Uworld1-2 Flashcards
Meningococcal […] is responsible for many of the toxic effects observed in meningitis and meningococcemia.
Meningococcal lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is responsible for many of the toxic effects observed in meningitis and meningococcemia.Blood levels of LOS correlate closely with morbidity and mortality.
Meningococcal LOS differs from enteric LPS in that it takes the […] of LPS.
Meningococcal LOS differs from enteric LPS in that it takes the repeating O-antigen of LPS.LOS causes sepsis by the induction of a systemic inflammatory response characterized by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 production – formed secondary to interaction with TLR4.
Pyridoxine is recommended for patients with calcium stones who have […].
Pyridoxine is recommended for patients with calcium stones who have hyperoxaluria.
[…] is recommended for patients with calcium stones who have hyperoxaluria.
Pyridoxine is recommended for patients with calcium stones who have hyperoxaluria.
[…] is the most commonly occuring primary immunodeficiency.
Selective IgA deficiency is the most commonly occuring primary immunodeficiency.Assoc. with recurrent sinopulm and GI infxn and anaphylaxis with transfused blood products
With gallstone ileus, the stone is most likely to become lodged in the […].
With gallstone ileus, the stone is most likely to become lodged in the ileum.Obstructs at ileocecal valve, which is used to handling liquids
Extensive desmosine crosslinking involving the amino acid […] accounts for elastin’s resilient properties.
Extensive desmosine crosslinking involving the amino acid lysine accounts for elastin’s resilient properties.Elastin is made of of glycine, alanine, and valine – also contains proline and lysine – unlike collagen, pro and lys are mostly not hydroxylated
During the initiation phase of apoptosis, protein-hydrolyzine […] are activated.
During the initiation phase of apoptosis, protein-hydrolyzine caspases are activated.Caspases cleave cellular proteins and activate DNAses
Bcl-2 and Bcl-x = […]
Bcl-2 and Bcl-x = anti-apoptotic proteins
Bak, Bax, and Bim = […]
Bak, Bax, and Bim = pro-apoptotic proteinsAllow for increased permeability of mitochondria –> release of caspase-activating substances like cyt c
TNFR1 and Fas (CD95) = […]
TNFR1 and Fas (CD95) = death receptors of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosisCross-linkage of Fas with its ligand –> creation of binding site for FADD –> caspase activation
NPV varies with […] of a disease.
NPV varies with pretest probability of a disease.Prevalence is directly related to pre-test probability and thus NPV
The […] nerve courses between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus.
The median nerve courses between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus.before entering the wrist through flexor retinaculum
The […] nerve courses directly between the biceps brachii and the coracobrachialis muscles.
The MC nerve courses directly between the biceps brachii and the coracobrachialis muscles.
The […] nerve courses between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum profundus.
The ulnar nerve courses between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum profundus.
The […] nerve courses between the olecranon and the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
The ulnar nerve courses between the olecranon and the medial epicondyle of the humerus.”funnybone”
The […] nerve courses through the supinator muscle.
The radial nerve courses through the supinator muscle.
The […] nerve courses with the brachial artery in the groove between the biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles.
The median nerve courses with the brachial artery in the groove between the biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles.Gains access to the forearm in the medial aspect of the antecubital fossa and then courses between humeral and ulnar heads of pronator teres
Buspirone = selective[…]
Buspirone = selective5HT1A agonistClinical response delayed for up to 2 weeks of daily use (–> not effective when used on as-needed basis)
Unlike DNA pol III, DNA pol I has […] activity that can remove RNA primers / damaged DNA segments
Unlike DNA pol III, DNA pol I has 5’ -> 3’ exonuclease activity that can remove RNA primers / damaged DNA segmentsBoth I and III have 3’ -> 5’ exonuclease activity for proofreading
H. flu’s X factor = […]H. flu’s V factor = NAD+
H. flu’s X factor = exoganous hematinH. flu’s V factor = NAD+Both are released by growth of S. aureus –> “satellite” phenomenon
H. flu’s X factor = exoganous hematinH. flu’s V factor = […]
H. flu’s X factor = exoganous hematinH. flu’s V factor = NAD+
Both are released by growth of S. aureus –> “satellite” phenomenon
The first microscopic changes of stroke occur 12-24 hours after cessation of blood supply and are described as […].
The first microscopic changes of stroke occur 12-24 hours after cessation of blood supply and are described as “red neurons”.Eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, loss of Nissl substance
Milrinone = […] inhibitor
Milrinone = phosphodiesteras isoenzyme 3 inhibitorIncreased cAMP –> increased cardiac contractilitycAMP also causes vasodilation, so limit use in hypotensive patients
Febuxostat is a new xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is thought to be safer in pts with […] and has fewer drug interactions compared to allopurinol.
Febuxostat is a new xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is thought to be safer in pts with renal dysfunction and has fewer drug interactions compared to allopurinol.
ETEC has two toxins: […]
ETEC has two toxins: heat labile (LT) and heat stable (ST)LT is similar to cholera toxin – ST increases cGMP
A high […] within beta cells causes the closure of potassium channels –> beta cell depolarization –> increased intracellular Ca2+ –> insulin release
A high ATP:ADP ratio within beta cells causes the closure of potassium channels –> beta cell depolarization –> increased intracellular Ca2+ –> insulin releaseSulfonylureas work by directly binding to the regulatory subunits of KATP channels, causing them to close
HIV’s env gene polyprotein product is glycosylated to gp160 and proteolytically cleaved within the ER and golgi to form the envelope glycoproteins […].
HIV’s env gene polyprotein product is glycosylated to gp160 and proteolytically cleaved within the ER and golgi to form the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.Mediate virion absorption by the target cells
HIV’s […] gene polyprotein product is glycosylated to gp160 and proteolytically cleaved within the ER and golgi to form the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
HIV’s env gene polyprotein product is glycosylated to gp160 and proteolytically cleaved within the ER and golgi to form the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.Mediate virion absorption by the target cells
Muscarinic receptor in brain = […]
Muscarinic receptor in brain = M1Inhibition = confusion
Muscarinic receptor in heart = […]
Muscarinic receptor in heart = M2Inhibition = increased HR and contractility
Muscarinic receptor in lungs, bladder, eyes, GI, skin = […]
Muscarinic receptor in lungs, bladder, eyes, GI, skin = M3Inhibition = bronchodilation, detrusor relax, mydriasis, cycloplegia, constipation, decreased sweating –> increased temp.
Some selective COX2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased incidence of CV events, which may be related to decreased production of […].
Some selective COX2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased incidence of CV events, which may be related to decreased production of PGI2.
Fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine are […] – when used for more than 3 months’ duration, assoc. with pulmonary HTN
Fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine are appetite suppressants – when used for more than 3 months’ duration, assoc. with pulmonary HTN
Fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine are appetite suppressants – when used for more than 3 months’ duration, assoc. with […]
Fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine are appetite suppressants – when used for more than 3 months’ duration, assoc. with pulmonary HTN
Renal involvement in […] is identical to that seen in Berger disease
Renal involvement in HSP is identical to that seen in Berger diseaseIgA leukocytoclastic vasculitis limited to kidney –> megangial prolif and crescent formation
HSP = GI/GU bleeding + palpable purpura on buttocks/lower extr. + […]
HSP = GI/GU bleeding + palpable purpura on buttocks/lower extr. + self-limited migratory arthralgiasMost commonly in large joints of the lower extr. (ankle and knee), possibly because of their dependent nature
N. gonorrheae are facultative intracellular organisms often seen within […].
N. gonorrheae are facultative intracellular organisms often seen within neutrophils.
[…] is an endothelin-receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of endothelin – give for pulmonary HTN.
Bosentan is an endothelin-receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of endothelin – give for pulmonary HTN.Endothelin = a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulated endothelial proliferation
Bosentan is an endothelin-receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of endothelin – give for […].
Bosentan is an endothelin-receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of endothelin – give for pulmonary HTN.Endothelin = a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulated endothelial proliferation
Presenilin 1 gene on chromosome […]Presenilin 2 gene on chromosome 1
Presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14Presenilin 2 gene on chromosome 1Assoc. with early-onset familial Alzheimer’s (<60yo)
Presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14Presenilin 2 gene on chromosome […]
Presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14Presenilin 2 gene on chromosome 1
Assoc. with early-onset familial Alzheimer’s (<60yo)
The […] terminal of the Fc portion of the heavy Ig chains represents the site that binds to the Fc receptors on neutrophils and macrophages.
The carboxy terminal of the Fc portion of the heavy Ig chains represents the site that binds to the Fc receptors on neutrophils and macrophages.–> phagocytosis of organism/ab complex
Steps to prevent central venous catheter infxns:- proper hand washing- full barrior precautions- […] for skin disinfection- avoid femoral insertion- remove when no longer needed
Steps to prevent central venous catheter infxns:- proper hand washing- full barrior precautions- chlorhexidine for skin disinfection- avoid femoral insertion- remove when no longer needed
Huntington’s –> atrophy of […]
Huntington’s –> atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen (which together form the striatum)Loss of GABA-containing neurons(HD gene in chr. 4)
Orexin-A/B = […]-1/2
Orexin-A/B = hypocretin-1/2Hypocretin-1 levels are undetectable in the CSF in narcolepsy with cataplexy
Elevated 14-3-3 protein in CSF is helpful in dx of […].
Elevated 14-3-3 protein in CSF is helpful in dx of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Altered levels of the primary dopamine metaoblite, […], have been linked to many psych conditions.
Altered levels of the primary dopamine metaoblite, homovanillic acid, have been linked to many psych conditions.
The level of melatonin in CSF has been shown to decrease with the progression of […].
The level of melatonin in CSF has been shown to decrease with the progression of Alzheimer disease.
Euk flagella and cilia are composed of a central core known as the […] that is surrounded by cell membrane.
Euk flagella and cilia are composed of a central core known as the axoneme that is surrounded by cell membrane.
Sciatica most commonly involves (nerve roots) […].
Sciatica most commonly involves (nerve roots) L5 or S1.L5 loss -> post/lat thigh/leg pain shooting to inner footS1 loss -> post thigh pain and leg + wk plantarflexion + loss of ankle jerk rflx
Hemoglobin carries CO2 as […].
Hemoglobin carries CO2 as carbamate.15% …remaining 85% carried as bicarb within the RBCs
[…] is the principal cause of high RBC chloride content in venous blood.
“Chloride shift” is the principal cause of high RBC chloride content in venous blood.Bicarb diffuses out of the RBC and Cl- diffuse in to maintain electrical neutrality
Superficial gastric glands –> […] cellsDeep gastric glands –> chief cells
Superficial gastric glands –> parietal cellsDeep gastric glands –> chief cells
Superficial gastric glands –> parietal cellsDeep gastric glands –> […] cells
Superficial gastric glands –> parietal cellsDeep gastric glands –> chief cells
Linezolid’s important side effects are […].
Linezolid’s important side effects are thrombocytopenia and optic neuritis.
[…] (antibiotic) is associated with increased CPK levels and increased incidence of myopathy.
Daptomycin (antibiotic) is associated with increased CPK levels and increased incidence of myopathy.Daptomycin cannot treat gram-negs or pneumonia
Amphetamines are weak bases. Treat overdose with […].
Amphetamines are weak bases. Treat overdose with ammonium chloride.
Flow cytometry for PNH will show absence of GPI anchor and […] deficiency.
Flow cytometry for PNH will show absence of GPI anchor and CD55 / CD59 deficiency.PNH pts develop thrombotic complications like Budd-Chiari + pancytopenia / aplastic anemia
[…] of methylmalonyl CoA forms succinyl CoA, which enters the TCA.
Isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA forms succinyl CoA, which enters the TCA.Defects in this isomerization reaction lead to the development of methylmalonic acidemia.
[…] is the most common benign liver tumor.
Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign liver tumor.Do not biopsy – can lead to fatal hemorrhage and is of low diagnostic yield!
The JAK2 receptor is a […] kinase.
The JAK2 receptor is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase.Polycythemia vera
99mmTc-pertechnetate scan detects the presence of […].
99mmTc-pertechnetate scan detects the presence of gastric mucosa.Meckel
[…] of acyclovir by a viral thymidine kinase is the first (and rate-limiting) step in the conversion of acyclovir to its active triphosphate form.
Monophosphorylation of acyclovir by a viral thymidine kinase is the first (and rate-limiting) step in the conversion of acyclovir to its active triphosphate form.
[…] are distinct foci found within euk cells that are involved in mRNA regulation and turnover.
P bodies are distinct foci found within euk cells that are involved in mRNA regulation and turnover.Play a fundamental role in translation repression and mRNA decay, contain numerous proteins inc RNA exonucleases / decapping enzymes / silencing – also seem to function as mRNA storage
[…] is an agonist of GABAB receptors and is used to treat spastic conditions.
Baclofen is an agonist of GABAB receptors and is used to treat spastic conditions.
The only GLUT transporter responsive to insulin is […].
The only GLUT transporter responsive to insulin is GLUT-4.Skeletal muscle cells & adipocytes
G6PD is part of the […] phase of the HMP shunt.
G6PD is part of the oxidative phase of the HMP shunt.G6P –> 6-phosphogluconate
What lab value should be determined if temporal arteritis is suspected? […]
What lab value should be determined if temporal arteritis is suspected? ESRThen temp art bx to confirm
Anthracyclines lead to […] cardiomyopathy.
Anthracyclines lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.
Tissue damage and resultant abscess formation is primarily caused by […] enzyme release from neutrophils and macrophages.
Tissue damage and resultant abscess formation is primarily caused by lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils and macrophages.
Cutaneous flushing assoc. with niacin can be prevented with […] pre-treatment.
Cutaneous flushing assoc. with niacin can be prevented with aspirin pre-treatment.Mediated by prostaglandins
[…] reduces pain by decreasing the level of substance P in the PNS.
Capsaicin reduces pain by decreasing the level of substance P in the PNS.
NSAID-assoc. renal injury is morphologically characterized by papillary necrosis and […].
NSAID-assoc. renal injury is morphologically characterized by papillary necrosis and chronic interstitial nephritis.
The […] segment is the weakest point of the male posterior urethra.
The membranous segment is the weakest point of the male posterior urethra.Trauma to the pelvis often results in disruption of the posterior urethra at the bulbomembranous junction.
[…] is the nitrate agent with the highest oral bioavailability.
Isosorbide mononitrate is the nitrate agent with the highest oral bioavailability.Active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia = […] syndrome
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia = Osler-Weber-Rendu syndromeRupture may cause epistaxis, GI bleeding, or hematuria
Hyperammonemia results in depletion of […] (causing inhibition of the Krebs cycle) and glutamate (causing accum of glutamine –> astrocyte swelling/dysfn.).
Hyperammonemia results in depletion of alpha-ketoglutarate (causing inhibition of the Krebs cycle) and glutamate (causing accum of glutamine –> astrocyte swelling/dysfn.).
Handgrip maneuver –> increase in […] –> increase in murmur associated with VSD
Handgrip maneuver –> increase in afterload –> increase in murmur associated with VSDLow-pitched holosystolic murmur
Handgrip maneuver –> increase in afterload –> increase in murmur associated with […]
Handgrip maneuver –> increase in afterload –> increase in murmur associated with VSDLow-pitched holosystolic murmur
All vitamins/minerals are present in adequate amounts in breast milk except […].
All vitamins/minerals are present in adequate amounts in breast milk except vitamins D and K.
Anti-GBM abs target the […] chain of collagen type IV.
Anti-GBM abs target the alpha3 chain of collagen type IV.Deposits in anti-GBM are IgG and C3
The […] nerve mediates the afferent limb of the cough reflex.
The internal laryngeal nerve mediates the afferent limb of the cough reflex.Carries only sensory and autonomic fibersBranch of superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)
Lies under mucosa of the piriform recess – foreign bodies can be lodged in this recess
The WT-1 anti-oncogene is located on chromosome […].
The WT-1 anti-oncogene is located on chromosome 11.
Hyperkalemia + nausea/vom/anorexia/confusion = […] toxicity
Hyperkalemia + nausea/vom/anorexia/confusion = digoxin toxicitySpironolactone tox would produce hyperkal but not the other symptoms
Lymphedema is a characteristic finding of a fetus afflicted with […].
Lymphedema is a characteristic finding of a fetus afflicted with Turner syndrome.45,XO
A deficiency / defect of […] is the most common cause of homocystinuria.
A deficiency / defect of cystathione synthase is the most common cause of homocystinuria.
SMA syndrome occurs when the […] portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, creating symptoms of intestinal obstruction.
SMA syndrome occurs when the transverse portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, creating symptoms of intestinal obstruction.Occurs with diminished mesenteric fat, pronounced lordosis, or surgical correction of scoliosis (–> aortomesenteric angle critically decreases)
Hyper[…] and hypercalcemia are two less common causes of acute pancreatitis.
Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercalcemia are two less common causes of acute pancreatitis.
Hypertriglyceridemia and hyper[…] are two less common causes of acute pancreatitis.
Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercalcemia are two less common causes of acute pancreatitis.
Patients with […] have no upper vagina with variable uterine development.
Patients with Mullerian aplasia (or Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) have no upper vagina with variable uterine development.
All females with Mullerian defects should undergo […], as up to 50% will have a coexisting anomaly.
All females with Mullerian defects should undergo renal ultrasound, as up to 50% will have a coexisting anomaly.e.g. unilateral renal agenesis
Ticlopidine has a similar mechanism to […] and is rarely used because of its serious side effect: neutropenia.
Ticlopidine has a similar mechanism to clopidogrel and is rarely used because of its serious side effect: neutropenia.ADP antagonists
Ticlopidine has a similar mechanism to clopidogrel and is rarely used because of its serious side effect: […].
Ticlopidine has a similar mechanism to clopidogrel and is rarely used because of its serious side effect: neutropenia.ADP antagonists
An example of a […] defect is that caused by the Z mutation in the gene coding for alpha-1 antitrypsin.
An example of a protein folding defect is that caused by the Z mutation in the gene coding for alpha-1 antitrypsin.
Beta-thal is caused by mutations that affect […].
Beta-thal is caused by mutations that affect mRNA processing.
[…] the the antibiotic of choice for listeriosis.
Ampicillin the the antibiotic of choice for listeriosis.
Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin) acts like […].
Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin) acts like FSH.Leads to formation of a dominant ovarian follicleOvulation can then be induced with a large dose of hCG, which stimulates the LH surge
Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish), saxitoxin (“red tide”), ciguatoxin (exotic fish, Moray eel), and batrachotoxin (frogs) are all […] channel toxins.
Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish), saxitoxin (“red tide”), ciguatoxin (exotic fish, Moray eel), and batrachotoxin (frogs) are all voltage-gated sodium channel toxins.First 2 bind and inhibit influx –> no AP conductionSecond 2 bind and keep it open –> persistent depol
The cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase is […].
The cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase is tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4).BH4 is regenerated from BH2 by dihydropteridine reductase.
[…] syndrome refers to lesions at L2.
Conus medullaris syndrome refers to lesions at L2.Contrast with cauda equina syndrome
Which Ca-channel blocker is used for subarachnoid hemorrhage? […]Which is used for hypertensive urgency/emergency? Clevidipene
Which Ca-channel blocker is used for subarachnoid hemorrhage? NimodipeneWhich is used for hypertensive urgency/emergency? Clevidipene
Which Ca-channel blocker is used for subarachnoid hemorrhage? NimodipeneWhich is used for hypertensive urgency/emergency? […]
Which Ca-channel blocker is used for subarachnoid hemorrhage? NimodipeneWhich is used for hypertensive urgency/emergency? Clevidipene
Hydralazine is frequently administered with a beta-blocker to prevent […].
Hydralazine is frequently administered with a beta-blocker to prevent reflex tachycardia.
Ergosterol is in fungal cell membranes; […] is in fungal cell walls.
Ergosterol is in fungal cell membranes; 1,3-beta-D-glucan is in fungal cell walls.Major polysaccharide component
Caspofungin and other echinocandins block synthesis
At FRC, the intrapleural pressure is negative with a value of[…].
At FRC, the intrapleural pressure is negative with a value of-5 cm H2O.The center of the airway pressure-volume curve is the functional residual capacity (FRC).
Chronic lymphedema predisposes to the development of angiosarcoma = […] syndrome
Chronic lymphedema predisposes to the development of angiosarcoma = Stewart-Treves syndromeHistologically, infiltration of the dermis with slit-like abnormal vascular spacesPoor prognosis
Actin in the […] attaches at the Z-line.Myosin in the H-band attaches at the M-line.
Actin in the I-band attaches at the Z-line.Myosin in the H-band attaches at the M-line.mnemonic: “An Interesting Zoo Must Have Mammals”
Actin in the I-band attaches at the Z-line.Myosin in the […] attaches at the M-line.
Actin in the I-band attaches at the Z-line.Myosin in the H-band attaches at the M-line.mnemonic: “An Interesting Zoo Must Have Mammals”
The 3 D’s of […] are diplopia, dysphagia, and dysphonia.
The 3 D’s of botulism are diplopia, dysphagia, and dysphonia.Occur 12-46 hours after neurotoxin consumption
[…] is the treatment of choice for early ectopic pregnancies.
Methotrexate is the treatment of choice for early ectopic pregnancies.<6 wks gest age
Preventing intracellular dehydration is a treatment modality for sickle cell anemia that is employed by […] blockers.
Preventing intracellular dehydration is a treatment modality for sickle cell anemia that is employed by Gardos channel blockers.The Ca-dependent (Gardos) K-channel regulates transport of K and H2O through the red blood cell membrane
ALA synthase is upregulated by CYP450 inducers and downregulated by […].
ALA synthase is upregulated by CYP450 inducers and downregulated by heme and glucose.Treat AIP attacks with IV dextrose (+heme)
Transamination reactions typically occur between an amino acid and an alpha-keto acid – cofactor is […].
Transamination reactions typically occur between an amino acid and an alpha-keto acid – cofactor is pyridoxine.Vitamin B6
Oxaloacetate is an example of an alpha-keto acid
Transamination reactions typically occur between an amino acid and an […] – cofactor is pyridoxine.
Transamination reactions typically occur between an amino acid and an alpha-keto acid – cofactor is pyridoxine.Vitamin B6
Oxaloacetate is an example of an alpha-keto acid
Psychotic symptoms that inferfere with patient’s functional status are classified as […] if less than 1 month, schizophreniform disorder if between 1-6 months, and schizophrenia is more than 6 months.
Psychotic symptoms that inferfere with patient’s functional status are classified as brief psychotic disorder if less than 1 month, schizophreniform disorder if between 1-6 months, and schizophrenia is more than 6 months.
All reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway occur in the […].
All reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway occur in the cytoplasm.
The three mutations leading to colon cancer are, in order: APC -> […] -> p53 / DCC
The three mutations leading to colon cancer are, in order: APC -> K-ras -> p53 / DCCK-ras mutation increases size of polyps
Rivaroxaban, Apixaban (direct) and Fondaparinux (indirect) are […].
Rivaroxaban, Apixaban (direct) and Fondaparinux (indirect) are Factor Xa inhibitors.Increase PT and PTT but not thrombin time
Entacapone and tolcapone are the currently available […].
Entacapone and tolcapone are the currently available COMT inhibitors.Increase levodopa availability to the brain
Treat Raynaud’s with […].
Treat Raynaud’s with Ca-channel blockers.
[…] and indirect inguinal hernia are caused by incomplete obliteraion of the processus vaginalus.
Hydrocele and indirect inguinal hernia are caused by incomplete obliteraion of the processus vaginalus.
Langhans giant cells are characteristic of […] conditions – the macrophages that form them are activated byCD4+ TH1 lymphocytes.
Langhans giant cells are characteristic of granulomatous conditions – the macrophages that form them are activated byCD4+ TH1 lymphocytes.
Langhans giant cells are characteristic of granulomatous conditions – the macrophages that form them are activated by[…].
Langhans giant cells are characteristic of granulomatous conditions – the macrophages that form them are activated byCD4+ TH1 lymphocytes.
In Legionnaires’ disease, the most common lab abnormality is […] – frequently assoc. with Legionella but not other causes of pneumonia.
In Legionnaires’ disease, the most common lab abnormality is hyponatremia – frequently assoc. with Legionella but not other causes of pneumonia.Transaminitis is also common
Because of the structural similarity, hCG can bind to the […] receptor.
Because of the structural similarity, hCG can bind to the TSH receptor.Paraneoplastic hyperthyroidism in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
[…] is a cofactor involved in the decarboxylation of alpha ketoacids and the transfer of alkyl groups.
Lipoic acid (LA) is a cofactor involved in the decarboxylation of alpha ketoacids and the transfer of alkyl groups.Transfer of an alkyl group from pyruvae to CoA is essential for the function of PDH.
Without these 5 enzymes, PDH is unable to carry out its function of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA for metabolism in the TCA cycle:
CoA
FADNADTPP[…]
Without these 5 enzymes, PDH is unable to carry out its function of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA for metabolism in the TCA cycle:
CoA
FADNADTPPLipoic acid
Without these 5 enzymes, […] is unable to carry out its function of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA for metabolism in the TCA cycle:
CoA
FADNADTPPLipoic acid
Without these 5 enzymes, PDH is unable to carry out its function of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA for metabolism in the TCA cycle:
CoA
FADNADTPPLipoic acid
Citrullinemia is a urea cycle disorder that results from deficiency of […].
Citrullinemia is a urea cycle disorder that results from deficiency of arginosuccinate synthetase.ATP is the cofactor required by arginosuccinate synthetase.
S. pyogenes is coagulase-negative, catalase-negative, and […]-positive.
S. pyogenes is coagulase-negative, catalase-negative, and pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR)-positive.
Brown pigment stones typically arise secondary to infection of the biliary tract, which results in the release of […].
Brown pigment stones typically arise secondary to infection of the biliary tract, which results in the release of beta-glucuronides.Increases the amount of unconj bilirubin in bile
Nursemaid’s elbow = […] = damage to the deep branch of radial nerve
Nursemaid’s elbow = radial head subluxation = damage to the deep branch of radial nerveLoss of extension, sensation intact
Nursemaid’s elbow = radial head subluxation = damage to the […] nerve
Nursemaid’s elbow = radial head subluxation = damage to the deep branch of radial nerveLoss of extension, sensation intact
Of the first-line agents for TB, only […] requires an acidic environment to exert antimicrobial effects.
Of the first-line agents for TB, only pyrazinamide (PZA) requires an acidic environment to exert antimicrobial effects.As is present within macrophage phagolysosomes
[…] is the atypical antipsychotic most likely to cause EPS, while clozapine is the atypical antipsychotic least likely to cause EPS.
Risperidone is the atypical antipsychotic most likely to cause EPS, while clozapine is the atypical antipsychotic least likely to cause EPS.
Risperidone is the atypical antipsychotic most likely to cause EPS, while […] is the atypical antipsychotic least likely to cause EPS.
Risperidone is the atypical antipsychotic most likely to cause EPS, while clozapine is the atypical antipsychotic least likely to cause EPS.
Hepatic angiosarcoma is associated with exposure to polyvinyl chloride, arsenic, and thorotrast – tumor cells express […], an endothelial cell marker.
Hepatic angiosarcoma is associated with exposure to polyvinyl chloride, arsenic, and thorotrast – tumor cells express CD31, an endothelial cell marker.
Triple test should be performed between weeks […] of gestation.
Triple test should be performed between weeks 16 and 18 of gestation.Three hormones: AFP, hCG, and estriol
Most common cause of elevated AFP on triple test is […].
Most common cause of elevated AFP on triple test is a dating error.
Decreased estriol on triple test levels are suggestive of […].
Decreased estriol on triple test levels are suggestive of placental insufficiency.
The empty-can test targets the […] muscle.
The empty-can test targets the supraspinatus muscle.90% specific for supraspinatus patholgy
Blunt aortic injury occurs most frequently at the […].
Blunt aortic injury occurs most frequently at the aortic isthmus.Isthmus is tethered to the ligamentum arteriosum and is relatively fixed/immobile compared to adjacent descending aorta.
The filtration fraction increases in […], as RPF drops more than GFR.
The filtration fraction increases in hypovolemia, as RPF drops more than GFR.
The conduction speed of which muscle is higher: atrial or ventricular? […]
The conduction speed of which muscle is higher: atrial or ventricular? AtrialPark At Ventura AVenue
Increased […] leads to increased radial traction by surrounding tissue.
Increased lung elastic recoil leads to increased radial traction by surrounding tissue.From airway widening –> increased outward pullingLeads to supernormal expiratory air flow ratesRestrictive lung disease
Hypohidrosis, acroparesthesia, angiokeratomas = […]
Hypohidrosis, acroparesthesia, angiokeratomas = Fabry diseaseWithout tx, will progress to renal failureAcroparesthesia = episodic, often debilitating, burning neuropathic pain in the extremities
Digoxin causes increase parasympathetic tone through its action on the […], which leads to a decreased rate of AV conduction.
Digoxin causes increase parasympathetic tone through its action on the vagus nerve, which leads to a decreased rate of AV conduction.
[…] is heard immediately after atrial contraction phase as blood is forced into a stiff ventricle.
Fourth heart sound is heard immediately after atrial contraction phase as blood is forced into a stiff ventricle.Third heart sound is due to turbulent blood flow to the ventricles due to increased volume.
The lac operon is regulated by 2 distinct mechanisms:1. Negatively by binding of the repressor protein to the […].2. Positively by cAMP-CAP binding upstream from the promoter region.
The lac operon is regulated by 2 distinct mechanisms:1. Negatively by binding of the repressor protein to the operator locus.2. Positively by cAMP-CAP binding upstream from the promoter region.
The lac operon is regulated by 2 distinct mechanisms:1. Negatively by binding of the repressor protein to the operator locus.2. Positively by […] binding upstream from the promoter region.
The lac operon is regulated by 2 distinct mechanisms:1. Negatively by binding of the repressor protein to the operator locus.2. Positively by cAMP-CAP binding upstream from the promoter region.
Within the […], convertases cleave proinsulin into insulin, C peptide, and two pairs of basic amino acids.
Within the Golgi apparatus, convertases cleave proinsulin into insulin, C peptide, and two pairs of basic amino acids.C peptide and insulin are together packaged into secretory granules and are eventually released into the extracellular space intact and in equimolar concentrations.
Proto-oncogenes = 1-hit GAIN of function:RASMYCEGFR (ERBB1)HER2 (ERBB2)ABLBRAFABL = nonreceptor tyrosine kinaseEGFR / HER2 = rtks
[…]:
BRCA1/2
APC/beta-catenin
TP53RBWT1VHL
Tumor supressor genes = 2-hit LOSS of function:
BRCA1/2
APC/beta-catenin
TP53RBWT1VHL
Ophthalamic preparation of […] is used to dilate the pupil before ophthalmoscopic examination.
Ophthalamic preparation of phenylephrine is used to dilate the pupil before ophthalmoscopic examination.
Tocolysis = […]
Tocolysis = uterine relaxationBeta2 adrenergic stimulation – agonists such as ritodrine and terbutaline are used for this purpose
Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency that requires urgent neurosurgical consultation and treatment with […].
Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency that requires urgent neurosurgical consultation and treatment with glucocorticoids.=acute hemorrhage into the pituitary glandMost often in pts with preexisting pituitary adenomas… chronic sx are usually present for months priorPts can develop cadiovasc collapse due to ACTH deficiency and subsq adrenocortical insuff
It is rare for permanent DI to occur form isolated damage to the posterior pituitary, as the vasopressinergic neuronal cell bodies are located in the […].
It is rare for permanent DI to occur form isolated damage to the posterior pituitary, as the vasopressinergic neuronal cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus.These surviving neurons can undergo hypertrophy and axonal regeneration, allowing them to produce and release functional quantities of ADH into the circulation.
IgA is particularly important as a component of the first breast milk fed to an infant after birth, or the […].
IgA is particularly important as a component of the first breast milk fed to an infant after birth, or the colostrum.Gives infant passive mucosal immunity
[…] in children aged 1 to 3 years is the most common clinical manifestation of primary infection with HSV-1.
Acute gingivostomatitis in children aged 1 to 3 years is the most common clinical manifestation of primary infection with HSV-1.
Acute gingivostomatitis in children aged 1 to 3 years is the most common clinical manifestation of primary infection with […].
Acute gingivostomatitis in children aged 1 to 3 years is the most common clinical manifestation of primary infection with HSV-1.
Two important steps in the workup of metabolic alkalosis are ascertaining the patient’s volume status and checking the […].
Two important steps in the workup of metabolic alkalosis are ascertaining the patient’s volume status and checking the urine chloride.High –> Bartter, Gitelman, prim hyperaldosteronism, Cushing, ectopic ACTHLow –> vomiting/ng asp, diuretic use
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by […].
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by duodenal enteropeptidase.
WDHA = watery diarrhea, […]
WDHA = watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydriaVIPoma
[…] causes relaxation of the GI smooth muscle, inhibition of gastric H+ secretion, and stimulation of pancreatic bicarb/Cl secretion.
VIP causes relaxation of the GI smooth muscle, inhibition of gastric H+ secretion, and stimulation of pancreatic bicarb/Cl secretion.
Viruses that produce a polyprotein product that is subsequently cleaved into separate proteins include […].
Viruses that produce a polyprotein product that is subsequently cleaved into separate proteins include single-stranded, positive-sense, linear, nonsegmented RNA viruses.Such as echovirus (Picornaviridae family)Many sing-strand, pos-sense viruses have a genome that is independently infective, as it often functions as its own mRNA
First gen antihistamines have anti-muscarinic, […], and anti-serotonergic properties.
First gen antihistamines have anti-muscarinic, anti-alpha adrenergic, and anti-serotonergic properties.Lead to the majority of their side effects
First gen antihistamines have anti-muscarinic, anti-alpha adrenergic, and […].
First gen antihistamines have anti-muscarinic, anti-alpha adrenergic, and anti-serotonergic properties.Lead to the majority of their side effects
Tricyclic antidepressants and […] appear to have comparatively greater risk of inducing mania in susceptible patients.
Tricyclic antidepressants and venlafaxine appear to have comparatively greater risk of inducing mania in susceptible patients.
Lithium, […], and valproate are mood stabilizers used in acute mania and bipolar maintenance.
Lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate are mood stabilizers used in acute mania and bipolar maintenance.
Lithium, carbamazepine, and […] are mood stabilizers used in acute mania and bipolar maintenance.
Lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate are mood stabilizers used in acute mania and bipolar maintenance.
[…] works as an antidote to CN toxicity by providing additional sulfur groups for rhodanese.
Sodium thiosulfate works as an antidote to CN toxicity by providing additional sulfur groups for rhodanese.Used in conjunction with hydroxocobalamin (cobalt moiety binds CN ions and forms cyanocobalamin, excreted in the urine) and sodium nitrite (promotes methemoglobin formation, which forms cyanmethemoglobin)
Rhodanese is an enzyme that forms thiocyanate, which is less toxic and excreted in the urine
[…] (alpha-tocopherol) is a neuroprotective agent that may slow functional losses in Alzheimer’s.
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is a neuroprotective agent that may slow functional losses in Alzheimer’s.antioxidantOther tx for AD include enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission and NMDA receptor antagonism
Studies have shown increased activity of […] in some forms of colon adenocarcinoma and inherited polyposes syndromes.
Studies have shown increased activity of COX-2 in some forms of colon adenocarcinoma and inherited polyposes syndromes.
Oxytocin is made in the […] nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Oxytocin is made in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
