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Animal Health & Disease > Cattle health > Flashcards

Cattle health Flashcards

1
Q

Cattle Salmonella - High prevalence linked to?

A

Large herd size

Use of flush alleys

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2
Q

Salmonella - pathogen characteristics

A 
Facultative anaerobe 
Facultative intracellular pathogen 
Survives pH range of 4.5-9 
Multiplies at temps 8-45
Survives in dust and feces for years
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3
Q

Cattle salmonella - clinical signs

A

Anorexia
Fever
Diarrhea
Death

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4
Q

Salmonella incubation time

A

Dependent on dose
Host Immunity
Pathogen virulence

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5
Q

Salmonella diagnostic investigation

A

Salmonella cultures (fecal & tissue)

Electron microscopy - rule out other diseases (coronavirus)

Fecal flotation - Rule out other diseases

Gross & histopathology

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6
Q

Salmonella - sources of pathogen exposure (cattle)

A 
Purchased livestock 
Feed 
Water 
Environment 
Equipment 
People (vets) 
Wildlife

Need to trace the source of infection back
e.g. contaminated feed which had been contaminated by irrigation water which had been contaminated by human effluent

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7
Q

Salmonella Maternity Pen

A

Maintain clean & uncrowded maternity pen
Avoid adult to calf contact
Isolate heifers from lactating herd

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8
Q

When is salmonella more likely to occur in cattle?

A

Calving season and summer

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9
Q

Salmonella prevention in cattle

A

All in, all out system
Closed herd
Hygiene practices
No pong water access
Good nutrition
- Nutritional stress increases susceptibility
Passive transfer - colostrum - cow-calf management - need 100g of IgG

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10
Q

Lactogenesis

A

Milk production

Hormonal control with neuronal inputs

Prolactin promotes milk production

Oxytocin facilitates milk ejection

Stressful stimuli interfere with oxytocin binding

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11
Q

Peak lactation

A

4-8 weeks after parturition

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12
Q

Cattle - typical lactation lasts?

A

305 days, followed by a 60 day rest or dry period

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13
Q

Milk production in cows can be manipulated by?

A

Photoperiod

Bovine growth hormone

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14
Q

Milk extraction

A

Clean milking equipment should be applied to clean, dry teats

Cows typically milk out in 5-7 minutes

Teat dip should be applied to all surfaces of the all teats

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15
Q

Vacuum in milking machine

A

Vacuum is constant in the milk line

Vacuum fluctuates in the pulsator line

Milk flows when the vacuum is on in the pulsator line

When the vacuum is off in the pulsator line the teat is allowed to rest

The rest phase is important for the health of the teat end which is an important defence for the mammary gland

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16
Q

Mastitis reflects…..

A

Compromised immune mechanisms or excessive challenge to teat

Compromised immune functions - teat injury

Excessive challenge - Environment, milking equipment or milking procedure

17
Q

Cow - mammary gland defences

A

The Teat (Streat) canal

  • Tight & effective closure between milkings
  • Adherence of bacteria to keratin lining of teat canal
  • Shearing of keratin lining during milking
  • Drying and re-sealing of the canal lumen after milking

Frequent milking

Phagocytes (somatic cells)

Antibodies

Lactoferrin

18
Q

Dairy cattle - teat lesions

A

Compromise the integrity of the teat sphincter and lead to bacterial colonization of the teat skin

Trauma

Milking Equipment – Excessive or insufficient teat end vacuum, poorly fitting liners

Teat dips – Chemical injury or excessive drying

Adverse Climatic Conditions – frostbite, photosensitization

Skin pathogens

19
Q

Contagious mastitis transmitted…

A

During milking

20
Q

Environmental mastitis transmitted…

A

Via the cows environment

21
Q

Mastitis - high risk periods

A

After dry off

Prior to and immediately after calving

22
Q

Mastitis prevention - Preparation prior to milking

A

Cows should be handled quietly so they are relaxed and let down milk normally

Minimise bacterial contamination on teats prior to milking (clean lanes and entry to dairy )

Milking machine should be applied to clean dry teats (pre-milking wash and dry may be necessary under adverse environmental conditions)

23
Q

Mastitis prevention - milking procedure

A

Pre dip (reduce the risk of environmental mastitis)

Fore strip each quarter (to identify mastitis quarters)

Wipe teats dry with a single service towel
- Contact time 20-30 seconds, pre dip removed to avoid contamination of the milk

Attach milking machine

Post dip (prevents contagious mastitis)

24
Q

Clinical manifestation of mastitis

A

Abnormal Secretion

Abnormal Gland:

  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Temperature

Abnormal Cow:

  • Mentation
  • Gait
25
Q

Detection of subclinical mastitis

A

Rapid mastitis test

26
Q

Contagious mastitis pathogens

A

Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma spp.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae

27
Q

Transmission of contagious mastitis pathogens

A

Transmission generally occurs at milking time

  • Milking machine
  • Hands
  • Teat washing materials
  • Treatment procedures

Poor teat health

Nutrition – macro and micro-nutrient deficiencies increase risk

Milking – fluctuations in vacuum causing teat impacts

28
Q

Contagious Mastitis Control Strategies

A

Segregate infected cows

Prepare teats properly prior to milking

Use adequately sized, properly functioning milking equipment and appropriate milking technique

Post milking teat disinfection (dip)

Backflush or disinfect contaminated equipment

Lactating cow treatment

Dry cow therapy

Consider culling chronically infected cows

Maintain a closed herd

Avoid feeding heifer herd replacements mastitis milk

29
Q

Environmental Mastitis Pathogens

A

Coliforms

Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp.

Strep. Uberis, Strep. Bovis and other environmental streptococci

Actinomyces pyogenes

Yeast

Corynebacterium bovis

Prototheca spp.

30
Q

Controlling environmental Mastitis

A

Environmental Management

Post milking teat dip (Environmental streptococci but not coliforms)

Dry cow therapy (Environmental streptococci but not coliforms)

Lactating Cow Therapy- Cure rates 50 – 60% for the environmental streptococci. Less against coliforms

Milking machine function (teat health important)

Udder preparation

Pre-dipping

Diet – Vitamins A, E, beta carotene and the trace minerals

31
Q

Mastitis risks in the milking parlour

A

Environmental pathogens:

  • Dirty equipment
  • Wet cows
  • Poorly fitting equipment
  • Vacuum fluctuations

Contagious Pathogens:

  • Contaminated milk
  • Milkers hands
  • Milking equipment
  • Vacuum fluctuations
  • Teat dip is the single most effective way to prevent!
32
Q

Prevention of mastitis

A

Provide a clean and comfortable environment

Maintain milking machine function

Maintain teat health

Maintain good milking procedures

Detect and treat clinical mastitis

Assess performance through monitoring the rate of new infections

33
Q

Teat dips (mastitis)

A

Maintain healthy skin

Reduce the bacterial population at the teat orifice and on the areas of teat skin that have come into contact with the teatcup liner during milking.

34
Q

Dry cow therapy

A

The use of intra-mammary antibiotic therapy immediately after the last milking of lactation

Dry cow therapy has the following advantages over lactation therapy:

  • Higher dose of antibiotic
  • Retention time of antibiotic longer
  • Reduced incidence of new infections in the dry period
  • Reduced risk of drug residues
  • It is important to clean and sanitize teats carefully before infusing antibiotic into a quarter
35
Q

Costs of mastitis

A

Reduced milk price
Reduced milk production
Premature culling
Cow mortality

Animal Health & Disease (4 decks)

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