Vaccine Debate Flashcards
Hib once an counted for 70% of bacterial meningitis cases in children <5yrs… Vaccination has reduced that by 97%
Conjugate vaccine for Hib introduced in 1988, vaccines for all infants in 1991
…
S. Pneumoniae vaccine…
23 valent polysaccharide vaccine (poorly immunogenic in children <2 yrs)
Conjugate vaccine introduced in 2000
- conjugated to diphtheria protein
- T cell dependent response
- 59% decline in pneumococcal meningitis from 1998
Lack of pertussis vaccination leads to whopping cough… outbreak due to anti vaccine movement
…
Evolution of Immunization Program Chart…
Have high disease before vaccine
Drops with vaccination
Loss of confidence in vaccine leads to outbreak, and then there is a resumption of confidence..
Eradication occurs
Where did the anti-vaccine movement arise?
DPT: Vaccine Roulette documentary
Showed series of children with brain damage following DPT vaccine
Formation of “dissatisfied parents together” - now called the National Vaccine Information Center
Anti vaccine movement start date?
April 19, 1982
Media coverage in the 1982 claimed the whole-cell pertussis vaccine caused brain damage. Flood of lawsuits say it caused… SIDS, coma, mental retardation, epilepsy, transverse myelitis, reye’s sydrome
….
Over the next 10 years after 1982, science demonstrated that there is no increased risk of epilepsy or retardation due to vaccines… it was actually because of….
Sodium channel transport defect
Impact of lawsuits for vaccines?
DTP vaccine rose to $12 from 0.19$
Vaccine markers decreased for OPV, measles, pertussis
Creation of National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP)
National Vaccine Information Center..
Founded by Barbara Loe Fisher
Oldest son got learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder
Believes that vaccines have replaced infectious diseases with chronic diseases
Hib - diabetes
Pneumococcus = seizures
HBV = MS and SIDS
HPV = blood clots, strokes, chronic fatigue syndrome
Jenny McCarthy…. anti-vaxxer
…
1918 influenza pandemic is believed to have killed 50-100 million people worldwide
…
Shifts in influenza?
Important antigenic changes resulting from periodic gene segment reassortment between human and animal viruses
Influenza drifts
Less dramatic antigenic changes that allow virus to escape human immunity raised by previously circulating viruses (change the hemagluttin)
Avian +pig influenza
Send end jumps to humans
Human viruses jump to pigs (this may result in doubly mixed pig- human and triply mixed pig-human-avian viruses (really bad)
^likely the mechanism of both the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemic
Novel H1N1 vaccine, 2009
CNN and Dr. Oz - which is worse: vaccine or the virus?
Contains harmful preservative:thimerosal
Contains harmful adjuvant: squalene
Not adequately tested
H1N1 caused 11,000 deaths (1000 children)
Real Vaccine tragedies? (3)
1) yellow fever vaccine in military - Hep B in serum
2) Salk’s polio vaccine - 12,000 children due to poor inactivation of virus
3) BCG vaccine - did not use attenuated strain - 70 children died from TB
Jacobson vs. Massachusetts (1905)
Outbreak of smallpox in Boston
Said get it or pay $5 fine
Jacobson refused both
Justice John Marshall Harlan said that you have to pay and that state/police could mandate immunization
For the common good
Zucht vs. King (1922)
Zucht was expelled from high school for refusing smallpox vaccine
No smallpox epidemic - but unanimous decision saying that you have to get it or leave
Prince vs. Massachusetts (1944)
Jehovah’s witness claims right to have young children distribute pamphlets
Ruled against them… cant do whatever you want with your children!
There is no constitutional right to refuse vaccines, but the state may allow exemptions
..
New York State Assembly in 1966
Considered a bill requiring polio vaccine for school - passed 150-2
Two dissenting votes because it provided a caveat for parents whose religion forbade vaccination (Christian Scientists)
Christian Scientists
Founder: Mary Baker Eddy
Illness is spiritual, not physical
1875 - science and health publication
christian science in 1875 was before germ theory was established or before visualization of viruse sin 1930s
..
Joseph Margiotta, Nassau County
Did not like “opt out” caveat
Daycroft school, greenwich, CT
Christian Science school
Massive outbreak of polio in 1972
How many states have religious exemptions?
47
Maier vs. Besser, 1972
Cant discriminate me because I’m not a Christian Scientist
Sherr vs. Northport Union School, 1987
Religion and philosophy are intrinsically blurred
20 states now have philosophical exemptions
Disneyland 2015
Measles outbreak - multi-state
California and Vermont now no longer allow philosophical exemptions - now only 18 states that have that exemption
Consequences of vaccine fear….
Increase risk for measles, pertussis
More measles, Hib deaths, and pertussis/whooping cough cases
Pediatricians…. people are getting sued when children get sick if not vaccinated…some doctors refuse to see pts who do not vaccinate because of fear of getting sued or bc they might infect other children in their office
….
Dr. Sears
Constructed own schedule - delays vaccines and spaces them further apart
Gives the “bare minimum” in vaccines
Hospitals mandate influenza vaccine
…
Parents concerned about sending children to school or daycare centers are taking a stand …
….
Voices for Vaccines are a Pro-vaccine movement
…
AAP (american academy of pediatrics) provides practice responses to some of the most common concerns about vaccines… such as….
It is safe to give at early age - timeline is provided to provide protection early
Vaccines do not cause autism
Hep B, flu, and varicella are all significant illnesses that can be prevented with immunizations
Thimerosal has not shown to cause any harm, and it has been removed from almost all childhood vaccines
