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Immunology Exam 4 > Adaptive Immunity to Microbes > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity to Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

The major mechanism by which virally infected cells and transplanted tissue is attacked is _

A

CD8 T cells

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2
Q

The major type of bacteria attacked by the innate immune system are _

A

non-encapsulated bacteria

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3
Q

non-encapsulated bacteria are attacked by _ complement system and what types of innate immune cells

A

Alternative

PMNs / macrophages

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4
Q

The human microbiome is composed of what main type of ordinarily non-disease causing bacteria?

A

non-encapsulated bacteria

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5
Q

The antigen specific subdivision of the immune system is divided into the humoral (blood) and cellular components. The major cells of each of these systems are _

A

Humoral - Bcells + antibodies

Cellular - T-lymphocytes

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6
Q

The humoral and cellular component of the innate immune system is mediated by what cells /systems?
Short Term -
Long term-
Cellular

A

Short - PMNs and complement
Long term - Macrophages and complement
Cellular - macrophages

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7
Q

A major characteristic of the immune system regarding its response to helminths is that _

A

There is no great immune mechanism for response to helminths

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8
Q

Bacterial Infections can be split into 3 categories. They are (relative to macrophages)

A

Toxigenic extracellular
Non-toxigenic extracellular
Intracellular

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9
Q

Neutralization of exotoxins is accomplished by _

A

Antibodies

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10
Q

Neutralization of viruses and intracellular organisms during their extracellular phase is accomplished by _

A

Antibodies

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11
Q

What is an intracellular bacteria that is neutralized by antibodies during its extracellular phase?

A

Rickettsia

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12
Q

The mechanism by which extracellular bacteria are destroyed is _

A

Antibody mediated opsonization

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13
Q

Majority of facultative intracellular bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some parasites are destroyed by _

A

CD4 + Tcells activating macrophages

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14
Q

The major means by which viruses are transplants are destroyed are by _

A

CD8 + T cells

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15
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is an a typical intracellular organism because _

A

It is killed b CD8 cells when it breaks out into the cytoplasm, and its proteins are presented in the context of MHC

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16
Q

4 examples of diseases where vaccination is needed because the toxin is too toxic to stimulate an immune response are _

A

Cholera
Pertussis
Diptheria
Tetanus

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17
Q

Toxoids are

A

Attenuated toxins that retain immunogenic response

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18
Q

2 bugs that a capable of producing super antigen are _

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

Streptococcus Pyogenes

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19
Q

After recovery from toxic shock syndrome, the patient is rendered immune from further infection with TSS. T or F

A

False

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20
Q

The five examples of super antigens provided are

A 
Toxic Shock syndrome toxin 1
Staphylococcal enterotoxins A-X
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A-C, G-L
Streptococcal superantigen 
Streptococcal mitogen exotoxin Z
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21
Q

The mechanism by which superantigen mediates toxic shock syndrome is _

A

Massive upregulation of T cells by linking the APC to the T-cell. This results in increased frequency of activation and massive production if IF-gamma, which suppresses antibodies

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22
Q

IVIG is intravenous immunoglobulin. What are the 5 diseases where it is use?

A 
Kawasaki syndrome
Streptococcl toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
Post exposure hep. A
Anthrax
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23
Q

IVIG protects via _

A

Passive protection

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24
Q

When IVIG is used intramuscularly, what is the caveat?

A

Less costly, but not for seriously acute illnesses

25
Q

The examples of extracellular bacteria that bolded are _ (2)

A

Gram positive and negative cocci

Bordetella

26
Q

All gram positive and negative cocci as well as bordetella are destroyed by what component of the immune system?

A

Antibody based immunity. They are extracellular pathogens

27
Q

The examples of intracellular bacteria that bolded are _ (4)

A

Mycobacterium
Salmonella
Brucella
Listeria

28
Q

Mycobacterium, salmonella, brucella and listeria are examples of organisms that would be destroyed by what component of the immune system?

A

T-celled based immunity. Examples of intracell. organisms

29
Q

There are 2 major mechanisms by which viruses are destroyed. They are _

A

CD8 +
Antibodies
(Occasionally, CD4 + cell)

30
Q

The major mechanism by which fungi are destroyed are _

A

CD4 activation of macrophages

31
Q

The 4 major TB like fungi presented were _

A

Histoplasmosis
Blastomyces
Coccidiodes
Paracoccidiodes

32
Q

Protozoa and Helminths are 2 examples of parasites. How are they handled by the immune system?

A

Protozoa - CD4 activated macrophages

Helminths - No good mechanisms

33
Q

The 3 examples of helminths provided in the notes are?

A

Nematodes
Cestodes
Trematodes

34
Q

Significant inflammation is a major characteristic of what type of infection _. What type of pathogens mediate this response?

A

Acute Infection

Extracellular pathogens

35
Q

Infections that are characterized by significant inflammation are usually destroyed by _. (These are the “itis” diseases

A

Antibody opsonization

36
Q

The T Cell immune response kicks in when the antibody response fails. This marks the transition from _ to _

A

Acute to chronic infection

37
Q

Tuberculosis, brucelosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis. These osis diseases are associated with _

A

Granuloma formation

38
Q

The T cell response can make a chronic disease worse. How is this the case?

A

Antibody mediated phagocytosis (Fc receptor) lets the pathogens have access to the intracellular compartment

39
Q

Granulomas are made of what type of cells?

A

Fused macrophages

40
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease is mediated by what cells? What still persists in this state?

A

CD4 cells cause granulomas

Staphylococcal infections persist

41
Q

In the early phase of the primary response, what is the major antibody made? When does it peak?

A

IgM

Peaks by 4 days

42
Q

In the late phase of the primary response, what is the major antibody made?

A

IgG

43
Q

The major pro of vaccination is the development of memory, which causes subsequent infections to be “secondary”. What is the major antibody of this response and when does it peak?

A

IgG

2 days

44
Q

Toxoid vaccines are given ever 8-10 years because _

A

That is the approximate span of the memory B-cells

45
Q

What is the major reason for not vaccinating too frequently?

A

Each exposure causes class switching, which can cause anaphylactic shock with subsequent exposures

46
Q

The big difference between the T independent and dependent response is _

A

Development of memory

47
Q

T-independent responses are geared towards what type of antigen?

A

Polysaccharides

48
Q

Plasma cells derived from T-indepenent responses secrete what type of antibody?

A

IgM

49
Q

Following a T-dependent response, a Tcell can recognize DNA, proteins, polysaccharides. T or F

A

True

50
Q

Plasma cells derived from T-depenent responses secrete what type of antibody?

A

IgG

51
Q

The downstream means by which T-dependent antibodies work is _

A

Tagging the microbe, allowing for phagocytosis, and killing within the phagosome

52
Q

The means by which intrcellular bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some viruses are killed is _

A

CD4 mediated immunity

53
Q

What type of T cell mediates the effects of CD4? That is, what cells become memory cells

A

TH1

54
Q

The major means by which TH1 Cells activate macrophages is via _

A

IF gamma production. IFgamma production activates macrophages, leades to MHC2 upregulation

55
Q

CD8 Cells are activated by CD4 + cells. What is the major cytokine needed here?

A

IL2

56
Q

What is the MHC that viral particles, as well as transplant tissues will present foreign particles recognized by CD8

A

MHC 1

57
Q

MHC II is upregulated on macrophages following the CD4 response. What is the significance?

A

CD8 cells can contribute to intracellular killing (e.g. Listeria)

58
Q

True or False, both the CD8 and CD4 use both MHC1 and 2

A

True

Immunology Exam 4 (7 decks)

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