Vaccination and Immunisation

Question 1

What are the three pateur principles?

Answer 1

• Isolate
• Inactivate
• Inject

Question 2

What are the essential characteristics of vaccines?

Answer 2

• Must provide effective protection without risk of causing disease or severe side effects
• Protection should be non-lived
• Should stimulate correct arm of immune response i.e antibodies or effector T cells
• Stimulate neutralising antibodies to prevent re-infection
• Stable for long-term storage and transport
• Economically afforable for widespread use

Question 3

Main types of vaccine?

Answer 3

• Live
• Attenuated
• Recombinant
• DNA

Question 4

What is an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 4

• Organism is live, but ability to replicate and cause disease reduced by chemical treatment or growth-adaption in non-human cell lines (MMR)

Question 5

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 5

• Genetically engineered to alter critical genes

- Often can infect and replicate but does not induce associated disease

Question 6

What is a DNA vaccine?

Answer 6

• Naked DNA injected
• Host cells pick up DNA and express pathogen proteins that stimulate immune response
• Least common

Question 7

What is the most effective type of vaccine?

Answer 7

• Live or attenuated

- The safer the vaccine, the less effective some have beem

Question 8

What age group receives a adjuvanted trivalent vaccine?

Answer 8

65 and over

Question 9

What is the adjuvant called that is used in vaccines?

Answer 9

MF59 (main ingredient is squalene oil)

Question 10

What are some of the very common side-effects of vaccines?

Answer 10

• Runny or stuffy nose
• Loss of apetite
• Feeling generally unwell
• Headache
  More than 1 in 10

Question 11

What are some of the common side effects of flu vaccines?

Answer 11

• High temperature (fever)
• Aching muscles
  Up to 1 in 10

Question 12

What are some of the uncommon side effects of vaccines?

Answer 12

• Nose bleeds (it is thought these are unlikely to be caused by the vaccine itself)
• Rash
• allergic reactions

Question 13

What are dendritic cells

Answer 13

• Antigen-presenting cells
• Main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells
• Act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems

Question 14

What are toll-like receptors?

Answer 14

• Sense things that should not be present in the body
• Indicators of danger
• Specifically involved to detect danger signals when there is an infecton present

Question 15

What cells sit at the interface between innate immunity and specific immunity?

Answer 15

Dendritic cells

Question 16

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 16

Something that is highly irritable to dendritic cells (such as aluminium hydroxide)

Question 17

What does the inculsion of CpG into a HepB or flu vaccine result in?

Answer 17

Increased antibody or IFN-y secretion