Vaccination and Immunisation Flashcards
What are the three pateur principles?
- Isolate
- Inactivate
- Inject
What are the essential characteristics of vaccines?
- Must provide effective protection without risk of causing disease or severe side effects
- Protection should be non-lived
- Should stimulate correct arm of immune response i.e antibodies or effector T cells
- Stimulate neutralising antibodies to prevent re-infection
- Stable for long-term storage and transport
- Economically afforable for widespread use
Main types of vaccine?
- Live
- Attenuated
- Recombinant
- DNA
What is an attenuated vaccine?
- Organism is live, but ability to replicate and cause disease reduced by chemical treatment or growth-adaption in non-human cell lines (MMR)
What is a recombinant vaccine?
- Genetically engineered to alter critical genes
- Often can infect and replicate but does not induce associated disease
What is a DNA vaccine?
- Naked DNA injected
- Host cells pick up DNA and express pathogen proteins that stimulate immune response
- Least common
What is the most effective type of vaccine?
- Live or attenuated
- The safer the vaccine, the less effective some have beem
What age group receives a adjuvanted trivalent vaccine?
65 and over
What is the adjuvant called that is used in vaccines?
MF59 (main ingredient is squalene oil)
What are some of the very common side-effects of vaccines?
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Loss of apetite
- Feeling generally unwell
- Headache
More than 1 in 10
What are some of the common side effects of flu vaccines?
- High temperature (fever)
- Aching muscles
Up to 1 in 10
What are some of the uncommon side effects of vaccines?
- Nose bleeds (it is thought these are unlikely to be caused by the vaccine itself)
- Rash
- allergic reactions
What are dendritic cells
- Antigen-presenting cells
- Main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells
- Act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems
What are toll-like receptors?
- Sense things that should not be present in the body
- Indicators of danger
- Specifically involved to detect danger signals when there is an infecton present
What cells sit at the interface between innate immunity and specific immunity?
Dendritic cells
What is an adjuvant?
Something that is highly irritable to dendritic cells (such as aluminium hydroxide)
What does the inculsion of CpG into a HepB or flu vaccine result in?
Increased antibody or IFN-y secretion
