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Common Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is the causative agent of strangles

A

streptococcus equi

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2
Q

how long are horses carriers of strangles after clinical signs

A

4 weeks

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3
Q

when would be the ideal time to catch strangles

A

when the first signs of reduced feed and water intake appear

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4
Q

incubation period of strangles

A

3-8 days

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5
Q

symptoms of strangles

A

-fever
-inflammation of mucous membranes
-thick, yellow nasal discharge
-cough
-swollen lymph nodes

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6
Q

mortality of strangles? what type of horse usually dies

A

5% mortality typically horses with preexisting conditions

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7
Q

treatment of strangles

A

isolate animal
penicillin if caught early

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8
Q

T/F giving antibiotics is a good way to decrease the severity of strangles

A

FALSE. it generally prolongs the disease

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9
Q

what type of strangles is uncommon but fatal and causes abscesses in the lungs, brain, and liver

A

bastard strangles

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10
Q

what disease is purpura hemorrhagica most commonly associated with

A

strangles

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11
Q

symptoms of purpura hemorrhagica

A

-edema on head and legs(particularly under the top lip)
-severe forms can cause sloughing of the skin, stiffness, and respiratory issues

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12
Q

what is purpura hemorrhagica caused by

A

allergic reaction to protein of streptococci

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13
Q

treatment of purpura hemorrhagica

A

these mainly treat symptoms not the disease
-corticosteroids
-transfusions for blood loss
-tracheotomy if trouble breathing
-bandage affected limbs
-skin grafts if sloughing occurs

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14
Q

what other diseases can purpura hemorrhagica look like

A

tying up
founder
EIA

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15
Q

characteristics of pneumonia

A

-inflammation of the lungs
-alveoli filled with exudate
-inflammation of bronchiole
-acute in young horses, chronic in old horses

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16
Q

causes of pneumonia

A

-viruses that are pathogenic for the lungs
-secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by other respiratory diseases
-any matter getting into the lungs causing inflammation and bacterial growth

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17
Q

above what level of breaths/min is significant

A

> 20

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18
Q

above what pulse is significant

A

> 60 BPM

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19
Q

signs of pneumonia

A

-rapid/shallow breathing
-wheezing
-fever
-nasal discharge
-breath odor/pus
-decreased appetite
-increased pulse
-cough

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20
Q

T/F horses with pneumonia will generally only labor breathing when exhaling

A

FALSE. labored breathing during both inhalation and exhalation

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21
Q

treatment of pneumonia

A

-isolate horse
-antibiotics
-bronchodilators

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22
Q

why might some horses need NSAIDs for pneumonia? what is the danger of these drugs?

A

if pneumonia causes significant disability, drugs may mask fever and prolong the disease

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23
Q

what horses are most susceptible to influenza

A

race/show horses
young horses

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24
Q

what secondary diseases may arise from equine influenza

A

pneumonia
bronchitis
bacterial infection

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25
physical appearance of nasal discharge due to flu
watery and clear
26
incubation period of flu
1-3 days
27
2 causative viruses of flu
A-equi-1 A-equi-2
28
effect of flu on epithelium of respiratory tract
cough dries it out which can lead to it sloughing off. this creates sites for bacterial infection
29
how to diagnose flu
lab tests on discharge and blood samples
30
treatment of flu
-rest -prevention of secondary complications(through sanitation and antibiotics)
31
characteristics of viral rhinopneumonitis
-inflammation of respiratory tract -usually affects younger horses -occurs most in late fall-early winter -causes abortion
32
how many types of herpes viruses cause viral rhinopneumonitis? which are the major cause in the US?
types 1-5 1 and 4 are worst in US
33
signs of viral rhino
fever nasal discharge swelling of eyelids congestion coughing
34
how long can discharge from viral rhino last
1-3 weeks
35
how is viral rhino transmitted
contact, ingestion, inhalation
36
how long can viral rhino live outside the body? what is the virus present in?
can live 2 weeks outside the body present in mucus, blood, and aborted fetuses, and placentas
37
T/F mares can be safely rebred quickly following abortion due to viral rhino
TRUE
38
when do 90% of abortions from viral rhino occur
in the last trimester
39
treatment for viral rhino
None antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
40
what is equine viral arteritis
infection of upper respiratory tract due to specific herpes virus
41
how does E. viral arteritis spread
direct contact ingestion inhalation nasal secretion and bodily fluids
42
symptoms of e. viral arteritis
conjunctivitis colic diarrhea hemorrhages and blood clots
43
what is the abortion rate for late stage e. viral arteritis
50%
44
treatment for e viral arteritis
rest antibiotics for secondary infection
45
what disease can cause chronic damage to arteries and circulation
equine viral arteritis
46
4 main types of encephalomyelitis
eastern(sleeping sickness) western Venezuelan west nile
47
how is encephalomyelitis spread
mosquitos transmit it, natural reservoir is birds and rodents
48
how can VEE spread
through nasal discharge and saliva
49
incubation of encephalomyelitis
1-3 weeks
50
symptoms of encephalomyelitis
ataxia muscle tremors paralysis
51
how long does it take signs of encephalomyelitis to appear
anywhere from several days to a year
52
why is there no treatment for encephalomyelitis
the viruses rapid course
53
mortality rate(on average) of encephalomyelitis? WEE EEE VEE WNE
average: 30-90% WEE:20-30% EEE and VEE: 70-90 WNE: 30%
54
what type of encephalomyelitis is most common
eastern(EEE)
55
when did west nile epidemic occur on east coast
2000
56
what neurological disease is transmitted through ingestion of parasites found in possum feces
equine protozoal meyloencephalitis(EPM)
57
T/F EPM can not be transmitted from horse to horse
TRUE. horses are dead end hosts
58
what time frame can EPM take to appear
4 weeks-2 years
59
which disease is classified by horses not knowing where their feet are? why does this happen?
EPM. virus attacks CNS causing nerve damage
60
symptoms of EPM
-asymmetry(of gait, face, hind quarter, etc) -tongue paralysis -ability to lift tail
61
what is the tongue test? what diseases does it check for?
-pulling the tongue to the side and letting go. normal horses can pull it right back in -checks for EPM and botulism
62
treatment of EPM? how would you treat a chronic case?
sulfadiazine-sulfonamide + pyrimethamine for at least 90d -chromic cases should remain on antimicrobial drugs until they test negative
63
residual effect rate of EPM
25-50%
64
what vaccine is available for EPM
none
65
mortality of tetanus
>80%
66
causative agent of tetanus
clostridium tetani
67
how does the bacteria for tetanus invade and multiply
invades through wounds or umbilical cord requires anaerobic environment, spreads through blood to CNS
68
what is a common site of entry for tetanus
penetrating wound on the foot
69
what does tetanus do inside the body to create the uncontrolled motor impulses
prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in spinal cord and brain
70
signs of tetanus
-stiffness of head, neck, and wound region -general stiffness around 24 hours and muscle spasms -erect ears, flared nostrils, extended tail -constipation -excess sweat
71
at what fever temp is death imminent
110 F
72
what usually causes death with tetanus
asphyxiation
73
treatment 1 of tetanus(clean wound)
treat wound to kill bacteria penicillin or tetracycline
74
treatment 2 of tetanus(neutralize)
-neutralize toxins -tetanus antitoxin administered directly into CNS
75
treatment 3 of tetanus(comfort)
-control muscle spasms(tranquilizers, sedatives, anesthesia) -ace for mild seizures -diazepam with xylazine for severe seizures and muscle stiffness
76
how to decrease tetanus symptoms
-keep in dark stall and limit stimuli -IV fluid -catheter -ventilator -manual removal of feces
77
path of rabies infection
initial infection of nerves rapidly spreads to spinal cord and brain
78
T/F rabies is very common and fatal
FALSE. its very fatal but also very rare
79
early signs of rabies
-intense rubbing/biting(self-mutilation) -aggression -excitability
80
how to prevent rabies
vaccination immediate cleansing of bite wounds
81
what causes death from rabies? how long does it take?
cardiac or respiratory arrest within 5-10 days
82
what disease is referred to as shaker foal syndrome or forage poisoning
botulism
83
causative agent of botulism? where is it found?
clostridium botulinum. found in decaying plant and animal matter, as well as poorly maintained water tanks
84
mechanism of attack of botulism
neurotoxin binds to presynaptic nerve of peripheral nervous system and blocks release of acetylcholine. this results in flaccid paralysis
85
how long does it take for the nerve to regenerate after botulism attack and improve muscle function
4-10 days
86
treatment of botulism
botulinum antitoxin stall rest
87
downside of botulism treatment
-antitoxin is very expensive and must be given in early stages as it on absorbs free toxin
88
89
what is septicemia, what is it caused by
blood poisoning caused by infection of umbilical cords in foals and untreated wounds in adults
90
damage caused by toxins from septicemia
-damage to enzymes -damage to endocrine glands -reduce blood flow -liver and kidney dysfunction
91
where is septicemia localized in foals
joints and eyes
92
signs of septicemia
hemorrhages under skin lethargy rapid pulse
93
treatment of septicemia
-must be rapid -antibiotics -antitoxins
94
T/F treatment of septicemia in foals is often too late
TRUE
95
how to prevent septicemia
proper hygiene iodine umbilical cord proper wound dressing
96
what disease is referred to as swamp fever
equine infectious anemia
97
T/F if a horse survives acute attack of EIA they will become a carrier of EIA and can infect horses
TRUE
98
ways to respond to chronic EIA
-euthanasia -permanent/lifelong isolation
99
100
how does EIA cause anemia
antibodies produced in response to antigen are unable to kill the virus and attach to red blood cells causing them to rupture
101
what is the acute attack of EIA
-a fever lasting 10-30 days that generally causes death -weight loss -anemia and swelling of lower legs and abdomen -hemorrhages of mucous membrane
102
chronic sings of EIA
-periods of fever -mild anemia -weight loss -can be asymptomatic
103
how to prevent EIA
-insect control -sterilization of equipment -isolate infected horses
104
what disease is commonly misdiagnosed
potomac horse fever
105
signs of potomac horse fever
lethargy decreased feed intake decreased gut sounds diarrhea within 24-48 hours
106
mortality rate of potomac horse fever
up to 30%
107
where are most cases of potomac horse fever in US
northeast
108
treatment of potomac horse fever
-replace fluids and electrolytes -antidiarrheals

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