treatments for dengue fever

A

no dengue specific medication

vaccination offered for after initial infection

66
Q

symptoms of dengue fever

A

fever, headache

joint and muscle pain

nausea, vomiting

rash 3-4 days after fever onset

symptoms last 4-10 days, infection lasts 2-7 days

80% are asymptomatic

67
Q

symptoms of severe/hemorrhagic dengue

A

due to damaged and leaky blood vessels

severe abdominal bleeding, fatigue, rapid breathing, blood in vomit or stool, bleeding of gums or nose

68
Q

where is the outbreak of dengue?

A

Brazil - subtrpoic climate and poverty worsening transmission

69
Q

basic info on mpox

A

enveloped double-stranded DNA virus

transmitted by direct contact

2 clades, I is more fatal than II

first identified in 1958

70
Q

symptoms of mpox

A

rash, fever, mucosal lesions, swollen lymph nodes

71
Q

where is the outbreak of mpox?

A

conflict in democratic republic of the congo

worsened by civilian displacement, abuse, and deaths

food insecurity and lack of infrastructure

difficult to implement humanitarian aid

72
Q

drivers of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (polgreen)

A

human-ecosystem interactions, climate/weather/natural disasters, travel, poverty, governmental and geopolitical factors, behavioral changes, crowding/increased population density, and medical technology

73
Q

examples of human-ecosystem interactions

A

changes in land use, deforestation, irrigation, intensification of farming and agriculture, crowded and diverse live-animal markets

74
Q

examples of climate, weather, and natural disasters

A

floods/droughts, sea-level rise and flooding of low-lying coastal areas, earthquakes, tsunamis

75
Q

examples of travel

A

spread of disease vectors (mosquitoes) on ships and airplanes, return home of ill travelers, passengers in confined spaces

76
Q

example of poverty

A

lack of access to clean water, poor nutrition, homelessness, limited access to healthcare

77
Q

examples of governmental and geopolitical factors

A

lack of investment in public health, wars and armed conflict, mass migration of displaced populations into crowded refugee camps

78
Q

examples of behavioral changes and emerging infectious diseases

A

vaccine avoidance and refusal, intravenous drug use, and risky sexual activity

79
Q

example of crowding/increased population density

A

colleges and universities, prisons, nursing homes and hospitals, megacities

80
Q

examples of medical techonology

A

widespread use of antimicrobial agents leading to resistance, transplant and transfusions, medical devices (catheters and prosthetic joints)

emerging world diseases (4 decks)

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