Vaccination

Question 1

Passive Immunity

Answer 1

Administration of preformed antibody from an immunised animal

Provides immediate but temporary resistance
E.g. colostrum, yolk sac

Question 2

Active Immunity

Answer 2

Protection due to development of an immune response in an individual following stimulation with antigen in either a vaccine or during infection

Question 3

Ideal Vaccine

Answer 3

High antigenicity 
No side effects 
Cross protection 
Easy administration 
Long lasting 
Storage 
Stimulate T & B cells, plus their memory cells 
Stimulate antigen presenting cells i.e. macrophages

Question 4

Attentuation

Answer 4

Reduces the virulence of the living pathogen (so they cant cause disease)
Often involves adaption of organism to new environment
Repeated culture in foreign host - e.g. canine distemper virus
Growth in different host e.g. eggs

Question 5

Attentuation

Answer 5

Reduces the virulence of the living pathogen (so they cant cause disease)
Often involves adaption of organism to new environment
Repeated culture in foreign host - e.g. canine distemper virus
Growth in different host e.g. eggs

Question 6

Antigen inactivation (vaccine)

Answer 6

Antigen must remain antigenically similar to the living organism - avoid protein denaturation or lipid oxidation
Use chemicals such as formaldehyde which form cross links between proteins and nucleic acids - provides structural integrity

Question 7

Bacterins

Answer 7

Vaccines that contain killed bacteria

Question 8

Adjuvant

Answer 8

A substance that accelerates, prolongs or enhances antigen specific immune responses when used concurrently with a vaccine antigen.

Form a depot (small granuloma) on injection which slows release of antigen and provides continual exposure

Ongoing presence of antigen helps to sustain response

Question 9

Adjuvant

Answer 9

A substance that accelerates, prolongs or enhances antigen specific immune responses when used concurrently with a vaccine antigen.

Form a depot (small granuloma) on injection which slows release of antigen and provides continual exposure

Question 10

Aluminium salt adjuvants

Answer 10

on injection form a depot (small granuloma) so slows rate of antigen elimination

Question 11

Water-in-oil adjuvant

Answer 11

Depot forming adjuvant

Stimulates chronic immune response to form depot

Question 12

Surface active agent adjuvants

Answer 12

Stimulate antigen processing and presentation

Irritant and proinflammatory

Question 13

Six rules of thumb for active vaccination

Answer 13

1. Newborns are passively protected by maternal antibodies
2. Once born, active immunisation is only successful after passive immunity has waned
3. Prevalence of the disease
4. Age and class of stock
5. Need for booster
6. Seasonal occurrence