UWorld2 Flashcards
Th cells are important for the prevention of superficial Candida infection; […] prevent its hematogenous spread.
Th cells are important for the prevention of superficial Candida infection; neutrophils prevent its hematogenous spread.
The ureters cross over the common/external iliac vessels and under the […].
The ureters cross over the common/external iliac vessels and under the gonadal vessels (and uterine vessels in females).They lie anterolateral to the internal iliac vessels and medial to the ovarian vessels within the true pelvis.
[…] = accuracy; reliability = precision
Validity = accuracy; reliability = precision
Validity = accuracy; […] = precision
Validity = accuracy; reliability = precision
The […] skin test can be used to distinguish between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
The lepromin skin test can be used to distinguish between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.Tuberculoid pts will develop an indurated nodule at the site of the injection – usually nonreactive in lepromatous pts due to weak Th1 response
Supplementary O2 must be used judiciously in patients with COPD because […].
Supplementary O2 must be used judiciously in patients with COPD because hypoxia drives their respiratory function.(In normal individuals, pCO2 mediates respiratory drive.)
[…] antibodies have a high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-CCP antibodies have a high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis.RF (anti-IgG) occur in only 80% of RA pts and 10% of healthy individuals (+30% lupus pts)
A […] that becomes both deeper and steepers during inspiration is often observed on JVP tracing in constrictive pericarditis.
A rapid y-descent that becomes both deeper and steepers during inspiration is often observed on JVP tracing in constrictive pericarditis.
Only […] has a pentasaccharide chain long enough (>18 units) to bind both antithrombin and thrombin.
Only unfractionated heparin has a pentasaccharide chain long enough (>18 units) to bind both antithrombin and thrombin.It thus has equal activity against Factor Xa and thrombin, while LMWH has greater activity against Factor Xa than thrombin.
[…] syndrome typically occurs 2-8 weeks after exposure to high-risk drugs such as anticonvulsants, allopurinol, sulfonamide, and antibiotics.
DRESS syndrome typically occurs 2-8 weeks after exposure to high-risk drugs such as anticonvulsants, allopurinol, sulfonamide, and antibiotics.Pts typically develops fever, gen lymphad, facial edema, diffuse skin rash, eosinophilia, and internal organ dysf
Rebound rhinorrhea is associated with the use of topical decongestants for >3 days. The use of adrenergic agonists should be stopped to allow for restoration of normal […] feedback pathways.
Rebound rhinorrhea is associated with the use of topical decongestants for >3 days. The use of adrenergic agonists should be stopped to allow for restoration of normal norepinephrine feedback pathways.Tachyphylaxis = rapidly declining effect after a few days of use
[…] is characterized by the persistence of primary, unmineralized spongiosa in the medullary canals.
Osteopetrosis is characterized by the persistence of primary, unmineralized spongiosa in the medullary canals.In normal individuals, primary spongiosa is replaced by bone marrow.
Increased reabsorption of cortical bones results in subperiosteal thinning – a characteristic feature of […].
Increased reabsorption of cortical bones results in subperiosteal thinning – a characteristic feature of hyperparathyroidism.
[…] works by destabilizing cell membranes and coagulating intracellular constituants.
Chlorhexidine works by destabilizing cell membranes and coagulating intracellular constituants.Contr. in neuro/otol/ophtho procedures because of neurotoxicity
Amanita phalloides = […]
Amanita phalloides = death cap mushroom-> amatoxins -> halt mRNA synthesis (m for mushroom) -> abdominal pain, vomiting, cholera-like diarrhea that may contain blood/mucus -> hep/ren failure
[…] and nitric oxide (NO) both use the cGMP second messenger system.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitric oxide (NO) both use the cGMP second messenger system.The cGMP system is different because the receptor and guyanylate cyclase are part of the same protein (as opposed to cAMP system which has 4 distinct proteins) – this protein exists in both transmembrane form for ANP and free cytosolic form for NO.
RNase L and protein kinase R only become active in the presence of […].
RNase L and protein kinase R only become active in the presence of dsRNA.Activated through binding of IFN-a/b to type I IFN receptors of neighboring cells (paracrine signaling)
Astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendrogliomas all stain positive for […].
Astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendrogliomas all stain positive for GFAP.Tumors of neuronal origin stain positive for synaptophysin.
Unlike Neimann-Pick disease, Tay-Sachs has no […].
Unlike Neimann-Pick disease, Tay-Sachs has no hepatosplenomegaly.
While […] contain mitochondria, they cannot utilize ketone bodies because they lack the enzyme succinyl CoA-acetoacetate CoA transferase (thiophorase).
While hepatocytes contain mitochondria, they cannot utilize ketone bodies because they lack the enzyme succinyl CoA-acetoacetate CoA transferase (thiophorase).Erythrocytes are the other cell type that cannot utilize ketone bodies.
Increased activity of T cells and […] is thought to be responsible for IL-2’s anti-tumor effects.
Increased activity of T cells and NK cells is thought to be responsible for IL-2’s anti-tumor effects.Aldesleukin for met melanoma / RCC
Succinylcholine can cause significant […] release in high-risk patients (burns, myopathies, crush, denervating injuries).
Succinylcholine can cause significant potassium release in high-risk patients (burns, myopathies, crush, denervating injuries).Use non-depolarizing agents such as vecuronium or rocuronium.
On examination, […] manifests as a vaginal bulge and/or mass palpated anterior to the rectum.
On examination, hematocolpos manifests as a vaginal bulge and/or mass palpated anterior to the rectum.
In the lungs, binding of O2 to Hg drives release of H+ and CO2 ([…] effect) – In peripheral tissues, high concentrations of CO2 and H+ facilitate O2 unloading (Bohr effect).
In the lungs, binding of O2 to Hg drives release of H+ and CO2 (Haldane effect) – In peripheral tissues, high concentrations of CO2 and H+ facilitate O2 unloading (Bohr effect).
In the lungs, binding of O2 to Hg drives release of H+ and CO2 (Haldane effect) – In peripheral tissues, high concentrations of CO2 and H+ facilitate O2 unloading ([…] effect).
In the lungs, binding of O2 to Hg drives release of H+ and CO2 (Haldane effect) – In peripheral tissues, high concentrations of CO2 and H+ facilitate O2 unloading (Bohr effect).
Receptor tyrosine kinase:
[…] signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
Receptor tyrosine kinase:
MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
Receptor tyrosine kinase:MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – […]
Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
Receptor tyrosine kinase:MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)
Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
Receptor tyrosine kinase:MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for […]
Receptor tyrosine kinase:MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
Receptor tyrosine kinase:MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:
[…] signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
Receptor tyrosine kinase:MAP-kinase signaling pathwayExamples – GF receptors (EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc.)Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor:
JAK/STAT signaling pathwayExamples – receptors for cytokines, growth hormone, prolactin, IL-2
[…] deposits may be seen in MPGN type I. These deposits are subendothelial.
C1q deposits may be seen in MPGN type I. These deposits are subendothelial.
The […] is the distance at which the originating potential decreases to 37% of its original amplitude.
The length constant is the distance at which the originating potential decreases to 37% of its original amplitude.Also known as the space constantDemyelination will DECREASE the length constant and result in impaired stimulus transmission.
For patients with […], work of breathing is minimized when the respiratory rate is high and the tidal volume is low.
For patients with increased elastic resistance (restrictive lung diseases), work of breathing is minimized when the respiratory rate is high and the tidal volume is low.In diseases that cause high airflow resistance (obstructive), patients breathe at a lower rate to minimize work of breathing.
If the SMA is obstructed in utero, […] occurs.
If the SMA is obstructed in utero, “apple-peel” atresia occurs.=blind-ending proximal jejunim with absence of a long length of small bowel and dorsal mesentery
Jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia are not caused by abnormal fetal development, but rather […] in utero.
Jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia are not caused by abnormal fetal development, but rather vascular accidents in utero.Decreased perfusion -> ischemia of bowel segment -> narrowing/obliteration of the lumen
Ileum is affected most often.
[…] is a diuretic that has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in class III and IV heart failure patients.
Spironolactone is a diuretic that has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in class III and IV heart failure patients.Athough probably due to its aldo antagonism and not to diuresis (small dosages were used)
In PCOS pts who desire to become pregnant, medications aimed at inducing ovulation such as […] are used.
In PCOS pts who desire to become pregnant, medications aimed at inducing ovulation such as clomiphene are used.Clomiphene = selective estrogen receptor modulator that prevents negative feedback inhibition on hypothalamus -> increased gonadotropin production -> ovulation
Transformation = direct uptake of naked DNA from the environment by bacteria that are naturally competent, such as:[…]
Transformation = direct uptake of naked DNA from the environment by bacteria that are naturally competent, such as:S. pneumo, H. flu, Neisseria sp.
TNF-alpha can trigger […] kinase activity that leads to insulin resistance.
TNF-alpha can trigger serine kinase activity that leads to insulin resistance.
[…] is the 2nd most common cause of ring-enhancing lesions with mass effect in HIV.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is the 2nd most common cause of ring-enhancing lesions with mass effect in HIV.Large, solitary lesions are more suspicious for PCNSL than toxoplasmosis, but mult lesions are also common.EBV identified in almost all cases
[…] is a nonselective, irreversible alpha-adrenergic antagonist.
Phenoxybenzamine is a nonselective, irreversible alpha-adrenergic antagonist.Phentolamine is a reversible, competitive alpha antagonist.
[…] is the only statin not metabolized by CYP450 3A4.
Pravastatin is the only statin not metabolized by CYP450 3A4.
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary deoxypyridinoline reflect […] activity.
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary deoxypyridinoline reflect osteoclastic activity.
PT is first to be prolonged in liver disease because […].
PT is first to be prolonged in liver disease because Factor VII has the shortest half life.
Abnormalities of the mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus, zygoma, vomer, palate, and temporal bone = […] syndrome
Abnormalities of the mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus, zygoma, vomer, palate, and temporal bone = first arch syndrome
[…] is distinguished by eggshell calcification of hilar nodes and birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue.
Silicosis is distinguished by eggshell calcification of hilar nodes and birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue.
[…] is the drug of choice for status epilepticus.
Lorazepam is the drug of choice for status epilepticus.Administer phenytoin simultaneously to prevent recurrence.
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used in lymphoma immunotherapy that specifically targets the […] surface immunoglobulin.
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used in lymphoma immunotherapy that specifically targets the CD20 surface immunoglobulin.
[…] is a monoclonal antibody used in lymphoma immunotherapy that specifically targets the CD20 surface immunoglobulin.
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used in lymphoma immunotherapy that specifically targets the CD20 surface immunoglobulin.