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Immunology Exam 4 > Vaccinations: Concepts, principles and details > Flashcards

Vaccinations: Concepts, principles and details Flashcards

1
Q

The concept of herd immunity means _

A

Disease reintroduction doesn’t lead to spread of disease

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2
Q

Eradication of an organism (virus) requires 4 things. They are _

A

Low antigenic drift / strains of virus
No animal reservoir
Early diagnosis of new cases
High collaboration

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3
Q

Current vaccines what best for intracellular or extracellular bacteria?

A

Extracellular

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4
Q

2 major goals of vaccinations are _

A

Antibody response

Memory

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5
Q

A good vaccine will _

A

Mimic route of delivery

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6
Q

Current vaccines target _ types of structures on bacteria. What are the examples provided (3)

A

External structure
Capsular poly saccharides
Surface proteins
LPS

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7
Q

Regarding whole organism vaccines, a pro and a con are _

A

Broadest immune response

More potential toxicity

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8
Q

Compared to whole organism vaccines, purified proteins are {more/less] toxic, [more/less] protective]

A

Less

Less

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9
Q

A major draw back to using purifed protein as a vaccine is _

A

Genetic variation between strains, if protein switches, no longer immune

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10
Q

Pure capsular polysaccharides elicit what type of immune response? What population would this type of vaccine be ineffective for/

A

T-independent.

Children under 2

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11
Q

What problem to conjugate vaccine solve?

A

Get children under 2 to develop immunity to calsular polysaccharides

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12
Q

What type of antibody is most likely to effectively engage / activate the complement system?

A

IgM

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13
Q

What is a serotype?

A

A natural product of genetic mutation

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14
Q

Why is a whole cell vaccine better than a purified protein?

A

You generate antibodies to various component of the bacteria. Protects agains serotype switching, as you have antibodies to various components of the bacteria

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15
Q

Under what circumstance is IgG able to effectively activate the complement cascade?

A

Requires high density of the surface antigen. Antigens can be different

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16
Q

Pure polysaccharides are detected by what type of immune response? What is the product of this response? What is a major limitation

A

T-independent
IgM antibodies
No memory

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17
Q

2 major advantages of the T-dependent response are _

A

Able to respond to intracellular pathogens

Long term memory

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18
Q

How to APC respond to a pure polysaccharide antigen?

A

No response. Cannot present the peptide on MHC

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19
Q

What is the immune response to a pure polysachharide antigen? What is the mediating cell? Product?

A

T-independent
B cells
IgM and some IgG

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20
Q

A way to circumvent the inability to respond to pure polysaccharide antigens is via _

A

Conjugate vaccines

21
Q

The example provided where conjugate vaccines reduced incidence in iowa was of _

A

Bacterial meningitis

22
Q

An example of a vaccine that uses a toxoid is _

A

Tetanus

23
Q

2 examples where a live attenuated vaccine is used are _. What are contraindications?

A

Measles
Polio
Can’t use in immune suppressed, including pregnancy

24
Q

3 examples of inactivated vaccines are _

A

Influenza
Rabies
Hep A

25
Q

3 examples of subunits of the vaccine being used are _

A

Hep B
Pertusis
Tetanus

26
Q

3 examples of conjugate vaccines are _

A

Hemophilus Influenza
Strep Pneumo
Nisseria Meningiditis

27
Q

What 3 vaccines are required of healthcare personnel?

A

Varicella Zoster
Hep B
Influenza (Annual)

28
Q

The primary response to a toxin occurs over what time frame? What is the main product?

A

7-10 days

IgM

29
Q

The secondary response to an initial exposure to a toxin occurs over what time frame? What is the main product

A

2 weeks

IgG

30
Q

What antibodies are increased during the primary phase of the immune response? Secondary phase?

A

IgM
IgG
These can be used clinically to determine disease phase

31
Q

What is the source of any IgM found in the fetus? Why?

A

From fetus. IgM doesn’t cross membranes

32
Q

What is the source of IgG in the fetus?

A

Maternal and fetal. IgM is able to cross membrane

33
Q

What is the source of IgA in the fetus?

A

From fetus. IgM doesn’t cross membranes

34
Q

What is the significance of high IgM in the fetus?

A

Infection in utero

35
Q

A fetus can make igM and IgG shortly after birth. What is the caveat?

A

Only to proteins

36
Q

What is the significance of having the half life of maternal antibodies waning after 1-3 months?

A

A window appears where the child is suceptible to infection because no longer protected by maternal antibodies

37
Q

What is the benefit of administering conjugate vaccine to a mother during the 3rd trimester?

A

Allows for the mother to generate antibodies, protect the child for longer

38
Q

How does herd immunity relate to vaccination for the entire population?

A

Means that the population can be protected without having to vaccinate everyone

39
Q

What are the factors that influence the probability of disease transmission? (6)

A 
Suceptible population #
Contact frequency
Duration of infection
Agent stability in environment
# of organisms for infection
Super spreader
40
Q

The major factor determining probabilty of infection is _

A

The number of suceptible individuals

41
Q

Super spreaders usually have high organism load. What is their relative set point compared to controls?

A

Shifted down and right

42
Q

What is immune escape? How can it be prevented?

A

Mutations confer resistant to strains of bacteria.

Use whole organism vaccines, increase chance some component is immunogenic

43
Q

What component of the complement cascade does IgM use to initiate a response to polysaccharide antigen?

A

C1q

44
Q

What component of the immune response is deficient in children under 2?

A

T-independent response, allows for response to polysaccharide antigens

45
Q

An infants GI tract is protected by _

A

Maternal IgA from breastmilk

46
Q

There are 4 assumptions of herd immunity theory. They are _

A

Closed population
Interactions are random
Anyone can get infected
Infection leads to immunity

47
Q

What is the effect of vaccine on death rate following infection? How does vaccination reduce death rate?

A

It doesn’t change death rate after infection

It reduced # of people who die by reducing # of people who get infected

48
Q

What is the meaning of endemic level? Hypoendemic level? Hyperendemic?

A

Endemic - Basal level in population
Hypo - lower than reference population
Hyper - Higher than reference population

Immunology Exam 4 (7 decks)

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