Vaccinations Flashcards
DTaP-IPV-Hib-HB vaccine
- Diptheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis
- Inactivated Polio virus
- Haemophilus influenzae type B
- Hepatitis B
Haemophilus influenzae Type B + vaccine
- H. influenza B is encapsulated = phagocytosis & complement RESISTANT
- meningitis in children
- pneumonia in adults
- conjugate vaccine due to capsule
Pneumococcal Disease + Vaccine
- S. pneumoniae
- pneumonia, meningitis
- PNEU-C13: conjugate vaccine that includes serotypes
NOTE: polysaccharide vaccines are ineffective for ages <2 years
Rotovirus + vaccine
- fecal-oral transmission
- risk group 3
- fever, vomitting, severe diarrhea = dehydration
- Rotorix Oral; live attenuated vaccine
- side effects
At 4 months, which vaccines will a child receive ? (4)
- DTaP-IPV-Hib-HB
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PNEUMONIA-C13)
- Meningococcal conjugate (MenC-C)
- Rotovirus
MMR-Var + vaccine
- for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (chicken pox)
- live attenuated vaccine
- side effects: fever
NOTE: ineffective <12 months since mom provides passive immunity
Meningococcal Disease + vaccine
- N. meningiditis
- meningitis
- MenC-C: conjugate vaccine for type C
NOTE: polysaccharide vaccines are ineffective for age <2 years
Human Papilloma Virus + vaccine
- HPV
- genital warts
- cervical cancer, anal, vaginal, penile, head and neck
- sexually transmitted
- HPV-9; given to grade 6 males/ females
Human Papilloma Virus + vaccine
- HPV
- genital warts
- cervical cancer, anal, vaginal, penile, head and neck
- sexually transmitted
- HPV-9
Human Papilloma Virus + vaccine
- HPV
- genital warts
- cervical cancer, anal, vaginal, penile, head and neck
- sexually transmitted
- HPV-9
Hepatitis A + vaccine
- fecal-oral transmission
- for high risk groups (travel, military, occupational)
- Havrix (1 dose) - inactivated virus vaccine
- Twinrix (3 doses); inactivated/ HBV recombinant subunit vaccine
Hepatitis B test results + vaccine
- DNA = positive for virus and infectious
- HB antigen = positive for virus/ early stage
- anti-HB = previous or chronic infection
- HBV vaccine; recombinant subunit vaccine (HBs antigen)
NOTE: anti-HBs > 10 IU/L is considered protected
Vibrio cholerae + vaccine
- Dukoral; inactivated Vibrio strain
- oral = IgA production
- also protects for ETEC (labile toxin is similar)
- requires boosters; short immunity
NOTE: “traveller’s diarrhea” encompasses other organisms
At risk populations (4)
- Transplant patients
- Splenectomy patients
- Pregnancy
- Seniors in long-term care
Live attenuated vaccine: pros and cons
Pros:
- long-lasting, effective immunity (both cellular and humoral) with often 1 dose; 2 doses ensures 100% protection
Cons:
- not effective for age <12 months due to passive maternal immunity
- not recommended for immunocompromised (cancer, transplant, immune deficiencies)
- vaccine requires refrigeration; short expiry dates
- side effects (fever, rash, respiratory)
Polysaccharide vaccines: pros and cons
Pros:
- targets specific strain populations (N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae)
Cons:
- only T independent immunity (less specific, IgM, no memory)
- not effective for age <2 years unless conjugated
- short-lived immunity (2 years)
Conjugate, subunit recombinant, toxid vaccines: pros and cons
Pros:
- produce strong humoral response to specific aspect of pathogen (cell wall, protein, capsid, toxin)
Cons:
- toxoid provides protection against toxin only, NOT organism itself
- ONLY humoral response
- requires multiples doses/ boosters
Inactivated virus vaccines: pros and cons
Pros:
- effective
- safe; minimal side effects
Cons:
- ONLY produces humoral response
- may require multiple doses
Differentiate passive vs active vaccination
Passive:
- maternal antibody
- anti-toxins,
- IVIg
Active:
- natural infection
- vaccines
- toxoids
Characteristic of a good vaccine: (6)
- effective
- safe
- inexpensive
- long-term protection
- manufactured quickly
- easy to administer (1 dose, no refrigeration)
Differentiate immune responses to viral infections
Cell mediated:
- cytotoxic T cells
- Th1 (IL-2), IFNy, TNF
Humoral/ Antibody:
- neutralization; binds surface preventing attachment
- complement activation
Describe the Antibody-mediated response to extracellular bacteria (5)
- toxin neutralization
- complement-mediated lysis
- opsonization and phagocytosis
- anaphylatoxin; mast cell degranulation
- chemotaxis
Differentiate efficacy vs effectiveness of a vaccine
Efficacy:
- ability to elicit desired response
- measured in the individual (Ab level)
Effectiveness:
- ability to reduce disease in the community
What can cause vaccine complications ?
- adverse reactions
- allergy to additives (latex, gelatin)
Describe Inactivated Vaccines
- bacteria or viral particles
- killed by heat, chemical, or irradiation
- stable (no refrigeration required)
- elicits humoral response only
- side effects
- requires boosters
Describe Live Attenuated Vaccines
- avirulent strain; active but cannot cause disease
- good efficacy
- elicits humoral AND cell-mediated response
- few side effects
- may revert to virulent form
- higher risk for immunocompromised
Describe Subunit Vaccines
- purified component of organism (inactivated toxoid, polysaccharide, recombinant microbial antigen)
- fewer side effects (patient only makes Ab to surface Ag)
- polysaccharide requires conjugate
