Vaccination

Question 1

Whats the goal of a vaccine?

Answer 1

To create a memory

Question 2

What is a quarantine?

Answer 2

Separating infected individuals away from the rest of the population.

Question 3

What is Herd immunity?

Answer 3

Majority of population develops active immunity against a pathogen.

Question 4

What is the advantage and disadvantage to herd immunity?

Answer 4

Adv: Protects immunodeficient individuals who are not able to develop active immunity.
Disadv: Disappears when large number of individual are no longer immune.

Question 5

Differentiate Active immunity and artificial immunity

Answer 5

Natural Active: Develops following an active infection by a pathogen
Artificial: Develops following a vaccination

Question 6

What are the different types of Inactivated bacterial vaccines?

Answer 6

1. Toxoid: inactivated toxin (Stops pathogenicity, not bacteria)
2. Killed: whole bacteria (Stops spread and pathogenicity)
3. Capsule/Subunit: Use immunogenic antigens from the pathogen

Question 7

What are the different types of inactivated viral vaccines?

Answer 7

1. Inactivated: Whole virus is chemically treated to inactivate
2. Subunit: components of virus that can combine to make virus-like particle

Question 8

Discuss Live vaccines

Answer 8

Pathogen retains ability to replicate;

1. They are temperature sensitive
2. Unable to replicate in human cells.
3. Unable to migrate to target tissue.

Question 9

What are the advantages of Live vaccines?

Answer 9

Long term immunity, Activates B and T cells, IgG and IgA; No adjuvant required.

Question 10

What is a hybrid virus vaccine?

Answer 10

A recombinant virus carrying antigens from multiple pathogens.

Question 11

What is an anti-idiotype antibody?

Answer 11

It imitats a specific antigen by binding to variable regions of antibody.

Question 12

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 12

Something that enhances immune response; Aluminum salt

Question 13

What is a conjugating protein?

Answer 13

A carrier in conjugate proteins; Boosts immune response to polysaccharides.

Question 14

Discuss the Hapten-carrier effect

Answer 14

If a small, chemical (hapten) is attached to a large protein (carrier), the complex can activate a hapten-specific antibody response and a carrier-specific Th cell response; Produces memory B cells with high affinity IgG,A or E for a NON-PROTEIN antigen.

Question 15

Why do vaccines need proteins?

Answer 15

To create a T-dependent responses

Question 16

What is the purpose of T-independent responses?

Answer 16

Its the major defense mechanism against infections by encapsulated bacteria; Pneumoccous, Meningococcous and Haemophilus.