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Immunology Exam 2 > Vaccination > Flashcards

Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

Jenner’s vaccine

A

Non-disease causing bovine viruses used as vaccine

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2
Q

Attenuated viruses can be made when human viruses…

A

adapt to non-human cells

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3
Q

Steps to making attenuated virus

A
  1. Isolate human virus from cells
  2. Grow human virus in monkey cell
  3. Virus mutates to adapt to new cells
  4. Virus don’t grow so good in human cells anymore = vaccine
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4
Q

Active immunity

A

the development of antibodies in response to injected foreign antigen(s)

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5
Q

Passive immunity

2 examples?

A

Pre-formed antibodies can be removed from a donor and transferred into a recipient, where it provides immediate protection

  1. Ig transfer into X-linked agammaglobulinemia
  2. Injection of anti-HBV Ig into neonates from SAg(+) moms
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6
Q

Rota schedule

A

3 doses: 2, 4, 6 months

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7
Q

Varicella schedule

A

1st dose = 12-15 months

2nd dose = 4-6 years

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8
Q

HPV schedule (just how many doses)

A

3 dose

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9
Q

Oral Polio Virus schedule

A

no longer recommended

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10
Q

IPV schedule (only # of doses)

A

4 doses

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11
Q

HepA is recommended for…

A

all children

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12
Q

pneumococcal ____ vaccine

Recommended for whom?

A

conjugate (Prevnar 13)

recommended for:

  • children younger than 5
  • adults older than 19 with certain medical conditions
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13
Q

What is Pneumovax®?

For whom is it recommended?

A

23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPVSV23)

For:

  • Elderly (65 or older)
  • Others older than 2 that have high risk (IC pts)
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14
Q

These viruses are recommended only for the immunocompetent

A
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella
  • Polio
  • Varicella

*all attenuated viruses

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15
Q

Bacterial vaccine types (4)

A
  1. BCG vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: derived from bovine strain; not used in USA
  2. Live-attenuated vaccine = against Salmonella typhi; made through mutagenesis and selection for loss of LPS necessary for pathogenesis Inactivated toxins (toxoids) used as vaccines: diphtheria toxin or tetanus toxin
  3. Combination vaccine: multiple vaccines combined in a single vaccine: DTP (Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis)
  4. Conjugate vaccine: capsular polysaccharides from encapsulated bacteria (e.g. H. Influenza) are cross-linked to carrier protein (e.g. tetanus toxin protein); carrier proteins induce CD4 T cell response against T-independent antigens. e.g. Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococcal C and pneumococcal infections
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16
Q

For vaccines…bacterial polysaccharides can not…

A

**activate T cells **because MHC molecules can not present them

17
Q

Viral vaccine types and example of each

A

Killed inactivated vaccine: = poliovirus

Live attenuated vaccine: = chickenpox

Subunit vaccine: =. HBV surface protein antigen

18
Q

2 functions of adjuvants

A
  1. Activate cells (APC, B cells, T cells and tissue cells) through TLRs
  • -Activate (or maturate) APC’s
  • -Increase expression of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC molecules
  • -Induce chemokines to recruit phagocytes
  1. Sustained release of antigens : Enhance antigen uptake by APC (alum or oil). *Slow release is beneficial.
19
Q

Benefits of Vaccine Adjuvants

A

Makes immune response stronger and longer lasting

  • Reduces amount of content, frequency, and cost of injection
  • Gives the ability to induce reaction in IC patients (elderly, young’ns)
  • Stimulates a broader response that leads to long-term protection
20
Q

5 adjuvants (in use as of 2009)?

A

Alum - Mineral salt

MF59 & **AS03 **- oil in water emulsion

Virosomes - Liposomes

AS04 - Alum absorbed TLR-4 agonist

21
Q

Repeated doses of vaccines tend to give greater amounts of _____ that have _______

A

IgG

Higher affinity

22
Q

Isotype, affinity, and _somatic hypermutation _of antibodies in unimmunized donor (primary response)

A

IgM, G, A, E

Low affinity

Low somatic HM

23
Q

Isotype of AB, affinity, and somatic HM in immunized donor (secondary response)

A

IgG, A, E

High affinity

High somatic HM

24
Q

Routes of vaccine

A
  1. Injection (most vacines)
  2. Oral / Nasal (used for some virus vaccines… effectiveness?)
25
Q

TVOP contains _______

Strain ____ with _____ can _____

A

contains 3 attenuated strains

Strain #3 (with 10 NT substitutions) can revert to wild type

26
Q

Risk associated with HepB vaccine

A

Anaphylaxis

27
Q

Risk associated with Measles vaccine

A

Thrombocytopenia

Anaphylaxis or disseminated disease (IC pts)

28
Q

Risk associated with DTP vaccine

A

Chronic encephalopathy

29
Q

Risks associated with Tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccine

A

GBS

brachial neuritis

anaphylaxis

30
Q

New vaccine tech

A
  1. Gene cloning and expression
  2. Genetic engineering
  3. Vaccine-containing peptide epitopes (for MHC presentation)
  4. DNA vaccine (coding pathogens antigen)
  5. Vaccine containing cytokines to boost Th1 response
31
Q

3 big diseases with no vaccine yet

A
  • Malaria (wtf come on Joe)
  • HIV
  • Hepatitis C

Immunology Exam 2 (11 decks)

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