Canine infectious resp disease Flashcards
What are considered the most important canine resp disease?
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), and canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) have traditionally been considered the main viral causes of CIRD, often in conjunction with or preceding Bordetella bronchiseptica infection.
Outline canine respiratory coronavirus
mild respiratory disease during the early stages of CIRD, with typical clinical signs including a dry cough and nasal discharge
mild to moderate tracheobronchitis
Serological assays can be used to determine whether CRCoV is involved in a CIRD outbreak using paired serum samples collected at least 2–3 weeks apart
predisposes the animal to other, more serious secondary infections
As CRCoV is found most frequently in the trachea and nasal cavity, oropharyngeal and or nasal swabs are the most suitable diagnostic samples for PCR
Outline Canine influenza virus
most prevalent in group-housed dogs, such as in kennels, and as such can spread rapidly among the immunologically naive animals, affecting all ages
mild anorexia, depression, coughing, and
nasal and ocular discharge.
Mostly URT, although seems to result in a greater incidence of lower respiratory tract involvement than most of the other canine viruses.
PCR for dx
Outline Canine pneumovirus
The host immune response, in particular neutrophil activity, has been associated with tissue damage during pneumovirus infection
Dx with PCR
Unclear involvement in resp disease currently
Outline Pantropic Canine Coronavirus
traditionally been considered an enteric pathogen of low virulence that is frequently isolated from dogs with diarrhea but is also detected in faeces of dogs, but shows some resp tropism also.
Virus isolation or PCR
What is Canine Bocavirus (CBoV)?
A clear relationship between CBoV and respiratory disease in dogs is yet to be established, However, the higher prevalence of CBoV B and C variants in
dogs with respiratory disease indicates that these viruses may infect diseased animals as opportunistic pathogens or may enhance the severity of lesions in coinfections
What is Canine Hepacivirus
Canine hepacivirus is the first nonprimate hepacivirus
(NPHV) to be described, a novel virus
a role for this novel virus in the pathogenesis of disease remains to be determined.
Outline Streptococcus Zooepidemicus
a commensal organism in the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of horses but may be associated
with opportunistic infections such as abscesses, endometritis, and reproductive failure
S. zooepidemicus is a beta-hemolytic, Lancefield group C bacterium
Clinically, infected dogs may present initially with signs similar to ‘‘kennel cough,’’ including a moist cough and serous or mucoid nasal discharge. However, pyrexia is also frequently observed and there is rapid progression to depression, anorexia, and dyspnea. Hemorrhagic nasal discharge or hematemesis has
frequently been reported. Death can occur within 24–48 hours of the first clinical signs, and occasionally this sudden deterioration is observed without any preceding signs
a significant role for bacterial exotoxins acting as superantigens seems likely
In one study, However, when dogs were dual challenged with CIV (H3N8) and S. zooepidemicus, they developed severe necrotizing neutrophilic pneumonia, suggesting that in some situations S. zooepidemicus acts as an opportunistic or secondary pathogen
Dx with culture or PCR
Some doxycycline resistant strains
Outline mycoplasam cynos
Determining the clinical signs associated with M. cynos infection is far from straightforward because this bacterium is often isolated from dogs that are concurrently infected with other pathogens, particularly viruses, which also contribute to clinical disease
grossly palpable lung consolidation, loss of cilia on bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, low-grade serofibrinous pleuritis, severe acute generalized catarrhal-suppurative and hemorrhagic or fibrinonecrotizing bronchopneumonia with infiltration of lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells, pulmonary edema, exudation of neutrophils
possibly underdiagnosed as not requested for culture, When mycoplasma culture is requested, diagnosis is typically achieved by culture of the organisms from nasal or oropharyngeal swabs followed by genus-specific PCR and M. cynos–specific PCR to confirm
identity
How should you try to manage a parainfluenza outbreak?
Vaccination alone is often inadequate to prevent
CPIV-associated disease, especially in high-density
populations
Need good cleaning
Ventilation at 12 to 20 air exchanges/h21 and maintenance of facilities at a relative humidity between 50% and 65%, with ambient temperature between 21° and 23.8°C
once an outbreak is underway, depopulating the entire facility for up to 2 weeks may be the only practical measure to contain infection, partly because of shedding of CPIV by subclinically infected and recovering animals
