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uworld review Flashcards

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1
Q

schacter -singer theory is

A

how emotion results from physiological arousal followed by cognitive appraisal (i.e. sensory info and interpretation of environmental cues are required)

two factor theory

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2
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

Physiological arousal and emotion are indecent processes that simultaneously lie. (i.e. the experience of emotion is not tied to sensory info from the body)

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3
Q

theory of universal emotions:

A

certain emotions are expressed/detected by everyone regardless of culture

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4
Q

james-lange theory

A

specific emotions result from stimuli eliciting specific physiological reactions that are transmitted to the brain via spinal cord white matter (afferent axonal tracts carrying sensory info from body to brain)

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5
Q

functionalism description

A

society = an organism

each part of society works to maintain homeostasis

macro-sociology

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6
Q

functionalist theorist

A

emile durkheim, talbots parsons

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7
Q

conflict theory

A

society = struggle for limited resources

inequality based on social class

macro-sociology

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8
Q

conflict theory theorists

A

karl marx, max weber

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9
Q

social constructionism description

A

social actors define what’s real

knowledge about world based on interactions

macro or micro sociology

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10
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

meaning + value attached to symbols

individual interactions based on these symbols

micro sociology

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11
Q

symbolic interactionism theorists

A

charles cooley, george herbert mead

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12
Q

rational choice/social exchange

A

individual behaviors and interactions attempt to max personal gain and min personal cost

microsociology

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13
Q

feminist theory

A

examines gender inequality in society

macro or micro sociology

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14
Q

modernization

A

reduced importance of religion as society industrializes

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15
Q

secularization

A

reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines

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16
Q

fundamentalism

A

renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization

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17
Q

modernization refers to social progress and transition of society brought by…

A

industrialization

society is becoming less traditional / more bureaucratized / less religion

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18
Q

as religious involvement declines, secularization of a society

A

occurs as religious institutions lose social and political influence

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19
Q

what can be a reaction to secularization?

A

traditional religious beliefs + practices get renewed as per fundamentalism

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20
Q

what is religiosity?

A

the extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated with a high degree of religiosity

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21
Q

manifest functions

A

intended, obvious purpose of a social structure

e.g. teaching facts and skills is a manifest function of the education system

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22
Q

latent functions

A

unintended result of a social structure

e.g. contributing to social inequality is a latent function of the education system

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23
Q

structural functionalism is a

A

macro sociological perspective that compared modern society to a biological organism

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24
Q

structural functionalism analogy

A

just as various organ systems cooperate to maintain an organism’s homeostastic —> social institutions working together in the interest of social balance (dynamic equilibrium)

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25
Q

social institutions have what functions?

A

manifest —> intended
latent —> unintended

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26
Q

power refers to the ability to

A

control and infleunce others

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27
Q

authority refers to whether

A

others believe that power is legitimate

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28
Q

three types of authority

A

traditional authority

charismatic authority

rational-legal authority

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29
Q

traditional authority comes

A

longstanding patterns in society (a queen having legit power in a monarchy)

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30
Q

charismatic authority stems from the

A

personal appeal and/or extraordinary claims of an individual (MLK w/ his ability to inspire people)

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31
Q

rational-legal authority arises from the

A

professional position a person holds (e.g a doctor having power due to extensive training)

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32
Q

medicalization is the process of defining

A

human behaviors or characteristics as medical conditions due to shifting attitudes/new evidence and treatments

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33
Q

example of medicalization

A

menopause is now viewed by some as a hormonal deficiency that can be treated with meds

medicalization leads to people looking to med professionals in diagnosing/preventing/treating said condition

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34
Q

life course approach is a

A

holistic/multidisciplinary framework for understanding how psychological/biological/sociocultural factors across a lifetime having a cumulative effect on health outcomes

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35
Q

what factors impact health and illness as per the life course approach?

A

personal life events (illness in infancy)

individual choices/behaviors (e.g. having unprotected sex)

sociocultural and historical context (e.g. being born during wartime)

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36
Q

classical conditioning causes an organism to react

A

to a natural or unconditioned stimulus after the two stimuli have been paired

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37
Q

unconditioned stimuli will called

A

an unconditioned response

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38
Q

neutral stimuli do not produce a

A

meaningful response

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39
Q

conditioned response occurs

A

when stimulus becomes conditioned

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40
Q

positive reinforcement

A

desirable stimulus added

e.g. toddler gets candy for using toilet

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41
Q

reinforcement increases

A

behavior

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42
Q

negative reinforcement

A

undesirable stimulus removed

e.g. teen doesn’t have to do chores after getting all As

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43
Q

escape learning

A

current undesirable stimulus removed

e.g. teen fakes illness to not do chores

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44
Q

avoidance learning

A

future undesirable stimulus prevented

e.g. teen stays late at school to avoid chores

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45
Q

punishment decreases

A

behavior

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46
Q

positive punishment

A

undesirable stimulus added

e.g. toddler gets spanked for running into street

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47
Q

negative punishment

A

desirable stimulus removed

e.g. teen gets grounded for getting bad grades

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48
Q

operant conditioning

A

likelihood of an individual repeating a behavior influenced by the outcome of that behavior (i.e. by reward or punishment)

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49
Q

taste aversion is a specific type of

A

classical conditioning that occurs after an organism becomes ill after consuming something

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50
Q

extinction occurs when a

A

conditioned response gradually stopped occurring in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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51
Q

example of extinction

A

a dog that has been conditioned to salivate (conditioned response) in response to a bell sound (conditioned stimulus) will gradually stop salivating to the sound of the bell if the sound is presented without food

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52
Q

reliability refers to the

A

consistency of an experiment or measure

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53
Q

reliable measures produce

A

similar results every time

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54
Q

indication that an experimental design is highly reliable is called

A

replicability

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55
Q

validity refers to the

A

accuracy of a study or measure

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56
Q

external validity is the

A

extent to which study results can be applied outside the lab to real life situations

aka generalizability

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57
Q

standardization refers to

A

test admin and/or scoring being done in uniform manner

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58
Q

gestalt principles of perceptual organizations describe how

A

humans holistically perceive sensory stimuli

most often describe perception of visual stimuli

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59
Q

similarity is the gestalt principle that refers to

A

the tendency to group objects together when they share similar features such as shape and color

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60
Q

common fate is the

A

gestalt principle

describes the perception that moving objects are grouped together to form a unit

e.g. flock of birds flying in V-formation = unit

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61
Q

proximity is the

A

gestalt principle

describes our tendency to perceive things physically closer to one another as a group

e.g. letters that are closer together that are grouped as a word

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62
Q

continuity is the

A

gestalt principle

describes our tendency to perceive elements as continuing on a smooth path

e.g. “X” is perceived as two crossing lines, rather than two “V” shapes touching

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63
Q

population pyramids display

A

relative number of male and females in each age cohort in a given population

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64
Q

three types of population pyramids

A

expanding pyramids

stationary pyramids

contracting pyramids

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65
Q

expanding pyramids have

A
  • broad bases (lots of younger people)
  • narrow tops (few older people)

increasing population size

usually for developing countries w/ high birth and death rates

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66
Q

stationary pyramids have

A
  • broad bases
  • broad tops
  • developed countries with low birth and death rates
  • stable population size
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67
Q

contracting pyramids have

A
  • narrower bases than middles
  • developed countries with low birth rates
  • gradually declining population size
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68
Q

top-down processing is

A

aka conceptually driven processing

guided by info/beliefs/ideas already stored in our brain

e.g. seeing a coiled hose and thinking it’s a snake momentarily

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69
Q

top down processing can involve

A

context + motivations

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70
Q

bottom up processing

A

aka stimulus-driven processing

guided by incoming data / sensory info

e.g. sand burning your feet, guides perception

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71
Q

parallel processing refers to

A

processing multiple sources of info that occur simultaneously

i.e. perceiving auditory and visual events together when watching someone talk

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72
Q

serial processing refers to

A

processing one piece of info at a time such as memorizing a list item by item

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73
Q

absolute threshold is the

A

intensity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the time

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74
Q

absolute threshold example w/ sugar

A

tasting sweetness when 1 tsp of sugar is dissolved in 2 gal of water

given individual should be able to detect sweet about 50% of time

75
Q

stimuli presented at intensities above the abs threshold value are

A

more likely to be detected

76
Q

intensities presented below abs threshold are

A

more likely to be missed

77
Q

difference threshold is the same things as

A

just noticeable difference (JND)

78
Q

smallest difference bw two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time is called

A

difference threshold / JND

79
Q

sensory adaptation occurs when

A

individual’s sensory receptors adapt to the presence of a stimulus

e.g. when you put your watch on, you notice i.t. against your skin but after a few mins, you forget it’s there

80
Q

signal detection theory quantifies

A

how judgements or decision are made under uncertain conditions amid “noise” (ext or int distractions)

81
Q

when a signal is correctly perceived as present…

A

it is a correct detection or “a hit”

82
Q

when a signal is not detected even though it is present…

A

it is a false negative or “a miss”

83
Q

when a signal is absent but a perception is erroneously reported…

A

this is a false positive

84
Q

when the signal is accurately judged absent..

A

this is a correct rejection

85
Q

absolute threshold (intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time) can be

A

determined by varying the stimulus intensity (IV) and measuring the % of time is correctly detected (DV)

86
Q

error bars in stats:

A

confidence intervals (CIs)

standard deviations

or

standard errors

87
Q

Cls represent a measure of

A

uncertainty in a reported value by indication how far the value reported might be from the true value (e.g. true mean)

88
Q

overlapping confidence intervals indicate that the

A

difference bw groups may or may not be statistically signifcant

89
Q

defense mechanisms are largely unconscious means of

A

dealing w/ anxiety or stress

often through distorting or ignoring aspects of reality

90
Q

reaction formation occurs when individuals

A

outwardly express the OPPOSITE of how they actually feel when those thoughts/feelings are distressing

91
Q

displacement involves

A

taking one’s unacceptable thoughts and behaviors on another person or object

92
Q

rationialization involves

A

making excuses to yourself/others for your unacceptable thoughts and behaviors

93
Q

projection involves

A

attributing one’s unacceptable thoughts and behaviors to others

94
Q

regression

A

behaving immature to avoid responsibility for unacceptable thoughts and behaviors

95
Q

sublimination

A

transforming unacceptable thoughts/behaviors into acceptable thoughts/behaviors

96
Q

symbolic interactionism emphasizes

A

the interpersonal interactions through which subjective meanings are developed to shape a social reality

e.g. handshaking in the US vs bowing in Japan

97
Q

definition of the situation in regards to symbolic interactionist describes how

A

shared expectations behaviors help people understand the role of everyone involved in the interaction

e.g. patients expect doctors to behave professionally and discreetly

98
Q

in classical conditioning:

before acquisition (resp is innate)

describe stimulus/response

A

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) –> unconditioned response (UCR)

UCS can be a scary noise

UCR can be the reaction (being startled)

99
Q

during acquisition in classical conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus (scary noise) + neural stimulus (NS) –> unconditioned response (startled)

NS can be a cue

100
Q

after acquisition (response is learned)

A

conditioned stimulus (CS) –> conditioned response (CR)

CS can be the cue

CR can be the reaction (being startled)

101
Q

eventually the biological response elicited by the neural stimulus (NS) is now…

A

the conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response

102
Q

types of stressors (for few people)

A

daily hassle (MINOR - e.g. traffic jam)

personal life event (MAJOR - major life transition like divorce)

103
Q

stressors (many people)

A

ambient (MINOR - pollution)

catastrophe (MAJOR - natural disaster)

104
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes…

A

how the body reacts to stress (acute or long-lasting)

105
Q

GAS stages

A

alarm stage

resistance stage

exhaustion stage

106
Q

alartm stage

A

1st stage

first few mins of stress response during which sympathetic NS activates (FIGHT OR FLIGHT)

heart/respiratory rate + blood sugar levels increase

stress hormones release

107
Q

resistance stage

A

2nd stage

last for hours (e.g. exercise), days (e.g. final exams), months (e.g. family tragedy)

body attempts to resist/address stressor

levels of stress hormones begin to return to normal

new equilibrium is established by body

108
Q

if stress continued over prolonged period, body enters…

A

exhaustion stage

109
Q

exhaustion stage

A

3rd stage

state of arousal but with depleted energy

chronic diseases can develop (high bp, heart disease)

body can’t resist stressor impact

110
Q

prefrontal cortex when stressed (chronic)

A

decreases coping skills

increases hypervigilance

111
Q

amygdala when stressed (chronic)

A

increases anger/anxiety

112
Q

hippocampus when stressed (chronic)

A

decreases ability to learn

113
Q

what hormones are released when you are stressed?

A

cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine from adrenal glands

114
Q

which parts of the brain are sensitive to stress hormones?

A

hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex

can demonstrate structural changes

115
Q

prefrontal cortex changes when stressed

A

decreases dendritic branching in areas associated w/ cognitive flexibility

results in reduced coping mechanisms

increases dendritic branching in areas for hyper vigilance

116
Q

what happens to the hippocampus when stressed?

A

increases inflammation while decreasing dendritic branching and volume in hippocampus

physiological changes inhibit learning/memory –> produce emotional changes (anhedonia)

117
Q

anhedonia is

A

the decreased ability to experience pleasure

118
Q

what happens to the amygdala when stressed?

A

growth of dendritic spines and excitability of neurons in amygdala are altered

more anger/fear/anxiety

119
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy attempts to change

A

neg thoughts/beliefs & maladaptive behaviors

120
Q

CBT techniques

A

desensitization/self talk

used to replace destructive thoughts/behaviors w/ healthy ones

121
Q

psychoanalytic therapy

A

aka “talk therapy”

attempts to uncover unconscious conflicts from childhood

122
Q

psychoanalytic therapy techniques

A

free association/dream analysis

used to analyze unconscious

123
Q

humanistic therapy

A

aka person-centered therapy

attempts to empower individual to move toward self-actualization

124
Q

humanistic therapy techniques

A

unconditional positive regard & empathy used to encourage client to reach full potential

125
Q

what is a source monitoring error?

A

inaccurately remembering the source of info

e.g. seeing a tv ad and then misattributing information to doctor when recalling information

126
Q

memory construction refers to the process of

A

recreating a memory each time it is recalled

not stored/recalled as a copy of exact events occurred

memories appear to be reconstructed upon recall (can cause alterations)

127
Q

specialization of brain division is known as

A

hemispheric lateralization

128
Q

each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for

A

contralateral control of the body

129
Q

left hemisphere controls

A

touch and movement on the right side of the body and vice versa

130
Q

right hemisphere is crucial for

A

processing visuospatial patterns

131
Q

damage to the right hemisphere causes

A

deficits in visuospatial processing

132
Q

right hemisphere is important for

A

artistic and musical abilities, visualization and emotion

133
Q

left hemisphere of the brain is important for

A

language ability including speaking, writing and comprehension, analytical reasoning skills/logic

134
Q

what are glomeruli?

A

cluster of nerve endings where waste products are filtered from the blood

135
Q

olfactory bulb contains thousands of what?

A

glomeruli

136
Q

somatic symptom disorders are characterized by

A

physical symptoms brought about by psychological stress

137
Q

what flows from the humanistic view of personality?

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Rogers’ unconditional positive regard

138
Q

what does the humanistic perspective of personality emphasize?

A

internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive for happiness and self-realization

139
Q

conditional positive regard is a

A

situation in which acceptance/love one receives from significant others is contigent on one’s behavior

140
Q

unconditional positive regard is a situation where

A

acceptance and love one receives from significant others is UNCONDITIONAL

141
Q

spreading activation model states that

A

all ideas in our brains are connected together

when we recall one memory, another memory is recalled with it

142
Q

what connects broca’s area to wernicke’s area?

A

arcuate fasciculus

143
Q

proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from

A

these objects and events that ACTUALLY REACH your senses

144
Q

symptoms of bipolar type I includes

A

at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes

145
Q

in some cases of bipolar I disorder, patient may experience

A

psychosis

146
Q

social facilitation describes the

A

tendency of people to perform at a different level when others are around

147
Q

the pinna acts as a

A

funnel which assists in directing the sound further into the ear

148
Q

covert orienting is the act of

A

mentally shifting one’s focus without moving one’s eyes

149
Q

overt orienting is the

A

shifting from one place to another by moving your eyes

150
Q

peer group is a

A

self-selected group formed around shared interests

151
Q

mate choice is the selection of a

A

mate based on attraction and traits

152
Q

mating systems describe the way in which

A

a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior

153
Q

altruism is the

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

154
Q

collective behavior refers to events

A

that suddenly emerge

events do not conform to rules/laws but instead are shaped absed on the issue at hand

155
Q

material support is providing

A

physical or monetary support

aka tangible support

156
Q

symptoms of bipolar type II includes at least

A

one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode BUT NO MANIC EPISODE

157
Q

persistent depressive disorder is dysthymia for at least

A

2 years that doesn’t meet criteria for major depressive order

PDD is mild but long-term

158
Q

promiscuity is the mating system that is

A

characterized by NO exclusivity

159
Q

type theory is the belief that an

A

individual’s personality can be quantified into a few unique categories

160
Q

inclusive fitness is the measure of an organism’s success in the…

A

population based on how well it propagates its own genes

161
Q

inclusive fitness also includes the ability of….

A

those offspring to then support others

162
Q

social perception is the way by which we

A

generate impressions about people in our social environment

contains a perceiver, target, and situation

163
Q

social capital is the practice of

A

developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other

164
Q

3 types of social capital

A

bonding

bridging

linking

165
Q

conversion disorder involves

A

unexplained syptoms resulting in loss of body function

associated with prior trauma

166
Q

attribution theory focuses on the

A

tendency for people to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

167
Q

what theory differentiates human intelligence into specific modalities rather than one single general ability?

A

gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

168
Q

what approach to psychological disorders state that human functioning is based upon the interaction of drives + forces within the person (esp the unconscious)?

A

psychodynamic approrach

related to freud’s psychoanalysis

169
Q

self determination theory is a theory of

A

human motivation and personality

emphasizes 3 universal needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness)

170
Q

opponent-process theory views emotions as

A

pairs of opposites

e.g. fear/relief or pleasure/pain

171
Q

when one emotion is experienced, the other is

A

suppressed

172
Q

the opponent-process theory explains motivation for

A

drug use

173
Q

as drug use increases, the body

A

counteracts its effects

leads to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

174
Q

what is a method of enforcing compliance with social norms?

A

sanctions

175
Q

what is self-control

A

an aspect of inhibitory control

ability to regulate one’s emotions/thoughts/behaviors in the face of temptations and impulses

176
Q

self-regulation is the managing of

A

one’s internal states, impulses, resources

177
Q

what is conscientiousness?

A

taking responsibility for personal performance

178
Q

what is adaptability?

A

flexibility in handling change

179
Q

trustworthiness is the

A

maintenance of honesty/integrity

180
Q

innovation is

A

being comfortable w/ novel ideas, approaches, new information

181
Q

ego depletion refers to the idea that

A

self-control or willpower that draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up

182
Q

when the energy for mental activity is low…

A

self-control is typically impaired

183
Q

hindsight bias describes the

A

tendency to perceive an event after it has occurred even if it was unlikely

e.g. lottery winner stating that she knew i.t. was a lucky ticket after winning

184
Q
A

psych/soc (3 decks)

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