uworld review Flashcards
1
Q
schacter -singer theory is
A
how emotion results from physiological arousal followed by cognitive appraisal (i.e. sensory info and interpretation of environmental cues are required)
two factor theory
2
Q
cannon-bard theory
A
Physiological arousal and emotion are indecent processes that simultaneously lie. (i.e. the experience of emotion is not tied to sensory info from the body)
3
Q
theory of universal emotions:
A
certain emotions are expressed/detected by everyone regardless of culture
4
Q
james-lange theory
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specific emotions result from stimuli eliciting specific physiological reactions that are transmitted to the brain via spinal cord white matter (afferent axonal tracts carrying sensory info from body to brain)
5
Q
functionalism description
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society = an organism
each part of society works to maintain homeostasis
macro-sociology
6
Q
functionalist theorist
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emile durkheim, talbots parsons
7
Q
conflict theory
A
society = struggle for limited resources
inequality based on social class
macro-sociology
8
Q
conflict theory theorists
A
karl marx, max weber
9
Q
social constructionism description
A
social actors define what’s real
knowledge about world based on interactions
macro or micro sociology
10
Q
symbolic interactionism
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meaning + value attached to symbols
individual interactions based on these symbols
micro sociology
11
Q
symbolic interactionism theorists
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charles cooley, george herbert mead
12
Q
rational choice/social exchange
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individual behaviors and interactions attempt to max personal gain and min personal cost
microsociology
13
Q
feminist theory
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examines gender inequality in society
macro or micro sociology
14
Q
modernization
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reduced importance of religion as society industrializes
15
Q
secularization
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reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines
16
Q
fundamentalism
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renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization
17
Q
modernization refers to social progress and transition of society brought by…
A
industrialization
society is becoming less traditional / more bureaucratized / less religion
18
Q
as religious involvement declines, secularization of a society
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occurs as religious institutions lose social and political influence
19
Q
what can be a reaction to secularization?
A
traditional religious beliefs + practices get renewed as per fundamentalism
20
Q
what is religiosity?
A
the extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated with a high degree of religiosity
21
Q
manifest functions
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intended, obvious purpose of a social structure
e.g. teaching facts and skills is a manifest function of the education system
22
Q
latent functions
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unintended result of a social structure
e.g. contributing to social inequality is a latent function of the education system
23
Q
structural functionalism is a
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macro sociological perspective that compared modern society to a biological organism
24
Q
structural functionalism analogy
A
just as various organ systems cooperate to maintain an organism’s homeostastic —> social institutions working together in the interest of social balance (dynamic equilibrium)
25
social institutions have what functions?
manifest —> intended
latent —> unintended
26
power refers to the ability to
control and infleunce others
27
authority refers to whether
others believe that power is legitimate
28
three types of authority
traditional authority
charismatic authority
rational-legal authority
29
traditional authority comes
longstanding patterns in society (a queen having legit power in a monarchy)
30
charismatic authority stems from the
personal appeal and/or extraordinary claims of an individual (MLK w/ his ability to inspire people)
31
rational-legal authority arises from the
professional position a person holds (e.g a doctor having power due to extensive training)
32
medicalization is the process of defining
human behaviors or characteristics as medical conditions due to shifting attitudes/new evidence and treatments
33
example of medicalization
menopause is now viewed by some as a hormonal deficiency that can be treated with meds
medicalization leads to people looking to med professionals in diagnosing/preventing/treating said condition
34
life course approach is a
holistic/multidisciplinary framework for understanding how psychological/biological/sociocultural factors across a lifetime having a cumulative effect on health outcomes
35
what factors impact health and illness as per the life course approach?
personal life events (illness in infancy)
individual choices/behaviors (e.g. having unprotected sex)
sociocultural and historical context (e.g. being born during wartime)
36
classical conditioning causes an organism to react
to a natural or unconditioned stimulus after the two stimuli have been paired
37
unconditioned stimuli will called
an unconditioned response
38
neutral stimuli do not produce a
meaningful response
39
conditioned response occurs
when stimulus becomes conditioned
40
positive reinforcement
desirable stimulus added
e.g. toddler gets candy for using toilet
41
reinforcement increases
behavior
42
negative reinforcement
undesirable stimulus removed
e.g. teen doesn't have to do chores after getting all As
43
escape learning
current undesirable stimulus removed
e.g. teen fakes illness to not do chores
44
avoidance learning
future undesirable stimulus prevented
e.g. teen stays late at school to avoid chores
45
punishment decreases
behavior
46
positive punishment
undesirable stimulus added
e.g. toddler gets spanked for running into street
47
negative punishment
desirable stimulus removed
e.g. teen gets grounded for getting bad grades
48
operant conditioning
likelihood of an individual repeating a behavior influenced by the outcome of that behavior (i.e. by reward or punishment)
49
taste aversion is a specific type of
classical conditioning that occurs after an organism becomes ill after consuming something
50
extinction occurs when a
conditioned response gradually stopped occurring in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
51
example of extinction
a dog that has been conditioned to salivate (conditioned response) in response to a bell sound (conditioned stimulus) will gradually stop salivating to the sound of the bell if the sound is presented without food
52
reliability refers to the
consistency of an experiment or measure
53
reliable measures produce
similar results every time
54
indication that an experimental design is highly reliable is called
replicability
55
validity refers to the
accuracy of a study or measure
56
external validity is the
extent to which study results can be applied outside the lab to real life situations
aka generalizability
57
standardization refers to
test admin and/or scoring being done in uniform manner
58
gestalt principles of perceptual organizations describe how
humans holistically perceive sensory stimuli
most often describe perception of visual stimuli
59
similarity is the gestalt principle that refers to
the tendency to group objects together when they share similar features such as shape and color
60
common fate is the
gestalt principle
describes the perception that moving objects are grouped together to form a unit
e.g. flock of birds flying in V-formation = unit
61
proximity is the
gestalt principle
describes our tendency to perceive things physically closer to one another as a group
e.g. letters that are closer together that are grouped as a word
62
continuity is the
gestalt principle
describes our tendency to perceive elements as continuing on a smooth path
e.g. "X" is perceived as two crossing lines, rather than two "V" shapes touching
63
population pyramids display
relative number of male and females in each age cohort in a given population
64
three types of population pyramids
expanding pyramids
stationary pyramids
contracting pyramids
65
expanding pyramids have
- broad bases (lots of younger people)
- narrow tops (few older people)
increasing population size
usually for developing countries w/ high birth and death rates
66
stationary pyramids have
- broad bases
- broad tops
- developed countries with low birth and death rates
- stable population size
67
contracting pyramids have
- narrower bases than middles
- developed countries with low birth rates
- gradually declining population size
68
top-down processing is
aka conceptually driven processing
guided by info/beliefs/ideas already stored in our brain
e.g. seeing a coiled hose and thinking it's a snake momentarily
69
top down processing can involve
context + motivations
70
bottom up processing
aka stimulus-driven processing
guided by incoming data / sensory info
e.g. sand burning your feet, guides perception
71
parallel processing refers to
processing multiple sources of info that occur simultaneously
i.e. perceiving auditory and visual events together when watching someone talk
72
serial processing refers to
processing one piece of info at a time such as memorizing a list item by item
73
absolute threshold is the
intensity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the time
74
absolute threshold example w/ sugar
tasting sweetness when 1 tsp of sugar is dissolved in 2 gal of water
given individual should be able to detect sweet about 50% of time
75
stimuli presented at intensities above the abs threshold value are
more likely to be detected
76
intensities presented below abs threshold are
more likely to be missed
77
difference threshold is the same things as
just noticeable difference (JND)
78
smallest difference bw two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time is called
difference threshold / JND
79
sensory adaptation occurs when
individual's sensory receptors adapt to the presence of a stimulus
e.g. when you put your watch on, you notice i.t. against your skin but after a few mins, you forget it's there
80
signal detection theory quantifies
how judgements or decision are made under uncertain conditions amid "noise" (ext or int distractions)
81
when a signal is correctly perceived as present...
it is a correct detection or "a hit"
82
when a signal is not detected even though it is present...
it is a false negative or "a miss"
83
when a signal is absent but a perception is erroneously reported...
this is a false positive
84
when the signal is accurately judged absent..
this is a correct rejection
85
absolute threshold (intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time) can be
determined by varying the stimulus intensity (IV) and measuring the % of time is correctly detected (DV)
86
error bars in stats:
confidence intervals (CIs)
standard deviations
or
standard errors
87
Cls represent a measure of
uncertainty in a reported value by indication how far the value reported might be from the true value (e.g. true mean)
88
overlapping confidence intervals indicate that the
difference bw groups may or may not be statistically signifcant
89
defense mechanisms are largely unconscious means of
dealing w/ anxiety or stress
often through distorting or ignoring aspects of reality
90
reaction formation occurs when individuals
outwardly express the OPPOSITE of how they actually feel when those thoughts/feelings are distressing
91
displacement involves
taking one's unacceptable thoughts and behaviors on another person or object
92
rationialization involves
making excuses to yourself/others for your unacceptable thoughts and behaviors
93
projection involves
attributing one's unacceptable thoughts and behaviors to others
94
regression
behaving immature to avoid responsibility for unacceptable thoughts and behaviors
95
sublimination
transforming unacceptable thoughts/behaviors into acceptable thoughts/behaviors
96
symbolic interactionism emphasizes
the interpersonal interactions through which subjective meanings are developed to shape a social reality
e.g. handshaking in the US vs bowing in Japan
97
definition of the situation in regards to symbolic interactionist describes how
shared expectations behaviors help people understand the role of everyone involved in the interaction
e.g. patients expect doctors to behave professionally and discreetly
98
in classical conditioning:
before acquisition (resp is innate)
describe stimulus/response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) --> unconditioned response (UCR)
UCS can be a scary noise
UCR can be the reaction (being startled)
99
during acquisition in classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus (scary noise) + neural stimulus (NS) --> unconditioned response (startled)
NS can be a cue
100
after acquisition (response is learned)
conditioned stimulus (CS) --> conditioned response (CR)
CS can be the cue
CR can be the reaction (being startled)
101
eventually the biological response elicited by the neural stimulus (NS) is now...
the conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response
102
types of stressors (for few people)
daily hassle (MINOR - e.g. traffic jam)
personal life event (MAJOR - major life transition like divorce)
103
stressors (many people)
ambient (MINOR - pollution)
catastrophe (MAJOR - natural disaster)
104
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes...
how the body reacts to stress (acute or long-lasting)
105
GAS stages
alarm stage
resistance stage
exhaustion stage
106
alartm stage
1st stage
first few mins of stress response during which sympathetic NS activates (FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
heart/respiratory rate + blood sugar levels increase
stress hormones release
107
resistance stage
2nd stage
last for hours (e.g. exercise), days (e.g. final exams), months (e.g. family tragedy)
body attempts to resist/address stressor
levels of stress hormones begin to return to normal
new equilibrium is established by body
108
if stress continued over prolonged period, body enters...
exhaustion stage
109
exhaustion stage
3rd stage
state of arousal but with depleted energy
chronic diseases can develop (high bp, heart disease)
body can't resist stressor impact
110
prefrontal cortex when stressed (chronic)
decreases coping skills
increases hypervigilance
111
amygdala when stressed (chronic)
increases anger/anxiety
112
hippocampus when stressed (chronic)
decreases ability to learn
113
what hormones are released when you are stressed?
cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine from adrenal glands
114
which parts of the brain are sensitive to stress hormones?
hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex
can demonstrate structural changes
115
prefrontal cortex changes when stressed
decreases dendritic branching in areas associated w/ cognitive flexibility
results in reduced coping mechanisms
increases dendritic branching in areas for hyper vigilance
116
what happens to the hippocampus when stressed?
increases inflammation while decreasing dendritic branching and volume in hippocampus
physiological changes inhibit learning/memory --> produce emotional changes (anhedonia)
117
anhedonia is
the decreased ability to experience pleasure
118
what happens to the amygdala when stressed?
growth of dendritic spines and excitability of neurons in amygdala are altered
more anger/fear/anxiety
119
cognitive-behavioral therapy attempts to change
neg thoughts/beliefs & maladaptive behaviors
120
CBT techniques
desensitization/self talk
used to replace destructive thoughts/behaviors w/ healthy ones
121
psychoanalytic therapy
aka "talk therapy"
attempts to uncover unconscious conflicts from childhood
122
psychoanalytic therapy techniques
free association/dream analysis
used to analyze unconscious
123
humanistic therapy
aka person-centered therapy
attempts to empower individual to move toward self-actualization
124
humanistic therapy techniques
unconditional positive regard & empathy used to encourage client to reach full potential
125
what is a source monitoring error?
inaccurately remembering the source of info
e.g. seeing a tv ad and then misattributing information to doctor when recalling information
126
memory construction refers to the process of
recreating a memory each time it is recalled
not stored/recalled as a copy of exact events occurred
memories appear to be reconstructed upon recall (can cause alterations)
127
specialization of brain division is known as
hemispheric lateralization
128
each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for
contralateral control of the body
129
left hemisphere controls
touch and movement on the right side of the body and vice versa
130
right hemisphere is crucial for
processing visuospatial patterns
131
damage to the right hemisphere causes
deficits in visuospatial processing
132
right hemisphere is important for
artistic and musical abilities, visualization and emotion
133
left hemisphere of the brain is important for
language ability including speaking, writing and comprehension, analytical reasoning skills/logic
134
what are glomeruli?
cluster of nerve endings where waste products are filtered from the blood
135
olfactory bulb contains thousands of what?
glomeruli
136
somatic symptom disorders are characterized by
physical symptoms brought about by psychological stress
137
what flows from the humanistic view of personality?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' unconditional positive regard
138
what does the humanistic perspective of personality emphasize?
internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive for happiness and self-realization
139
conditional positive regard is a
situation in which acceptance/love one receives from significant others is contigent on one's behavior
140
unconditional positive regard is a situation where
acceptance and love one receives from significant others is UNCONDITIONAL
141
spreading activation model states that
all ideas in our brains are connected together
when we recall one memory, another memory is recalled with it
142
what connects broca's area to wernicke's area?
arcuate fasciculus
143
proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from
these objects and events that ACTUALLY REACH your senses
144
symptoms of bipolar type I includes
at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes
145
in some cases of bipolar I disorder, patient may experience
psychosis
146
social facilitation describes the
tendency of people to perform at a different level when others are around
147
the pinna acts as a
funnel which assists in directing the sound further into the ear
148
covert orienting is the act of
mentally shifting one's focus without moving one's eyes
149
overt orienting is the
shifting from one place to another by moving your eyes
150
peer group is a
self-selected group formed around shared interests
151
mate choice is the selection of a
mate based on attraction and traits
152
mating systems describe the way in which
a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior
153
altruism is the
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
154
collective behavior refers to events
that suddenly emerge
events do not conform to rules/laws but instead are shaped absed on the issue at hand
155
material support is providing
physical or monetary support
aka tangible support
156
symptoms of bipolar type II includes at least
one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode BUT NO MANIC EPISODE
157
persistent depressive disorder is dysthymia for at least
2 years that doesn't meet criteria for major depressive order
PDD is mild but long-term
158
promiscuity is the mating system that is
characterized by NO exclusivity
159
type theory is the belief that an
individual's personality can be quantified into a few unique categories
160
inclusive fitness is the measure of an organism's success in the...
population based on how well it propagates its own genes
161
inclusive fitness also includes the ability of....
those offspring to then support others
162
social perception is the way by which we
generate impressions about people in our social environment
contains a perceiver, target, and situation
163
social capital is the practice of
developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other
164
3 types of social capital
bonding
bridging
linking
165
conversion disorder involves
unexplained syptoms resulting in loss of body function
associated with prior trauma
166
attribution theory focuses on the
tendency for people to infer the causes of other people's behavior
167
what theory differentiates human intelligence into specific modalities rather than one single general ability?
gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
168
what approach to psychological disorders state that human functioning is based upon the interaction of drives + forces within the person (esp the unconscious)?
psychodynamic approrach
related to freud's psychoanalysis
169
self determination theory is a theory of
human motivation and personality
emphasizes 3 universal needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness)
170
opponent-process theory views emotions as
pairs of opposites
e.g. fear/relief or pleasure/pain
171
when one emotion is experienced, the other is
suppressed
172
the opponent-process theory explains motivation for
drug use
173
as drug use increases, the body
counteracts its effects
leads to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
174
what is a method of enforcing compliance with social norms?
sanctions
175
what is self-control
an aspect of inhibitory control
ability to regulate one's emotions/thoughts/behaviors in the face of temptations and impulses
176
self-regulation is the managing of
one's internal states, impulses, resources
177
what is conscientiousness?
taking responsibility for personal performance
178
what is adaptability?
flexibility in handling change
179
trustworthiness is the
maintenance of honesty/integrity
180
innovation is
being comfortable w/ novel ideas, approaches, new information
181
ego depletion refers to the idea that
self-control or willpower that draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up
182
when the energy for mental activity is low...
self-control is typically impaired
183
hindsight bias describes the
tendency to perceive an event after it has occurred even if it was unlikely
e.g. lottery winner stating that she knew i.t. was a lucky ticket after winning
184
