Vaccinations Flashcards
What is an inactivated vaccine?
Involves giving a killed version of the pathogen.
They cannot cause an infection and are safe for immunocompromised patients, although they may not have an adequate response.
Give 4 examples of inactivated vaccines
1) Polio
2) Flu vaccine
3) Hep A
4) Rabies
What are subunit or conjugate vaccines?
Subunit and conjugate vaccines only contain parts of the organism used to stimulate an immune response.
They also cannot cause infection and are safe for immunocompromised patients.
What are 7 examples of subunit and conjugate vaccines?
1) Pneumococcus
2) Meningococcus
3) Hepatitis B
4) Pertussis (whooping cough)
5) Haemophilus influenza type B
6) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
7) Shingles (herpes-zoster virus)
What are live attenuated vaccines?
Live attenuated vaccines contain a weakened version of the pathogen.
They are still capable of causing infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
Give 5 examples of live attenuated vaccines
1) MMR
2) BCG: contains a weakened version of tuberculosis
3) Chickenpox: contains a weakened varicella-zoster virus
4) Nasal influenza vaccine (not the injection)
5) Rotavirus
What does the BCG vaccine contain?
A weakened version of TB
What are toxin vaccines?
Contain a toxin that is normally produced by a pathogen.
They cause immunity to the toxin and not the pathogen itself.
Give 2 examples of toxin vaccines
1) Diptheria
2) Tetanus
What does the term ‘valency’ in vaccinology refer to?
This denotes the number of distinct antigenic components or serotypes a vaccine can protect against.
Essentially, it specifies the extent of a vaccine’s antigenic reach.
What is a monovalent vaccine?
Contain a singular antigenic component, conferring immunity against one strain or subtype of a pathogen
E.g. measles vaccine
What is a multivalent or polyvalent vaccine?
These vaccines comprise multiple antigenic components, safeguarding against various strains or subtypes of a pathogen or, occasionally, multiple pathogens.
E.g. the quadrivalent influenza vaccine, protective against four distinct virus strains.
Vaccination schedule: 2 months old?
1) 6 in 1 (1st dose)
2) Rotavirus vaccine (1st dose)
3) Meningitis B vaccine
What does the 6 in 1 vaccine contain?
1) diptheria
2) tetanus
3) pertussis
4) polio
5) haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
6) hepatitis B
Vaccination schedule: 3 months old?
1) 6 in 1 (2nd dose)
2) Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine (13 different serotypes)
3) Rotavirus vaccine (2nd dose)
Vaccination schedule: 4 months old?
1) 6 in 1 (3rd dose)
2) Meningitis B vaccine (2nd dose)
Vaccination schedule: 1 year old?
1) Hib/Meningitis C booster: single jab containing Hib (4th dose) and Meningitis C
2) MMR (1st dose)
3) Pneumococcal PCV vaccine (2nd dose)
4) Meningitis B vaccine (3rd dose)
Vaccination schedule: yearly from 2 to 10 years?
Influenza vaccine (nasal vaccine)
Vaccination schedule: 3 years and 4 months?
1) DTaP/ IPV (4-in-1 pre-school booster)
2) MMR vaccine (2nd dose)
What does the 4 in 1 pre-school booster vaccine contain?
1) Diptheria
2) Tetanus
3) Whooping cough (pertussis)
4) Polio
Vaccination schedule: 12/13 years old?
HPV vaccine - two jabs are given at 6-24 months apart
How is the HPV vaccine given?
Since September 2023 ONE dose is now given instead of two.
Vaccination schedule: 14 years old?
1) 3-in-1 teenage booster: tetanus, diphtheria, polio
2) Meningitis ACWY vaccine
What is the current HPV vaccine? What strains dose it protect against?
Gardasil
Protects against 6, 11, 16 and 18.
Which 2 strains of HPV cause genital warts?
6 & 11
Which 2 strains of HPV cause cervical cancer?
16 & 18
When is the BCG vaccine offered?
The BCG vaccine is offered from birth to babies who are at higher risk of TB.
It may also be given to children arriving from areas of high TB prevalence or in close contact with people that have TB.
Tetanus vaccine is currently given in the UK as part of the routine immunisation schedule.
When is it given?
1) 2 months
2) 3 months
3) 4 months
4) 3 years and 4 months
5) 14 years old
This, therefore, provides 5 doses of tetanus-containing vaccine. Five doses is now considered to provide adequate long-term protection against tetanus.
Management of wounds regarding tetanus:
a) Patient has had a full course of tetanus vaccines, with the last dose < 10 years ago
2) Patient has had a full course of tetanus vaccines, with the last dose > 10 years ago
3) If vaccination history is incomplete or unknown
a) no vaccine nor tetanus immunoglobulin is required, regardless of the wound severity
b)
if tetanus prone wound: reinforcing dose of vaccine
high-risk wounds: reinforcing dose of vaccine + tetanus immunoglobulin
c)
reinforcing dose of vaccine, regardless of the wound severity
for tetanus prone and high-risk wounds: reinforcing dose of vaccine + tetanus immunoglobulin
Who is recommened for annual influenza vaccination?
1) Age ≥65
2) Chronic respiratory disease (including asthmatics who use inhaled steroids)
3) Chronic heart disease (heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, including hypertension if associated with cardiac complications)
4) CKD
5) Chronic liver disease: cirrhosis, biliary atresia, chronic hepatitis
6) Diabetes mellitus
7) pregnant women
8) immunosuppression due to disease or treatment (e.g. HIV)
9) asplenia or splenic dysfunction
How many doses of the pneumococcal vaccine is given in the child UK vaccine schedule?
2
When is the pneumococcal vaccine given in the child UK vaccine schedule?
At 3 months
At 1 year
