Vaccinations in dogs and cats Flashcards
What are the pros of attenuated live vaccines?
Rapid
Sustained after a single dose
May immunise others in populations by antigen shedding
Improved breakthrough with MDA
What are the cons of attenuated live vaccines?
Possible reversion to virulence Can't be used in pregnancy May cause immunosuppression Can interfere with immunity if given with 2 weeks of another vaccine Less stable in storage Possible vaccine contamination
What are the pros/ cons of inactivated vaccines?
Pros
Safe
no interference
Stable in storage
Cons: Slow Multiple boosters needed Often highly adjuvented and therefore more s/e Low degree of protection Poor MDA breakthrough
Outline passive immunity
Artificial transfer of specific antibodies or
immunoreactive substances.
‐maternally derived antibodies
‐immunoglobulins, immunomodulators
Needs to be parenteral administration (not oral!)
Limited availability of commercial products in
some countries
Few special indications in veterinary medicine:
dog with distemper (CDV), although vaccination with MLV preferred
cat with panleukopenia (FPV) - No proven benefit
disease outbreak in a kennel/cattery - Serological testing preferred
post‐exposure prophylaxis in local infections (e.g. rabies)
What are the 2 main types of immune response?
Innate: NK cells, complement, phagocytes
Adaptive: Ag, dendritic cells, MHC together - activate B/T cell response & memory B cells.
What should medical records include with regards to vaccines?
Date, vaccine type, manufacturer, expiration date, lot/serial number, site & route of administration, concurrent medications, recommendations for future vaccinations
For which diseases is serological testing recommended for?
Cats - FPV only (extracellular infection)
Everything else has cell mediated immunity and therefore AB testing is not helpful -
FCV, FHV‐1, FIV, FeLV, FIP
FIV – only for diagnosis!
Dogs: Much more useful - CPV, CDV, CAV‐1 and CAV‐2 (extracellular infection)
How does age affect immune response
Immune system fully mature by 6 months
Decline in immune system with advancing age
Little known on effect of age in dogs and cats
Dogs: no difference in vaccination titers but unclear if persistence for >3 years
Cats: diet manipulation with fatty acids may alter immune response
Why may vaccines fail?
MDA - Most common cause of vaccine failure in the young
IgG from breastmilk absorbed in duodenum and jejunum & inhibit endogenous IgG production Antibody production stimulated when MDA decreases
Poorly immunogenic vaccine due to:
Proper storage
Needle size
Never split doses of vaccine!
Poor pet response:
Genetic (Rottweilers and CPV‐2)
Body temperature
Immunosuppressed patients eg Chemotherapy
Glucocorticoids not recommended for primary course
GA and surgery (although mostly not recommended in case of a hypersensitivity reaction
Concurrent illness
What post vaccine reactions can occur?
Local reactions Transient non specific illness Hypersensitivity reactions Tumorigenesis Neurologic complications Vaccine‐associated disease in Akita and Weimaraners. Respiratory disease Feline limping syndrome Prenatal and neonatal infection Failure to immunize – lack of efficacy Vaccine induced immunosuppression Shedding of vaccine agents Residual virulence Influence on drug disposition Interference with diagnostic tests Human health risk
What are types I and II post vaccine hypersensitivity reaction?
Type I – acute anaphylaxis \++adjuvanted, multivalentproducts \++certain breeds (e.g. mini dachshunds) Atopic dogs? Type II – cell‐mediated hypersensitivity or autoimmunity eg autoimmune anaemia, transient thrombocytopenia
What are types III and IV post vaccine hypersensitivity reactions?
Type III – immune complex formation
Anterior uveitis after MLV CAV‐1, CAV‐2 (often transient unless glaucoma develops)
Generalized serum sickness
Glomerulonephritis &Amyloidosis
Vaccine associated polyarthritis inAkitas
Type IV – Granuloma, encephalitis, polyradiculoneuritis
What neurological AE can occur with vaccines?
Most common post‐vaccinal AE
Vaccine induced rabies with MLV vaccination
No health hazard – no shedding in saliva
Not a problem with killed vaccined.
Cerebellar degeneration if MLV FPV/CPV before 4‐5 weeks of age
Encephalomyelitis with CDV vaccination in very young pups or immunosuppressed pets
Outline immunosuppression as an AE of vaccines
MLV produce transient infection and potential immunosuppression - decreased lymphocyte response to mitogens
3 days after first or second polyvalent vaccination with CDV &CAV‐1/2 ± CPV‐2/PI
Persists for 7‐10 days
increased susceptibility to other diseases
What are the guidelines for reactions at vaccination site
Considered atypical if:
- still growing q1m post vax
- still there after 3m
- larger than 2cm
If atypical - incisional biospy
If granuloma - remove if not gone in a month
If neoplasia - tx as needed
Outline interference of vaccines with testing
False‐positive serological test results
Eg. For Toxoplasmosis, FIP, FIV after use of CHV, FCV and FPV.
Rapid PCR assays to distinguish vaccinal vs field strains of pathogens
Outline the human health risk of the KC vX
Zoonotic infection in immunocompromised people
Avoid contact with: Infants, pregnant women, elderly adults, immunosuppressed people
Risk of shedding for 6‐7 weeks after vaccination
is there any passive antibody protection from the dam in a puppy or kitten that fails to receive colostrum?
Likely little or no protection because passive antibodies are absorbed through ingestion of the colostrum in the first 72 hours after birth.
how could colostrum deprived young pets be protected from the core diseases?
Puppy <3 days old and never fed a protein diet?
No - SC or IP serum from immunised patient
Yes - Artificial colostrum
How would you vaccinate anadult cat or dog that received a complete course of pup/kitten vaccination included the 12 month booster but have not been regularly vaccinated afterwards?
They should receive a single initial MLV core vaccine injection followed by a booster vaccination 1 year later.
How would you vaccinate adult pets of unknown vaccination status?
The pet should receive two vaccinations as for the pup/kitten if serological testing is not performed.
Is there any immunity in a pet that received the first injection of a vaccine that requires two doses to immunize (for example killed vaccines like Leptospira
bacterins or feline leukemia virus), but does not return for the second dose within ≤6 weeks? How should you continue vaccination in this pet?
No. A single dose of a two‐ dose vaccine does not provide immunity.
1st dose ‐ priming of the immune system
2nd dose – immunization
Should you vaccinate a cat infected with FeLV and/or FIV infection?
If
‐clinically well: indoor housing. Do not use MLV if vaccination is needed.
‐clinically ill: no vaccination unless legally required
Can you inject a killed vaccine followed at a later time with a modified live vaccine (MLV) for the same disease?
No! The antibody response elicited by the killed vaccine may neutralise the modified live virus in the vaccine
Outline the leishmania vax
decrease 3.6 x active infection, reduced 4 x clinical disease in Leishmania‐negative dogs
Transient interference with laboratory testing
Protective immune response 1 year later
Outline the Canine influenza vax
Killed vaccine
Non‐core
Decreased Severity of lung lesions
Decreased Duration of coughing & viral shedding
Outline the Giardia vax
Killed vax
No longer available
Dogs: not recommened ‐ rare cause of clinically significant disease
Cats: only in multiple‐cat environments with documented disease
Outline the canine herpes virus vax
Subunit vaccine – no interference with PCR or viral isolation methods
Active immunisation of bitches - Specific CHV MDA
Outline the Lyme disease vax
Not an alternative to tick control
To be used only in endemic areas with documented Lyme disease in dogs
