Vaccinations

Question 1

2 general responses of immune system

Answer 1

-activate cell to destroy harmful cell(cell to cell interaction)
-activate antibodies(bind to antigen to make them less harmful)

Question 2

what is an antibody

Answer 2

y-shaped immunoglobulin produced by plasma to fight antigens

Question 3

order of antibody immune response

Answer 3

-antigen invades
-lymphocytes produce antibodies
-antibodies attach to and label antigen
-macrophage finds labeled cells and destroy them

Question 4

job of antibodies

Answer 4

-recognize foreign molecules
-bind toxins and creating insoluble compound
-cover up virus attachment sites

Question 5

5 main classes of immunoglobulins

Answer 5

G,M,A,D,E

Question 6

what class of immunoglobulin to we care about most in the horse industry

Answer 6

igG

Question 7

why are foals born with no antibodies

Answer 7

proteins are too large to pass through the placenta

Question 8

how do foals acquire antibodies

Answer 8

through colostrum

Question 9

how do foals absorb antibodies from colostrum

Answer 9

through specialized cells in the SI that disappear after 48 hours

Question 10

what igG level do you want a foal to have after 24 hours?
below what level is critical?

Answer 10

you want greater than 800 mg/dL
below 400 mg/dL is critical

Question 11

what type of immunity do foals get from colostrum

Answer 11

passive immunity

Question 12

what could cause a foal to not get enough igGs after 25 hours

Answer 12

-mare dies
-poor quality colostrum
-leaks colostrum prior to foaling

Question 13

ways to overcome a foals lack of access to good colostrum

Answer 13

-store extra colostrum
-use other mares
-plasma transfusions(requires several transfusions)

Question 14

general side effects of diseases

Answer 14

-increases cost
-reduces performance
-limits growth

Question 15

types of infectious diseases

Answer 15

parasitic
bacterial
viral

Question 16

types of non infectious diseases

Answer 16

environmental
nutritional
genetic

Question 17

what should you do before giving any type of drug or vaccine

Answer 17

make sure you have proper record keeping

Question 18

T/F rubbing alcohol will not sterilize the area unless its allowed to sink in

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

T/F sub Q injections are one of the most common injection types for horses

Answer 19

FALSE. its rarely used on horses

Question 20

what length of needle should you use?
mature?
foal?
IV?

Answer 20

mature: 1.5”
foal: 1”
IV: 1” or 1.5”(shoburt prefers 1”)

Question 21

why should you aspirate the syringe before giving an injection

Answer 21

it will help you know if your in the right place based on the presence or absence of blood

Question 22

what factors may effect your vaccination schedule

Answer 22

geographic location
outbreaks
level of insect/rodent population

Question 23

what type of vaccine are all tetanus vaccines, and mode of administration

Answer 23

killed virus, IM

Question 24

schedule for tetanus vaccine

Answer 24

-2 initial doses 3-4 weeks apart
-annual booster
-broodmares 4-6 weeks prepartum

Question 25

when would you use the tetanus antitoxin

Answer 25

-horses that sustained an injury and arent immunized or have unknown vaccination history -foals born from unvaccinated mares

Question 26

what type of vaccine is used for encephalomyelitis, mode of injection

Answer 26

killed, IM

Question 27

vaccination schedule for encephalomyelitis

Answer 27

-2-3 initial doses -annual booster(can be semiannual in endemic areas) -broodmares 4-6 weeks postpartum

Question 28

when are vaccines for encephalomyelitis given

Answer 28

annual: before mosquito season semiannual: before mosquito season, 6 months later

Question 29

T/F in 2002 both human and equine west nile cases were decreasing

Answer 29

FALSE. equine was but not human

Question 30

who has a vaccine for west nile virus? what type is it?

Answer 30

fort dodge, killed

Question 31

what factors might lead to a semiannual booster of west nile vaccine

Answer 31

-high risk area -expensive horse

Question 32

how effective is the fort dodge west nile vaccine

Answer 32

95%

Question 33

what virus has both modified live and killed vaccines

Answer 33

rhinopneumonitis

Question 34

vaccination schedule for rhino(depends on discapline)

Answer 34

performance and yearling: every 3-4 months pleasure/recreational: annually broodmares: 5, 7, and 9 month of gestation stallions: before breeding season

Question 35

what type of vaccine is for influenza, what is the mode of injection?

Answer 35

killed, IM

Question 36

what diseases have vaccine schedules depending on discipline

Answer 36

rhino flu

Question 37

flu vaccine schedule

Answer 37

-performance and yearling: most do annually(some 3-4 months) -pleasure: annually -broodmares: semiannually, booster 4-6 weeks prepartum

Question 38

T/F if your vaccinating for strangles its generally ok to only vaccinate a few of the horses in the barn at a time

Answer 38

FALSE. it may cause outbreaks in the unvaccinated horses

Question 39

what type of vaccines are available for strangles, what are their modes of injection?

Answer 39

modified live, orally strepgaurd, IM

Question 40

strangles IM vaccination schedule

Answer 40

1 dose- 4-6 months 2 dose-5-7 months 3 dose(depends on vaccine)-7-8 months 4 dose(depends on vaccine)-12 months

Question 41

strangles IN vaccination schedule

Answer 41

1 dose- 6-9 months 2 dose- 3 weeks left -foals can get it at 6 weeks

Question 42

what strangles vaccine should be given to broodmares? when?

Answer 42

inactivated protein vaccine 4-6 weeks prepartum

Question 43

T/F when vaccinating for multiple diseases the strangles vaccine should be given last

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

what type of virus is is the rabes vaccine? what is the mode of injection

Answer 44

killed, IM

Question 45

rabies vaccine schedule for mature horses

Answer 45

-annual booster -mares and stallions before breeding season

Question 46

what type of vaccine should you never use for rabes with horses

Answer 46

modified live

Question 47

rabes vaccine schedule for foals from unvaccinated mares

Answer 47

1 dose- 3-4 months 2 dose- 12 month

Question 48

rabes vaccine schedule for foals from vaccinated mares

Answer 48

1 dose- 6 months 2 dose- 7 months 3 dose- 12 months

Question 49

vaccine type and method of injection for potomac horse fever

Answer 49

killed, IM

Question 50

vaccination schedule for potomac horse fever

Answer 50

-semiannual -broodmares: 1 dose 4-6 weeks preparturition -booster may-june in high risk areas

Question 51

T/F botulism is not commonly vaccinated for

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

vaccination schedule for botulism in broodmares

Answer 52

annual 4-6 weeks prepartum

Question 53

vaccination schedule for botulism in foals from vaccinated mothers

Answer 53

1 dose-2-3 months 2 dose-3-4 months 3 dose- 4-5 months

Question 54

vaccination schedule for botulism in foals from unvaccinated mothers

Answer 54

toxoid at 2, 4, and 8 weeks antitoxin

Question 55

what horse type is an EVA booster most important for

Answer 55

stallions and colts

Question 56

vaccine type for EVA

Answer 56

modified live