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Cellular Week 3 > Muscle - Histology > Flashcards

Muscle - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue has what common function?

A

It shortens (contracts).

This is accomplished by muscle cells which are held together by CT that also contains the blood vessels and nerves that support the muscle cells.

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2
Q

Three types of muscle?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

involved in voluntary contraction and associated with the body wall

this is the tissue of named muscles

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4
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found in the heart (and in pulmonary veins near the heart) - obviously involuntary

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5
Q

smooth muscle

A 
visceral organs
body wall (smooth muscle of blood vessels as well as erector pill muscle of hair follicles)
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6
Q

skeletal muscle

how is it organized?

A

cells are bundled into connective tissue sheaths (similar to bundling of axons in nerves)

skeletal muscle cells are very large - both in length and diameter and are called muscle fibers! in a muscle, these muscle fibers are all arranged in the same orientation

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7
Q

muscle fiber (cell) is packed with longitudinal structures called…

A

myofibrils (which are composed of contractile proteins)

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8
Q

skeletal muscles have a characteristic dark-light banding pattern. also will show a stipled appearance within the cell in cross section due to the sectioning of the myofibrils

A

…

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9
Q

skeletal muscle cells develop from the fusion of what?

A

myoblasts - this results in large, multinuclear cells (each cell is a synctium)

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10
Q

myofibrils have alternate dark-light banding pattern when viewed from the slide. cells in skeletal muscle are full of myofibrils and it causes the nuclei of the cells to be pushed to the periphery.

A

…

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11
Q

skeletal muscle cells assemble their contractile machinery in the cytoplasm - that comes from myofibrils

A

…

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12
Q

typically within a single muscle, all fibers are the same diameter. skeletal muscle cells are long and have a wide-diamter with an alternating dark-like patterning with nuclei at the periphery

A

….

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13
Q

muscle nucleus is typically more euchromatic than fibroblast nuclei

A

…

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14
Q

skeletal muscle slide #1 notes:

A

Very long cell
Peripheral nuclei of cells
Smaller nuclei are probably due to fibroblasts
Striated appearance of dark/light

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15
Q

the intense cytoplasmic basophilia of skeletal muscle is due to…?

A

tremendous amount of contractile proteins in the cells

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16
Q

nuclei in skeletal muscle help you to differentiate between borders of adjacent cells. the nuclei are elongated and plump like a….

A

bratwurst!

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17
Q

skeletal muscle in cross sections

A

easier to see peripheral border and cell nuclei

- can see stippling within the cytoplasm - represents the myofibrils cut in cross section!

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18
Q

skeletal slide #2 notes:

A

Tendon – dense regular CT – more pink and nuclei are longer and flatter – don’t see borders between cells

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19
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  • smaller, branched muscle cells which are connected to each other by intercalated discs
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20
Q

intercalated discs

A

unique to cardiac muscle

include adherent junctions for cell-cell strength AND include gap junctions to allow electrical synchrony

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21
Q

similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is packed with…

A

myofibrils!

give it a striated appearance (only when viewed perpendicular to orientation of the cells)

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22
Q

cardiac muscle nucleus?

A

centrally located - single nucleus

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23
Q

although cardiac muscle cells are smaller than skeletal, they are still larger than other cell types, including smooth muscle

A

…

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24
Q

diameter for cardiac muscle cells is smaller than diameter for skeletal muscle cells but the diameter is consistent for all cardiac muscle (like in skeletal muscle)

wider than the size of the nucleus although it might not appear that way on sectioning

A

..

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25
Q

cardiac nucleus - one per cell and it might appear round but is actually oval

A

…

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26
Q

cells are connected to each other through intercalated discs in cardiac muscle. they appear as dense bands in what direction?

A

same orientation as the striations!!!

27
Q

cardiac muscle is BRANCHED.

A

…

28
Q

why would cardiac muscle appear oval on cross-sectioning?

A

sectioning through branch points!!

29
Q

cardiac muscle slide notes:

A

Eosinophilic cytoplasm
Centrally located nucleus
Striations are pependicular to longitudinal area (zoom in to see)
Cardiac muscle has a little bit more cytoplasm compared to skletal in cross section

30
Q

cardiac muscle can be specially stained with _____ to better see intercalated discs

A

benscome

31
Q

cardiac muscle with intercalated discs slide notes:

A

Trichrome stain – connective stain highlighted in bright orange
Also highlights intercalated discs better

32
Q

intercalated discs join cardiac muscle cells “end to end”

A

…

33
Q

fascia adherens and macula adherens in cardiac muscle join the cells together while gap junctions are only on the “sides” of the disk, providing electrical continuity between the cells

A

…

34
Q

fascia adherens is similar to what of the epithelial cells?

A

zonula adherens

35
Q

smooth muscle is much more cellular than CT.

A

…

36
Q

smooth muscle cells are smaller than cardiac and skeletal muscle cells

A

..

37
Q

smooth muscle tissue has lots of nuclei!!

A

…

38
Q

If smooth muscle tissue is longitudinally oriented, the nuclei are elongated; if the tissue is in cross section, nuclei appear round

A

…

39
Q

smooth muscle is eosinophilic but less eosinophilic than cardiac or skeletal muscle

A

…

40
Q

smooth muscle cells are relatively small - but typical as far as cells go. they are tapered or cigar shape - so they are thinner at the tips and fatter in the middle where a single, central nucleus resides. RELATIVELY LITTLE CYTOPLASM SURROUNDS THE SMOOTH MUSCLE NUCLEUS!

A

…

41
Q

loose CT is present in between smooth muscle cells.

A

..

42
Q

Smooth muscle is redder than other tissues but is “pinker” than cardiac or skeletal muscle.

A

..

43
Q

nucleus for smooth muscle are what shape?

A

oval

the nuclei are evenly dispersed in the tissue (in CT, the nuclei are clustered and unevenly distributed)

44
Q

the contractile proteins in smooth muscle are ordered how?

A

NOT ordered at all! therefore there is no striated appearance

45
Q

there is no distinct “border” around the smooth muscle cell; it blends in with the surrounding connective tissue.

A

….

46
Q

smooth muscle often comes in what?

A

bundles!!

47
Q

smooth muscle cells are fusiform in shape. in cross section, you might have sections with a nucleus (center) or in the tapered ins (smaller diameter without a nucleus).

A

…

48
Q

all muscle cell shortening is due to the action of the contractile proteins…

A

actin and myosin

49
Q

in smooth muscle, ____ are more predominant than ____

A

actin (microfilaments) are more prominent than myosin

50
Q

smooth muscle cells have caveoli (or pinocytotic vesicles) and dense bodies. Dense bodies are where the actin filaments are anchored. Gap junctions are also located for intercellular communication

A

…

51
Q

esophagus has a region of transition from skeletal (voluntary) muscle to smooth (autonomic) muscle. skeletal muscle is typically more what than smooth?

A

more eosinophilic (Redder) with larger- diameter cells and peripheral nuclei

52
Q

smooth muscle nuclei are slightly more heterochromatic than skeletal muscle and often look “twisted”

A

..

53
Q

skeletal muscle looks “plump”

A

…

54
Q

notes on slide of skeletal and smooth muscle:

A

Inner layer of esophagus – longitudinal sections
Outer – cross section of muscle
Caudal portion – smooth muscle
Cranial portion – skeletal muscle
Trnasition between the two is 1/3 of way down

55
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells:

  • Long cells
  • fibers of constant diameter, wide diameter
  • Multiple nuclei, located in periphery of cell
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
  • Found in named muscles (e.g. biceps)
A

…

56
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells:

  • longer than typical cells, though much shorter than skeletal muscle cells
  • fibers of constant diameter, intermediate diameter
  • Central nucleus
  • Striated
  • Inoluntary
  • Found in heart
  • Branched cells
  • Intercalated disks
A

….

57
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle cells:

  • Spindle-shaped cells (cigar-shaped)
  • Central nucleus
  • Not striated
  • Involuntary
  • Found in visceral organs, blood vessels
A

….

58
Q

Nuclei are located in the center of each cardiac and smooth muscle cell, but are located near the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle.

A

…

59
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are large and multinuclear, while cardiac and smooth muscle cells are smaller, with only a single nucleus.

A

…

60
Q

Skeletal muscle cells have the largest diameter, cardiac muscle cells are smaller, and smooth muscle cells have the smallest diameter.

A

…

61
Q

The diameter of skeletal muscle is very consistent between cells. Cardiac muscle cells are somewhat consistent in diameter (but vary in shape), while the smooth muscle cell profiles vary depending on whether the cell is sectioned through the middle (with nucleus) or near the periphery of the cell (without nucleus).

A

…

62
Q

In cuts through the nucleus of a cell, there is significant cytoplasm in skeletal and, to a lesser extent, cardiac muscle, while smooth muscle has a small rim of cytoplasm around the nucleus.

A

…

63
Q

In ideal sections, stippling can be seen in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle

A

….

Cellular Week 3 (21 decks)

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