p/s review

Question 1

franz gall is responsible for the study of

Answer 1

phrenology (studying bumps on head and linking to personality/traits)

Question 2

pierre flourens studied the

Answer 2

functions of the major sections of brain

used extirpation to study brain

Question 3

william james studied

Answer 3

functionalism

Question 4

functionalism explains how

Answer 4

mental processes help people adapt to their environments

Question 5

john dewey studied

Answer 5

functionalism

Question 6

paul broca studied

Answer 6

people w/ legions in specific part of brain

think: BROCA’S AREA

Question 7

broca’s area is responsible for

Answer 7

speech production

Question 8

hermann von helmholtz studied

Answer 8

speed of impulse

made psych a science

Question 9

sir charles sherrington studied

Answer 9

synapses

Question 10

freud studied

Answer 10

psychoanalytic pov

Question 11

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation are part of

Answer 11

hindbrain

Question 12

midbrain is comprised of

Answer 12

inferior and superior colliculi

Question 13

forebrain includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and…

Answer 13

limbic system

cerebral cortex

Question 14

EEG is how we can study

Answer 14

regional cerebral blood flow

Question 15

thalamus serves as the

Answer 15

relay station for sensory info

Question 16

hypothalamus is responsible for

Answer 16

homeostasis and 4 F’s (feeding/fucking/fighting/feeling)

Question 17

hypothalamus integrates with

Answer 17

endocrine system

Question 18

finish pathway: hypothalamus –>

Answer 18

hypophyseal portal –> ant pituitary

Question 19

basal ganglia helps

Answer 19

smooth movements and postural stability

Question 20

septal nuclei is responsible for

Answer 20

pleasure and addiction

part of limbic system

Question 21

amygdala is responsible for

Answer 21

fear and aggression

part of limbic system

Question 22

hippocampus is responsible for

Answer 22

emotion and memory

part of limbic system

Question 23

how many lobes in cerebral cortex

Answer 23

4

Question 24

frontal cortex functions

Answer 24

executive function
impulse control
speech
motor

Question 25

parietal lobe is responsible for

Answer 25

touch pressure temp pain spatial processing

Question 26

occiptal lobe function

Answer 26

vision

Question 27

temporal lobe function

Answer 27

sound speech perception memory emotion

Question 28

left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for

Answer 28

language analytic logic math usually dominant

Question 29

right hemisphere is

Answer 29

intuition creativity spatial processing

Question 30

sensory neurons

Answer 30

afferent goes from PNS to CNS

Question 31

interneurons are located

Answer 31

between other neurons mainly CNS

Question 32

motor neurons

Answer 32

efferent go to muscles and glands

Question 33

reflex arcs explains how interneurons in spinal cord relay info to…

Answer 33

stimuli source and brain at the same time

Question 34

CNS includes

Answer 34

brain and spinal cord

Question 35

PNS includes

Answer 35

nervous tissue and fibers outside CNS

Question 36

somatic means

Answer 36

voluntary

Question 37

autonomic means

Answer 37

involuntary

Question 38

sympathetic NS means

Answer 38

fight or flight

Question 39

parasympathetic NS means

Answer 39

rest and digest

Question 40

neurotransmitters are released by

Answer 40

neurons to carry a signal

Question 41

acetylcholine is used by

Answer 41

somatic NS to move muscles parasympathetic NS and CNS

Question 42

dopamine maintains

Answer 42

smooth movements and steady posture

Question 43

endorphins are

Answer 43

natural pain killers

Question 44

epinephrine and noriepinephrine maintains

Answer 44

wakefulness and mediate fight/flight responses

Question 45

epinephrine tends to act as a

Answer 45

hormone

Question 46

norepinephrine acts as a

Answer 46

neurotransmitter

Question 47

GABA is an

Answer 47

inhibitory neurotransmitter act as brain "stabilizers"

Question 48

glycine is similar to

Answer 48

GABA

Question 49

glutamate acts as an

Answer 49

excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 50

serotonin modulates

Answer 50

mood sleep eating dreaming

Question 51

endocrine system is tied to the nervous system through the

Answer 51

hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

Question 52

cortisol is released by the

Answer 52

adrenal cortex stress hormone

Question 53

testosterone and estrogen mediate

Answer 53

libido

Question 54

testosterone increases

Answer 54

aggressive behavior

Question 55

testosterone and estrogen are produced in the

Answer 55

gonads released by adrenal cortex

Question 56

epinephrine and norepinephrine is released by

Answer 56

the adrenal medulla causes physiological changes associated w/ the sympathetic NS

Question 57

nervous system develops through what process

Answer 57

neurulation

Question 58

during neurulation, notochord stimulates...

Answer 58

ectoderm to fold over creating neural tube --> topped w/ neural crest cells

Question 59

neural tube becomes the

Answer 59

CNS

Question 60

neural crest cells spread throughout the

Answer 60

body differentiating into diff tissues

Question 61

primitive reflexes

Answer 61

rooting moro babinski grasping

Question 62

primitive reflexes exist in

Answer 62

infants and disappear w/ age

Question 63

rooting reflex is when

Answer 63

infant turns head toward stimulus

Question 64

moro reflex is when

Answer 64

infants extend their arms in response to a falling sensation

Question 65

babinski reflex is when

Answer 65

infants's big toe is extended and other toes fan out in response to the brushing on sole

Question 66

grasping reflex is when

Answer 66

infants grab anything with their hands

Question 67

sensory receptors are

Answer 67

sensory nerves that respond to stimuli

Question 68

sensory ganglia is the collection of

Answer 68

cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 69

projection areas are the areas in the brain that

Answer 69

analyze sensory input

Question 70

absolute threshold is the

Answer 70

minimum of stimulus energy that will activate a sensory system

Question 71

threshold of conscious perception is the minimum stimulus energy that will….

Answer 71

create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to brought into awareness

Question 72

difference threshold is the minimum in...

Answer 72

magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference

Question 73

weber's law states that

Answer 73

JND (just noticeable difference) for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

Question 74

signal detection theory refers to the effects of

Answer 74

nonsensory factors such as experiences, motives and expectations on the perception of stimuli accounts for response bias

Question 75

adaptation refers to the

Answer 75

lowering or increasing sensitivity to a stimulus

Question 76

outer ear is comprised of

Answer 76

pinna external auditory canal tympanic membrane

Question 77

middle ear is connected to the

Answer 77

nasal cavity by eustachian tube

Question 78

ossicles think: MIS and HAS

Answer 78

malleus: hammer incus: anvil stapes: stirrup

Question 79

footplate of stapes rests in the

Answer 79

oval window of cochlea

Question 80

bony labyrinth is filled with

Answer 80

perilymph part of inner ear

Question 81

membranous labyrinth filled with

Answer 81

endolymph part of inner ear

Question 82

membranous labyrinth consists of

Answer 82

cochlea (sound) utricle & saccule (linear acceleration) semicircular canals (rotational acceleration and balance)

Question 83

superior olive localizes (what) and is located (where)

Answer 83

sound brain stem

Question 84

inferior colliculus is the

Answer 84

startle reflex

Question 85

inferior colliculus is also used by

Answer 85

both eyes and ears in the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 86

vestibulo-ocular reflex keeps eyes

Answer 86

fixed on a single point as the head rotates

Question 87

cornea gathers and filters

Answer 87

incoming light

Question 88

iris controls

Answer 88

size of pupil

Question 89

iris divides

Answer 89

front of eye into anterior and posterior chamber

Question 90

iris contains 2 muscles

Answer 90

dilator constrictor pupillae

Question 91

lens refracts

Answer 91

incoming light to focus on the retina

Question 92

aqueous humor is produced by the

Answer 92

cillary body

Question 93

aqueous humor nourishes the

Answer 93

eye and give it shape

Question 94

aqueous humor drains through

Answer 94

canal of Schlemm

Question 95

rods detect

Answer 95

LIGHT AND DARK contain rhodopsin part of retina

Question 96

cones detect

Answer 96

color short / med / long in fovea (center of macula) contains photopsin

Question 97

pathway from retina starting with rods/cones -->

Answer 97

bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve

Question 98

retinal disparity is the space

Answer 98

between eyes allows for binocular vision and depth

Question 99

horizontal and amacrine cells integrates signals from...

Answer 99

ganglion cells and performs edge-sharpening

Question 100

eye support on side

Answer 100

vitreous

Question 101

sclera and choroid provide

Answer 101

support for eye on outside

Question 102

parallel processing

Answer 102

color form motion at the same time

Question 103

magnocellular detects

Answer 103

motion high temporal resolution

Question 104

parvocellular cells process

Answer 104

shape high spatial resolution

Question 105

finish auditory pathway cochlea --> vestibulocochlea nerve -->

Answer 105

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) --> auditory cortex

Question 106

eye --> optic nerves --> optic chiasms -->

Answer 106

optic tracts --> LGN --> visual radiations --> visual cortex

Question 107

smell is the detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by

Answer 107

olfactory chemoreceptors in olfactory epithelium

Question 108

smell information bypasses

Answer 108

thamalus

Question 109

chemicals given off by animals that have an effect on social foraging and sexual behaviors are called

Answer 109

pheromones

Question 110

taste is the detection of dissolved compounds by

Answer 110

taste puds in papillae

Question 111

name the 5 tastes

Answer 111

sweet sour salty bitter umami

Question 112

somatosensation refers to the four touch modalities

Answer 112

pressure vibration pain temp

Question 113

two point threshold refers to the minimum distance necessary between...

Answer 113

two points of stimulation on skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

Question 114

physiological zero is the normal temp of skin to which

Answer 114

objects are compared to

Question 115

nocireceptors are

Answer 115

pain receptors gate theory of pain decrease JND for pain

Question 116

kinesthetic sense is

Answer 116

proprioception

Question 117

top down processing is the recongition of an object by

Answer 117

memories and expectations little attention to detail uses background knowledge

Question 118

bottom up process is the recognition of objects by

Answer 118

feature detection not influenced by background knowledge

Question 119

gestalt principles

Answer 119

proximity similarity continuity closure all governed by law of pragnanz

Question 120

habituation is

Answer 120

becoming used to a stimulus

Question 121

dishabituation occurs when a

Answer 121

second stimulus intervenes causing a resensitization of original stimulus

Question 122

associative learning is the pairing together of

Answer 122

stimuli and responses/behaviors and consequences

Question 123

operant condition is changing behavior through

Answer 123

use of consequences

Question 124

reinforcement increases

Answer 124

likelihood of behavior

Question 125

punishment decreases

Answer 125

likelihood of behavior

Question 126

schedule of reinforcement can be based on

Answer 126

an amt of time or ration of behavior/reward fixed or variable

Question 127

positive response (does what) something

Answer 127

adds

Question 128

negative response (does what) something

Answer 128

removes

Question 129

extinction is when

Answer 129

a previously reinforced behavior disappears when no longer reinforced

Question 130

shaping occurs when a behavior that is

Answer 130

closer and closer to the target behavior is reinforced part of operant condition

Question 131

with repetition, a neutral stimulus becomes a condition stimulus in

Answer 131

classical conditioning conditioned response produced

Question 132

observational learning is the

Answer 132

acquisition of behavior by watching others

Question 133

encoding is the process of putting

Answer 133

new info into memory can be automatic or deliberate

Question 134

what type of encoding is strongest

Answer 134

semantic encoding > visual and acoustic encoding

Question 135

memory that is transient and based on neurotransmitter activity

Answer 135

sensory and short term memory

Question 136

working memory requires

Answer 136

short term memory, attention and executive function to manipulate info

Question 137

long term memory requires elaborate rehearsal and is the result of

Answer 137

increased neuronal connectivity

Question 138

explicit memory accounts for memories that we must

Answer 138

consciously recall w/ effort and focus

Question 139

implicit memory accounts for

Answer 139

acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances/stimuli

Question 140

semantic networks store

Answer 140

facts

Question 141

concepts are linked together based on

Answer 141

similar meaning in semantic networks

Question 142

certain triggers will

Answer 142

activate associated memories in semantic networks

Question 143

recognition of info is stronger than

Answer 143

recall

Question 144

retrieval is based on

Answer 144

priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

Question 145

what causes alzheimer's

Answer 145

linked to loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to hippocampus causes dementia and memory loss

Question 146

korsakoff's syndrome is caused by

Answer 146

thiamine deficiency in brain retrograde and anterograde amnesia are caused

Question 147

confabulation is the fabrication of

Answer 147

vivid but fake memories as part of a korsakoff's syndrome

Question 148

agnosia is the loss of

Answer 148

ability to recognize objects, people or sounds

Question 149

what is agnosia usually caused by

Answer 149

physical damage

Question 150

retroactive interference is when

Answer 150

new memories make you forget old ones

Question 151

proactive interference is when

Answer 151

old memories interfere with making new ones

Question 152

information processing model

Answer 152

encodes/stores/retrieves info much like a computer

Question 153

piaget's stages involve

Answer 153

schemas and assimilation vs accomodation

Question 154

piaget's stages

Answer 154

sensorimotor (0-2 years) preoperational (2 to 7 yrs) concrete operational (7 to 11 years) formal operational (12 and older)

Question 155

sensorimotor stage

Answer 155

0 - 2 years child manipulates environment to meed physical needs through circular rxns object permanence develops at the end

Question 156

preoperational stage

Answer 156

2 - 7 years pretend play, symbolic thinking learning to talk egocentrism + centration

Question 157

concrete operational

Answer 157

7 to 11 years understands feelings of others conservation develops math skills develop

Question 158

formal operational stage

Answer 158

12 and older abstract thought and problem solving moral reasoning

Question 159

phonology is the

Answer 159

actual sound of speech

Question 160

building block of words is called

Answer 160

morphology

Question 161

semantics is the

Answer 161

meaning of words

Question 162

rules dictating word order =

Answer 162

syntax

Question 163

changes in language delivery depending on contact is

Answer 163

pragmatics

Question 164

learning theory is the language acquisition controlled by

Answer 164

conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

Question 165

nativist theory means language acquisition is

Answer 165

INNATE

Question 166

social interactionist theory means language acquisition is

Answer 166

caused by a motivation to communicate and interact w/ others

Question 167

linguistic relativity is the lens by which

Answer 167

we view and interpret the world is created by language aka whorfian hypothesis

Question 168

broca's area produces

Answer 168

speech

Question 169

wernicke's area =

Answer 169

language comprehension

Question 170

what connects broca's area and wernicke's area

Answer 170

arcuate fasciculus

Question 171

aphasia means

Answer 171

language deficit

Question 172

broca's aphasia is the difficulty to

Answer 172

generate speech

Question 173

wernick's aphasia is the

Answer 173

lack of comprehension

Question 174

conduction aphasia is the inability to

Answer 174

repeat words

Question 175

types of problem solving

Answer 175

trial and error algorithms deductive / inductive reasoning

Question 176

deductive reasoning

Answer 176

forms conclusions from rules

Question 177

inductive reasonings

Answer 177

forms conclusions from evidence

Question 178

mental set is the pattern of

Answer 178

approach for a given problem

Question 179

the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized is

Answer 179

functional fixedness

Question 180

heuristics =

Answer 180

"rules of thumb"

Question 181

when we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined =

Answer 181

availability heuristic

Question 182

representativeness heuristic is the tendency to make

Answer 182

decisions about actions/events based on our standard representations of the events

Question 183

confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that fits...

Answer 183

an individual's beliefs while rejecting information that goes against those beliefs

Question 184

Gardner's Theory of 7 Multiple Intelligences

Answer 184

7 areas of intelligence

Question 185

7 areas of intelligence

Answer 185

linguistic logical-math musical visual-spatial bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal

Question 186

sequential order of brain waves

Answer 186

beta alpha theta delta BAT-D

Question 187

sleep stage 1

Answer 187

LIGHT SLEEP theta waves

Question 188

stage 2 - sleep

Answer 188

slightly deeper theta waves sleep spindles/K complexes decrease HR, respiration, temp

Question 189

stages 3 and 4 - sleep

Answer 189

deep sleep DELTA waves slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 190

most sleep disorders occur during

Answer 190

stages 3 and 4 and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Question 191

what hormone is released during sleep stages 3 and 4

Answer 191

GH

Question 192

during REM sleep, the mind appears

Answer 192

awake on EEG but person is asleep

Question 193

what can occur during REM sleep

Answer 193

eye movements and body paralysis

Question 194

waves during REM

Answer 194

beta

Question 195

sleep cycle is how long

Answer 195

90 mins

Question 196

sleep cycle stages pathway

Answer 196

1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM or 1,2,3,4-REM

Question 197

circadian rhythm lasts

Answer 197

24 hrs

Question 198

melatonin triggers

Answer 198

sleepiness during circadian rhythm

Question 199

cortisol promotes

Answer 199

wakefulness during circadian rhythm

Question 200

dreaming occurs mostly during

Answer 200

REM

Question 201

activation-synthesis theory is where dreams results from

Answer 201

brain activation during REM sleep activate in brainstem synthesize in cortex

Question 202

dyssomnias - sleep disorder

Answer 202

difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep includes insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

Question 203

parasomnias is the

Answer 203

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep includes night terrors, sleepwalking

Question 204

alertness is the state of being

Answer 204

awake and thinking

Question 205

EEG shows what waves during alterness

Answer 205

BETA when alert ALPHA when awake but tired, eyes closed

Question 206

beta waves increase/decrease

Answer 206

increase frequency decrease amplitude

Question 207

alpha waves have synchronous

Answer 207

waves

Question 208

hypnosis is when individuals appear to be in

Answer 208

normal control of their faculties but are in a highly suggestible state

Question 209

what is hypnosis used for

Answer 209

pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement

Question 210

meditation is the

Answer 210

quieting of the mind used for relief or anxiety

Question 211

depressants include

Answer 211

alcohol barbiturates benzodiazepines increase GABA

Question 212

amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy are

Answer 212

stimulants

Question 213

stimulants increase

Answer 213

dopamine norepinephrine serotonin at synaptic cleft

Question 214

heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone and hydrocodone are

Answer 214

opiods/opiates

Question 215

opiods/opiates can cause death by

Answer 215

respiratory depression

Question 216

hallucinogens include

Answer 216

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine

Question 217

what mediates drug addiction

Answer 217

mesolimbic pathway

Question 218

mesolimbic pathway includes

Answer 218

nucleus accumbens medial forebrain bundle ventral tegmental area

Question 219

dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in the

Answer 219

mesolimbic pathway

Question 220

selective attention allows one to pay attention to

Answer 220

a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in background require attention

Question 221

divided attention uses

Answer 221

automatic processing to pay attention multiple activities at one time

Question 222

purpose behind our actions is called

Answer 222

motivation

Question 223

motivation can be

Answer 223

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 224

instincts are innate patterns of

Answer 224

behavior in response to stimuli

Question 225

instinct theory is when people perform

Answer 225

certain behaviors b/c of evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 226

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli is called

Answer 226

arousal

Question 227

optimal arousal theory states that

Answer 227

optimal performance requires optimal arousal

Question 228

arousal levels that are too low or high will

Answer 228

impede performance

Question 229

internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals is called

Answer 229

DRIVES

Question 230

primary drives are related to

Answer 230

biological processes

Question 231

secondary drives stem from

Answer 231

learning

Question 232

drive reduction theory states that motivation arises from the desire to

Answer 232

eliminate drives, creating uncomfortable internal states

Question 233

maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 233

triangle that shows physiological needs make up base and self-actualization at the top

Question 234

self-actualization is the

Answer 234

full realization of one's talents and potential

Question 235

self-determination theory emphasizes

Answer 235

three universal needs autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 236

incentive theory explains motivation as the

Answer 236

desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 237

expectancy-value theory explains the amount of motivation for a task is based on

Answer 237

the expectation of success and value of that success

Question 238

opponent-process theory explains motivation for drug use:

Answer 238

as drug use increases, body counteracts effects

Question 239

opponent-process theory leads to

Answer 239

tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 240

house money effect states that

Answer 240

after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since new money is not treated as one's own

Question 241

gambler's fallacy states that if something happens more frequently than normal...

Answer 241

i.t. will happen less frequently in the future or vice versa

Question 242

prisoner's dilemma states that two people act out of their own...

Answer 242

self-interest but if they had cooperated, result would be better

Question 243

stress is the physiological and cognitive response to

Answer 243

challenges / life changes

Question 244

primary appraisal is

Answer 244

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful

Question 245

secondary appraisal is the

Answer 245

evaluation if organism can cope w/ stress

Question 246

anything that leads to a stress response is a

Answer 246

stressor

Question 247

stressor can lead to

Answer 247

distress or eustress

Question 248

3 stages of stress

Answer 248

alarm resistance exhaustion involve both sympathetic NS and endocrine system

Question 249

release of ACTH leads to

Answer 249

increased cortisol

Question 250

emotion is a state of mind or feeling that is

Answer 250

subjectively experienced based on circumstances/mood/relationships

Question 251

cognitive component of emotion =

Answer 251

subjective

Question 252

physiology component of emotion =

Answer 252

changes in autonomic NS

Question 253

behavior components of emotion =

Answer 253

facial expressions and body language

Question 254

7 universal emotions

Answer 254

happiness sadness contempt surprise fear disgust anger

Question 255

james-lange theory is when

Answer 255

behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions e.g. power posing

Question 256

cannon-bard theory is when

Answer 256

emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously

Question 257

emotional and physiological responses arrive from

Answer 257

separate and independent areas of brain as a part of the cannon-bard theory

Question 258

schacter-singer theory explains the

Answer 258

two factor emotion theory physiological arousal and interpretation of context (or "cognitive label") leads to emotion

Question 259

limbic system is concerned with

Answer 259

insticnts and mood

Question 260

self-concept is the sum of ways...

Answer 260

we describe ourselves

Question 261

identities is the individual components of our

Answer 261

self concept related to the group to which we belong

Question 262

self-esteem is how closer our ACTUAL self is

Answer 262

to our IDEAL self and our OUGHT self (who others want to be)

Question 263

self-efficacy is the degree to which we see ourselves as

Answer 263

being capable at a given skill or situation

Question 264

learned helplessness is a state of

Answer 264

hopelessness resulting from being able to avoid repeated negative stimuli

Question 265

internal locus of control

Answer 265

we control our own success/failure

Question 266

external locus of control

Answer 266

outside factors have more control

Question 267

psychosexual stages of personality development is based on

Answer 267

tensions caused by the libido

Question 268

failure at any stages of the psychosexual stages of personality development leads to

Answer 268

personality disorder

Question 269

freud's psychosexual stages of personal development

Answer 269

0 --> 1 ORAL 1 --> 3 ANAL 3 --> 6 PHALLIC 6 --> puberty LATENT puberty --> adult GENITAL

Question 270

erikson's stages stem from

Answer 270

conflicts throughout life

Question 271

erikson's stages

Answer 271

0 --> 1 trust vs. mistrust 1 --> 3 autonomy vs shame 3 --> 6 initiative vs guilt 6 --> 12 industry vs inferiority 12 --> 20 indeitity vs role confusion 20 --> 40 intimacy vs isolation 40 --> 65 generativity vs stagnation 65 --> death integrity vs despair

Question 272

kohlberg's stages are based on

Answer 272

moral dilemma 6 stages in 3 phases

Question 273

vygotsky is responsible for

Answer 273

zone of proximal development

Question 274

zone of proximal development is the skills that

Answer 274

a child has not yet mastered and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish

Question 275

imitation and role-taking are the

Answer 275

common ways children learn from others

Question 276

reference group is the group to which

Answer 276

we compare ourselves

Question 277

psychoanalytic perspective are personality results from

Answer 277

unconscious urges and desires freud, jung, adler, horney

Question 278

ID is the

Answer 278

base urges of survival and reproduction part of freud's theory

Question 279

superego is the

Answer 279

idealist and perfectionist part of freud's theory

Question 280

ego is the

Answer 280

mediator between the two and the conscious mind part of freud's theory

Question 281

the ego uses what to reduce stress

Answer 281

defense mechanisms

Question 282

id, superego, ego operate in the

Answer 282

unconscious at least in part

Question 283

jung states that the

Answer 283

collective unconscious links all humans together

Question 284

personality is influenced by

Answer 284

archetypes as per JUNG

Question 285

adler and horney states that the unconscious is

Answer 285

motivated by social urges

Question 286

humanistic perspective emphasizes the internal feelings of

Answer 286

healthy individuals as they strive for happiness and self-realization

Question 287

what flow from the humanistic view of personality

Answer 287

maslow's hierarchy of needs rogers's unconditional positive regard flow

Question 288

type and trait theory states that personality can be

Answer 288

described by identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

Question 289

type theories include

Answer 289

ancient greek humors sheldon's somatotypes divisions into type A and type B Myer's Brigg's type inventory

Question 290

PEN stands for

Answer 290

Psychoticism (nonconformity) Extraverison (sociable) Neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations) part of trait theories

Question 291

3 basic traits of personality include

Answer 291

cardinal traits central traits secondary traits

Question 292

big five personality traits

Answer 292

openess conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism OCEAN

Question 293

cardinal traits are the trait around which

Answer 293

a person organizes their life

Question 294

central traits are traits that describe

Answer 294

major characteristics of personality

Question 295

secondary traits are traits that are more

Answer 295

personal and limited in occurence

Question 296

social cognitive perspective describes how individuals react with their...

Answer 296

environment in a cycle called RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM environments are molded according to individual personalities and vice versa

Question 297

people mold their environments according to their

Answer 297

personality

Question 298

environments molded by personality can in turn

Answer 298

shape their thoughts/feelings/behaviors

Question 299

behaviorist perspective means that our personality develops as a result of

Answer 299

operant conditioning e.g. reward and punishment based

Question 300

biological perspective states that behavior can be explained as

Answer 300

a result of genetic expression

Question 301

kohlberg stages of moral development

Answer 301

pre-conventional --> conventional --> post-conventional

Question 302

pre-conventional stage

Answer 302

"i must share this toy b/c if i don't, i will get in trouble"

Question 303

conventional stage

Answer 303

"you need to drive slower b/c the law says so!"

Question 304

post-conventional stage

Answer 304

"just because the law says to do it doesn't mean it is ethical"

Question 305

schizophrenia is a

Answer 305

prototypical disorder w/ psychosis

Question 306

schizophrenia - positive symptoms

Answer 306

ADD something to behavior/cognition/affect e.g. delusions or hallucinations

Question 307

schizophrenia negative symptoms

Answer 307

LOSS of something e.g. disturbances of affect and avolition

Question 308

major depressive disorder has at least

Answer 308

one MAJOR depressive episode

Question 309

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 309

dysthymia for at least two years doesn't mean criteria for major depressive disorder

Question 310

seasonal affective disorder (SAD) occurs in the

Answer 310

winter

Question 311

bipolar I includes

Answer 311

at least one manic episode

Question 312

bipolar II includes

Answer 312

at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

Question 313

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 313

hypomanic episodes w/ dysthymia

Question 314

anxiety disorders include phobias, GAD and….

Answer 314

social anxiety agoraphobia panic disorder

Question 315

obsessions

Answer 315

persistent intrusive thoughts + impulses part of OCD

Question 316

compulsions are repetitive

Answer 316

tasks that relieve tension but cause impairment in a person's life part of OCD

Question 317

body dysmorphic disorder is the

Answer 317

unrealistic neg evaluation of one's appearance

Question 318

PTSD is the intrusive symptoms such as

Answer 318

flashbacks, nightmares avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms and arousal symptoms

Question 319

dissociative amnesia is where a person can't

Answer 319

recall past experiences

Question 320

dissociative fugue is the

Answer 320

assumption of a new identity

Question 321

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 321

MULTIPLE personalities

Question 322

personalization/derealization disorder

Answer 322

feeling detached from mind and body or environment

Question 323

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 323

somatic symptom causes disproportionate concern

Question 324

illness anxiety disorder is the preoccupation with

Answer 324

thoughts about having or coming down with illness

Question 325

conversion disorder is associated with....

Answer 325

prior trauma involving unexplained symptoms resulting in loss of body function

Question 326

hypochondriasis is aka

Answer 326

illness anxiety disorder one strongly believes he or she has a serious illness despite few to no symptoms

Question 327

personality disorders are patterns of

Answer 327

inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired function

Question 328

CLUSTER A

Answer 328

"weird" paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

Question 329

CLUSTER B

Answer 329

"wild" antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Question 330

CLUSTER C

Answer 330

"worried" avoidant, dependent, OCD

Question 331

behavioral approach is the

Answer 331

classical and operant conditioning shapes the disorder

Question 332

biomedical approach takes into

Answer 332

account only physical and medical causes

Question 333

biopsychosocial approach considers relative

Answer 333

contributions of biological, psychological and social comoponents

Question 334

psychodynmaic approach related to

Answer 334

freud's psychoanalysis

Question 335

DSM-5 is the

Answer 335

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition)

Question 336

DSM categorizes

Answer 336

mental disorders based on symptoms

Question 337

schizophrenia - bio basis

Answer 337

genetic factors birth trauma marijuana use family history

Question 338

depression - bio basis

Answer 338

increase glucocorticoids reduce noriepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine

Question 339

bipolar disorders - bio basis

Answer 339

increase norepinephrine and serotonin ALSO HERITABLE

Question 340

alzheimer's - bio basis

Answer 340

genetic factors brain atrophy reduce acetylcholine senile plaques of beta-amyloid

Question 341

parkinson's - bio basis

Answer 341

bradykinesia resting tremor pil-rolling tremor masklike facies cogwheel rigidity shuffling gait DECREASE dopamine

Question 342

social facilitation describes the tendency of

Answer 342

people to perform at a different level when others are around

Question 343

deindividuation is a loss of

Answer 343

self-awareness in large groups

Question 344

bystander effector describes the phenomenon of when

Answer 344

in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

Question 345

peer pressure is the social influence placed on

Answer 345

individuals by others they consider equals

Question 346

social loafing is when an individual does not

Answer 346

pull their weight in a group setting

Question 347

polarization is the tendency toward

Answer 347

making decisions in a group that are more extreme

Question 348

groupthink is the tendency for groups to make decisions based on

Answer 348

ideas and solutions arising within group without considering outside ideas

Question 349

culture comprises of the

Answer 349

beliefs/ideas/behaviors/actions/characteristics of a group or society

Question 350

assimilation is the process by which an

Answer 350

immigrant/minority takes up elements of mainstream culture takes a specific type of socialization

Question 351

to experience assimilation, a person must

Answer 351

first have their own culture and then absorb elements of a new culture

Question 352

multiculturalism is the encouragement of

Answer 352

multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

Question 353

subcultures describe a group of people within a culture that

Answer 353

distinguishes themselves from the primary culture

Question 354

attitudes describes the tendencies towards

Answer 354

expression of positive or negative feeling/evaluations of something

Question 355

3 components of attitude

Answer 355

affective behavioral cognition

Question 356

functional attitudes theory states that there are

Answer 356

four functional areas of atittudes knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, ego defense

Question 357

learning theory states that attitudes are developed through forms of

Answer 357

learning direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning

Question 358

elaboration likelihood model states that atittudes are formed and changed through

Answer 358

different routes of info process based on degrees of elaboration

Question 359

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 359

central routing processing peripheral route processing

Question 360

social congitive theory states that attitudes are formed through

Answer 360

watching others, personal factors, environment

Question 361

people change their behavior or attitudes based on

Answer 361

OBSERVATION

Question 362

socialization is the process of

Answer 362

internalizing the social norms and values expected in one's society

Question 363

positive sanctions

Answer 363

reward for a certain behavior

Question 364

negative sanctions

Answer 364

punishment for a certain behavior

Question 365

formal sanction

Answer 365

an official reward or punishment

Question 366

informal sanction

Answer 366

a sanction that is not enforced or punished by an authority but occurs in everyday interactions e.g. asking someone to lower their voice in a movie theater

Question 367

norms determine the boundaries of

Answer 367

acceptable behavior within a society

Question 368

mores are informal norms with…

Answer 368

major importance for society and if broken, can result in severe sanctions e.g. drug abuse is not socially acceptable

Question 369

folkways

Answer 369

informal norms less significant yet still shape our everyday behavior e.g. holding a door open for someone

Question 370

taboos are

Answer 370

considered unacceptable by almost every culture e.g. cannibalism, incest

Question 371

stigma is the extreme disapproval or dislike of a

Answer 371

person/group based on perceived difference from society

Question 372

deviance is the

Answer 372

violation of norms/rule/expectations in society

Question 373

differential association theory states that deviance can be learned through

Answer 373

our interactions w/ others

Question 374

people commit crimes in part because of

Answer 374

their associations w/ other people

Question 375

conformity is the changing beliefs/behaviors

Answer 375

in order to fit into a group/society

Question 376

compliance is when individuals change their

Answer 376

behavior based on requests of others

Question 377

obedience is a change in behavior based on

Answer 377

command from someone seen as an authority figure

Question 378

status is a position in society used to

Answer 378

classify individuals

Question 379

ascribed status is the involuntary

Answer 379

assignment for an individual based on race/gender/ethnicity/etc

Question 380

achieved status is

Answer 380

voluntarily earned by an individual

Question 381

master status is the status by which

Answer 381

an individual is primarily identified

Question 382

role is a set of beliefs, values and norms that

Answer 382

define the expectations of a certain status in a social situation

Question 383

role performance refers to carrying out

Answer 383

behaviors of a given role

Question 384

role partner is when another individual who helps

Answer 384

define a specific role within the relationship

Question 385

role set is a set of

Answer 385

all roles associated w/ a status

Question 386

role conflict is the

Answer 386

difficulty managing MULTIPLE roles

Question 387

role strain is the difficulty

Answer 387

managing JUST ONE role

Question 388

groups are

Answer 388

2+ people w/ similar characteristics sharing a sense of unity

Question 389

peer group is a

Answer 389

self-selected group around shared interests

Question 390

family group is the groups to which

Answer 390

you are born, adopted, or married

Question 391

affinal kinship is when

Answer 391

individuals are related by choice e.g. marriage

Question 392

consanguineous kinship means

Answer 392

relation through blood

Question 393

in-group

Answer 393

group you are in

Question 394

out-group

Answer 394

group you compete w/ or oppose

Question 395

reference group

Answer 395

group you compared yourself to

Question 396

primary group

Answer 396

those that contain strong emotional bonds

Question 397

secondary group

Answer 397

often temporary contain weaker bonds overall

Question 398

gemeinschaft

Answer 398

COMMUNITY

Question 399

gesellschaft

Answer 399

SOCIETY

Question 400

network is an observable pattern of….

Answer 400

social relationships b/w individuals/groups

Question 401

organization is a group with

Answer 401

identifiable membership that engages in a certain action to achieve a common purpose

Question 402

bureaucracy is a rational system of

Answer 402

administration, discipline, control max weber gave i.t. six defining characteristics

Question 403

iron law of oligarchy is

Answer 403

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shifting to being ruled by an elite group

Question 404

sect is a religious group that

Answer 404

arose from a split from a larger religion

Question 405

basic model of expressing emotions states that there are

Answer 405

universal emotion/expressions understood across cultures

Question 406

social construction model of expressing emotion states that emotions are

Answer 406

solely based on situational context of social interactions

Question 407

display rules are

Answer 407

unspoken rule governing expression of emotions

Question 408

impression management refers to the maintenance of....

Answer 408

a public image accomplished through various strategies

Question 409

flattery, boating, managing appearances, ingratiation, aligning actions, alter-casting are part of

Answer 409

IMPRESSION MANAGMENT

Question 410

dramaturgical approach is how people create images of

Answer 410

themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

Question 411

front stage

Answer 411

where you are seen by an audience

Question 412

back stage

Answer 412

you are not in front of the audience

Question 413

nonverbal communication

Answer 413

communicating through means other than the use of words e.g. body language, prosody, gestures

Question 414

animal communication takes place not only between

Answer 414

animals but between humans and other animals as well

Question 415

animals use what to communicate

Answer 415

body language, facial expressions, visual displays, scents, vocalizations to communicate

Question 416

weber's ideal bureaucracy

Answer 416

career orientation impersonality formal rules and regulations formal selection division of labor authority hierarchy

Question 417

interpersonal attraction is what makes people

Answer 417

like each other

Question 418

interpersonal attraction is influenced by

Answer 418

physical attractiveness, similarity of thoughts and physical traits, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

Question 419

aggression is

Answer 419

physical/verbal/nonverbal behaviors w/ the intention to cause harm + increase social dominance

Question 420

attachement

Answer 420

emotional bond to another person usually refers to the bond b/w child and caregiver

Question 421

secure attachment requires a

Answer 421

constant caregiver e.g. child shows preference for caregiver compared to strangers

Question 422

avoidant attachment occurs when a caregiver has

Answer 422

little to no response to a distressed child e.g. child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

Question 423

ambivalent attachment occurs when a caregiver has an

Answer 423

inconsistent response to a child's distress (sometimes responding appropriately or sometimes neglectful)

Question 424

example of ambivalent attachment

Answer 424

child will become distressed when caregiver leaves/is ambivalent when he or she returns

Question 425

disorganized attachment occurs when a

Answer 425

caregiver is erratic or abusive e.g. child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver's absence/presence

Question 426

social perception is the way by which we

Answer 426

generate impressions about people in our social environment

Question 427

social perception contains a

Answer 427

perceiver, target, situation

Question 428

social capital is the practice of

Answer 428

developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other

Question 429

implicit personal theory

Answer 429

when you meet somebody for the first time, we pick up on one of their characteristics we then assume their other traits

Question 430

cognitive biases

Answer 430

primacy effect recency effect reliance on central traits halo effect just-world hypothesis self-serving bias

Question 431

social support is the perception or reality that

Answer 431

one is cared for by a social network

Question 432

emotional support

Answer 432

listening to/affirming/empathizing with someone's feelings

Question 433

esteem support affirms

Answer 433

the qualities and skills of the person

Question 434

material support

Answer 434

providing physical / monetary support

Question 435

information support

Answer 435

providing useful info to a person

Question 436

foraging

Answer 436

searching for / exploiting food resources

Question 437

mating system describes the way

Answer 437

in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior

Question 438

monogamy

Answer 438

exclusive mating relationships

Question 439

polygamy

Answer 439

a person having multiple exclusive relationships

Question 440

polygyny

Answer 440

male w/ multiple females

Question 441

polyandry

Answer 441

female w/ multiple males

Question 442

promiscuity

Answer 442

no exclusivity

Question 443

mater choice

Answer 443

intersexual selection selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

Question 444

altruism is a helping behavior in which

Answer 444

the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him/herself

Question 445

game theory attempts to explain

Answer 445

decision making b/w individuals as if they are participating in a game

Question 446

inclusive fitness is a measure of an organism's success in the population based on

Answer 446

how well it propagates its own genes

Question 447

inclusive fitness also includes the

Answer 447

ability of those offspring to then support others

Question 448

attribution theory focuses on the tendency for

Answer 448

individuals to infer causes of other people's behavior

Question 449

dispositional is

Answer 449

the internal causes of behavior

Question 450

situational

Answer 450

surrounding or context cause behavior

Question 451

correspondent inference theory focuses on the

Answer 451

intentionality of a person's behavior e.g. when someone does something that hurts/helps us, we form a dispositional attribution the action is correlated to the person's personality

Question 452

fundamental attribution error is the bias toward making

Answer 452

dispositional attribution rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others

Question 453

attribution substitution occurs whe individuals must make

Answer 453

judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution/heuristic

Question 454

actor-observer bias is the tendency to attribute

Answer 454

your own actions to external causes and others' actions to dispositional causes

Question 455

stereotypes are

Answer 455

cognitive occur when attitudes/impressions are made based on limited/superficial info

Question 456

self-fulfilling prophecy are when stereotypes lead to expectations and....

Answer 456

those expectations create conditions that lead to stereotype confirmation

Question 457

stereotype threat is the

Answer 457

concern/anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group

Question 458

prejudice is

Answer 458

irrational pos/neg attitude toward a person/group/thing prior to an actual experience

Question 459

ethnocentrism refers to the practice of

Answer 459

making judgements about other cultures based on values/beliefs of one's own culture

Question 460

cultural relativism refers to the recognition that

Answer 460

social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

Question 461

discrimination is

Answer 461

behavioral when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

Question 462

functionalism focuses on the function of

Answer 462

each part of society

Question 463

manifest functions is the

Answer 463

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

Question 464

latent functions

Answer 464

unexpected, uninterested or unrecognized consequences of manifest actions

Question 465

conflict theory is based on

Answer 465

works by karl marx

Question 466

conflict theory focuses on how

Answer 466

power differentials are created and contribute to maintaining social order

Question 467

conflict theory explains how groups compete

Answer 467

for resources to attain power/superiority

Question 468

conflict sociology is the study

Answer 468

of the way that distinct groups compete for resources

Question 469

symbolic interactionism is the study of the ways individuals interact

Answer 469

through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols "meaning" of social symbols

Question 470

microsociology is the study of

Answer 470

expressions/symbolic gestures and other small individual components of a society

Question 471

social constructionism explores the ways in which

Answer 471

individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

Question 472

social constructionism is the "value" placed on

Answer 472

certain social constructs social constructivism focuses on altering that constructed view

Question 473

rational choice theory states that individuals will

Answer 473

make decisions that max benefit, minimize harm

Question 474

expectancy theory applies

Answer 474

rational choice theory within groups

Question 475

feminist theory explores the ways in wich

Answer 475

one gender can be subordinated

Question 476

social institutions are

Answer 476

well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behaviors or relationships

Question 477

4 tenets of medicine

Answer 477

beneficence nonmaleficence respect for autonomy justice

Question 478

demographics

Answer 478

stats of populations such as ageism, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration

Question 479

fertility rate =

Answer 479

avg number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Question 480

birth and mortality rate

Answer 480

measured as number of births/deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 481

migration is the

Answer 481

movement of people from one location to another

Question 482

ethnic migrants emigrate to more

Answer 482

industrialized countries that have increased fertility and morality rates compared to industrialized nation's population

Question 483

demographic transition is a model used to represent

Answer 483

drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

Question 484

social movement are organized to

Answer 484

either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

Question 485

globalization is the process of

Answer 485

integration a global economy w/ free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

Question 486

urbanization is the process of

Answer 486

dense areas of population creating a pull for migration

Question 487

culture encompasses the

Answer 487

lifestyle of a group of people

Question 488

material culture refers to the

Answer 488

physical objects/resources/spaces that people use to define their culture

Question 489

symbolic culture includes the

Answer 489

ideas associated w/ cultural group

Question 490

cultural lag is the idea that

Answer 490

material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

Question 491

language is the

Answer 491

spoken/written symbols combined into a system

Question 492

value is what a person

Answer 492

deems important in life

Question 493

belief is something a

Answer 493

person considers to be true

Question 494

ritual is a

Answer 494

formal ceremonial behavior usually includes symbolism

Question 495

norms

Answer 495

societal rules defining boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 496

social stratification is the system by which society ranks

Answer 496

categories of people into a hierarchy

Question 497

functionalism states that

Answer 497

social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those w/ a special intelligence/knowledge/skills to be part of important occupations HARMONIOUS EQUILIBRIUM

Question 498

ascribed status is

Answer 498

involuntary derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age and gender

Question 499

achieved status is the

Answer 499

acquired through direct and individual efforts

Question 500

social class is a

Answer 500

category of people w/ shared socioeconomic characteristics

Question 501

prestige is the

Answer 501

respect and importance tied to specific occuptions/associations

Question 502

power is the capacity to

Answer 502

influence people

Question 503

anome is the

Answer 503

lack of social norms breakdown of social bonds b/w individuals and society

Question 504

strain theory focuses on how

Answer 504

anomic conditions can lead to deviance reinforces social stratification

Question 505

social capital is the benefits provided by

Answer 505

social networks investment people make in society in returns for rewards

Question 506

meritocracy is the advancement up

Answer 506

the social ladder based on intellectual talent and achievement

Question 507

social mobility allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities

Answer 507

by achieving required credentials/experience

Question 508

absolute poverty

Answer 508

when one can't acquire basic life necessities

Question 509

relative poverty

Answer 509

when one is poor in comparison to larger population

Question 510

relative deprivation theory is when people seek to

Answer 510

acquire something that others possess and which they believe they should have too RELATIVE

Question 511

social reproduction is the passing of

Answer 511

social inequality esp poverty from one generation to the next

Question 512

social exclusion is the sense of powerlessness when

Answer 512

individuals feel alienated from society

Question 513

spatial inequality is the

Answer 513

social stratification across territories

Question 514

globalization is the integration of one's economy to include

Answer 514

foreign societies increases poverty --> production shifts to cheaper labor markets

Question 515

incidence is the

Answer 515

number of new cases of a disease per population at risk

Question 516

prevalence is the number of

Answer 516

cases of a disease per population

Question 517

mortality is the deaths caused by

Answer 517

a given disease

Question 518

morbidity is the

Answer 518

burden or degree of illness associated w/ a given disease

Question 519

ACA attempts to

Answer 519

increase health insurance coverage rates and reduce cost of health care

Question 520

medicare covers

Answer 520

people 65+ esp those w/ end-stage renal disease and those with ALS

Question 521

medicaid covers

Answer 521

patients in significant financial need

Question 522

theory of primary mental abilities include: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization and...

Answer 522

number facility associative memory reasoning perceptual speed

Question 523

jung's theory of collective unconscious states that personality is influenced by

Answer 523

archetypes links all humans together

Question 524

social urges are the motivation for

Answer 524

adler and horney's theory of personality

Question 525

erikson's generativity vs stagnation state of psychosocial development is from age

Answer 525

40 to 65

Question 526

a child that displays kohlberg's conventional morality will

Answer 526

care for others and obey rules simply because they exist

Question 527

preconventional stage of kohlberg's morality

Answer 527

avoid punishments obtain rewards

Question 528

kohlberg's convention stage of morality states that children will

Answer 528

obey rules because they exist

Question 529

erikson's trust vs mistrust stage of psychosocial development is at what ages

Answer 529

0 to 1

Question 530

erikson's autonomy vs shame stage

Answer 530

1 to 3

Question 531

erikson's initiative vs guilt stage

Answer 531

3 to 6

Question 532

erikson's industry vs inferiority stage

Answer 532

6 to 12

Question 533

erikson's identity vs role confusion stage

Answer 533

12 to 20

Question 534

erikson's intimacy vs isolation stage

Answer 534

20 to 40

Question 535

erikson's generativity vs stagnation stage

Answer 535

40 to 65

Question 536

erikson's integrity vs despair stage

Answer 536

65 to death

Question 537

erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development stem from....

Answer 537

CONFLICTS throughout life

Question 538

what did Jung blieve influences personality?

Answer 538

archetypes

Question 539

what do archetypes do as per Jung's theory of collective unconscious

Answer 539

LINKS all humans together

Question 540

kohlberg's postconventional morality

Answer 540

adulthood make/keep promises + live moral imperatives

Question 541

indirect discrimination is

Answer 541

"neutral" recruitment practices that discriminate an ethnic group e.g. recruiting employees through their family connections

Question 542

past-in-present discrimination is when

Answer 542

"neutral" practices have negative effect because of the past e.g. recruitment of an ethnic group to inferior jobs goes on in the present

Question 543

side effect discrimination is discrimination in...

Answer 543

one sphere producing discrimination in another e.g. discrimination in education can produce discrimination in employment

Question 544

adler and horney's theory of personality states (what) motivates our unconscious?

Answer 544

SOCIAL URGES

Question 545

during sleep stage 1, what kind of waves appear on EEG

Answer 545

theta

Question 546

during sleep stage 2, what kind of waves appear on EEG

Answer 546

theta

Question 547

what kind of waves appear on the EEG during stages 3 and 4

Answer 547

delta waves

Question 548

during rapid eye movement, what kind of waves appear

Answer 548

BETA since the mind appears awake on EEG

Question 549

mnemonic for 5 personality traits

Answer 549

OCEAN openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism

Question 550

what is type theory?

Answer 550

belief that a peron's personality can be quantified into a few unique categories

Question 551

type theory categories

Answer 551

ancient greek humors sheldon's somatotypes divisions in type a and type b myers-briggs type inventory

Question 552

cardinal/central/secondary traits are part of what theory

Answer 552

gordon allport's trait theory

Question 553

cardinal traits are traits where

Answer 553

a person organizes their life

Question 554

central traits are characteristics that are

Answer 554

major to one's personality

Question 555

secondary traits are more...

Answer 555

personal characteristics and limited in occurrence

Question 556

behaviorist perspective of personality states that our personality develops because of

Answer 556

operant conditioning

Question 557

three dimensions of personality by hans eysenck

Answer 557

psychoticism extraversion neuroticism PEN

Question 558

psychoticism is

Answer 558

NONCONFORMITY

Question 559

extraversion is

Answer 559

socialibility

Question 560

neuroticism is

Answer 560

arousal in stressful situations

Question 561

7 universal emotions

Answer 561

happiness surprise sadness fear disgust contempt anger

Question 562

social cognitive perspective of personality states that individuals...

Answer 562

react with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism

Question 563

people mold their environments according to

Answer 563

their personality and their environments shape their thoughts/feelings/behaviors

Question 564

discrete emotion theory is the claim that

Answer 564

there is a small number of core, discreet emotions

Question 565

explain prototype willingness model

Answer 565

evaluation (attractiveness or unattractiveness) of the risk prototype shapes willingness to engage in the behavior

Question 566

what disorders are characterized by physical symptoms that are brought out by psychological stress?

Answer 566

somatic symptom disorders

Question 567

somatic symptom disorders are when a person feels

Answer 567

extreme anxiety about physical symptoms such as pain or fatigue

Question 568

illness anxiety disorder is having an

Answer 568

obsession with the idea of having a serious but undiagnosed medical condition aka hypochondriasis

Question 569

conversion disorder involves (what) that results in body function loss

Answer 569

unexplained symptoms associated w/ prior trauma

Question 570

explain global aphasia

Answer 570

type of aphasia when brain damage is extensive enough to involve both broca and wernicke's areas

Question 571

survivors w/ global aphasia are

Answer 571

unable to understand spoken language or speak

Question 572

cannon-bard theory of emotion states that

Answer 572

emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus must occur simultaneously arise from separate + independent areas of the brain

Question 573

GABA inhibits a neuron by allowing (what) to enter the neuron and this (does what) the cell

Answer 573

Cl- hyperpolarizes

Question 574

cyclothymic disorders includes at least

Answer 574

two years (1 year for children) of many periods of depressive symptoms less severe than major depression

Question 575

cluster A of the personality disorders is called the

Answer 575

odd/eccentric/"weird" cluster

Question 576

cluster A includes

Answer 576

paranoid personality disorder schizoid personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

Question 577

cluster B of the personality disorders is called the

Answer 577

"wild" one

Question 578

cluster C of the personality disorders is called the

Answer 578

"worried" one

Question 579

cluster B includes

Answer 579

antisocial personality disorder borderline personality disorder histrionic personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder

Question 580

cluster C includes

Answer 580

avoidant personality disorder dependent personality disorder obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Question 581

strong linguistic determinism states that

Answer 581

language determines thought completely aka Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis

Question 582

Treisman's attenuation theory proposes that incoming info is

Answer 582

restricted at some point in processing so only a portion of the information gets through to consciousness

Question 583

Deutsch and Deutsch late selection theory states that all information undergoes....

Answer 583

analysis for meaning after such analysis, selection of a sensory input takes place

Question 584

somatosensation refers to the four touch modalities

Answer 584

pressure vibration pain temperature

Question 585

social cognitive perspective of personality states that

Answer 585

individuals react w/ their environment in a cycle called RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

Question 586

people mold their environment according to their

Answer 586

personality

Question 587

linguistic determinism is the idea that language and its structures...

Answer 587

limit and determine human knowledge and thought

Question 588

explain what a linguistic universal is

Answer 588

pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages

Question 589

low nicotine has what kind of effect

Answer 589

depressant effect

Question 590

high doses of nicotine has a

Answer 590

stimulant effect

Question 591

social loafing is when an individual....

Answer 591

does not pull his or her weight in a group setting

Question 592

attitude to behavior process model states that behaviors stem from...

Answer 592

individuals' perceptions of an attitude object and a situation in which the attitude object is encountered

Question 593

cochlea --> vestibulocochlear nerve -->

Answer 593

MGN --> auditory cortex

Question 594

what differentiates token economy from secondary reinforcement?

Answer 594

token economy DOES NOT involve trading in secondary reinforcers for a desirable reward

Question 595

operant conditioning occurs when

Answer 595

the likelihood of repeating a behavior is influenced by the outcome of that behavior

Question 596

classical conditioning occurs when

Answer 596

a neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a biologically arousing stimulus after being paired

Question 597

primary reinforcers are naturally

Answer 597

rewarding e.g. food

Question 598

secondary reinforcers are conditioned to be

Answer 598

desirable e.g. money

Question 599

group polarization occurs when

Answer 599

group members adopt a more extreme attitude or course of action AFTER GROUP DISCUSSION

Question 600

group polarization is more likely to OCCUR IF

Answer 600

group members have similar opinions before group discussion

Question 601

group discussion does what to result in...

Answer 601

strengthen/reconfirms individual opinions results in an avg viewpoint that is MORE EXTREME

Question 602

group polarization can occur in

Answer 602

every direction extremely positive or negative

Question 603

what is groupthink?

Answer 603

when a group arrives at an incorrect/irrational decision b/c group members value getting along more than critical evaluation of alternatives LESS OPTIONS CONSIDERED

Question 604

groupthink is more likely to occur in

Answer 604

groups that have strong/well-liked leaders INACCURATE GROUP DECISIONS OCCUR

Question 605

social loafing occurs when

Answer 605

a person exerts less effort as a member of a group than when alone people come up with more options when alone

Question 606

intersectionality describes how

Answer 606

individuals hold multiple interconnected social identities that imapct their lives/povs/treatment in society

Question 607

racialization is the process by which

Answer 607

one group designates another group with a racial identity often based on shared group qualities

Question 608

cultural transmission describes

Answer 608

the passing of cultural info from one generation to the next

Question 609

social stratification refers to

Answer 609

a system of inequality in society where individuals are group into hierarchical social categories

Question 610

difference between caste and class system

Answer 610

social mobility is easier in class system

Question 611

confounding variables are

Answer 611

uncontrolled variables that have an effect on the independent and/or dependent variable

Question 612

teacher expectancy effect describes

Answer 612

what occurs when a teacher's preconceived ideas about a student result in students meeting teacher's expectations

Question 613

social construction model of expressing emotion states that

Answer 613

NO biological basis for emotion emotion is based on EXPERIENCE AND CONTEXT

Question 614

iron law of oligarchy states that

Answer 614

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

Question 615

retrieval is often based on

Answer 615

priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

Question 616

in iconic memory experiments, what technique requires patients to recall as many elements from the original visual display?

Answer 616

WHOLE REPORT TECHNIQUE

Question 617

what is agraphia?

Answer 617

acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing from some form of motor dysfunction / inability to spell

Question 618

normative organizations have membership based on

Answer 618

shared goals and/or values

Question 619

utilitarian organizations have memberships...

Answer 619

driven by compensation i.e. money or certification/diplomas

Question 620

coercive organizations have memberships that are...

Answer 620

not freely chosen and/or maintained

Question 621

what is agnosia?

Answer 621

loss of ability to recognize objects/people/sounds

Question 622

what is the cause for agnosia usually

Answer 622

physical damage

Question 623

the dual coding hypothesis states that

Answer 623

visual and verbal information is coded separately in our brains

Question 624

the dual coding hypothesis states that it is easier to

Answer 624

remember words when they are associated with images

Question 625

optimism bias is the belief that

Answer 625

bad things happen to others but NOT TO US

Question 626

what is associated with the temporal lobe?

Answer 626

sound, speech perception, memory, emotion

Question 627

what is role set

Answer 627

set of all roles that are associated w/ one status

Question 628

which types of memory are transient and based on neurotransmitter activity?

Answer 628

sensory memory short term memory

Question 629

house money effect

Answer 629

after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one's own

Question 630

drive reduction theory states that

Answer 630

people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tensions that is caused by unmet needs

Question 631

past in present discrimination is

Answer 631

discrimination from the past that is still affecting people today

Question 632

reticular formation is responsible for what

Answer 632

motor control sensory control visceral control control of consciousness located in central core of brain stem

Question 633

sound --> microphone --> transmitter (outside skull) --> receiver (inside skull) -->

Answer 633

stimulator ---> cochlea ---> electrical impulse

Question 634

covariation model states that there are

Answer 634

3 types of casual info which influence our judgements consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

Question 635

semantic coding is

Answer 635

a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it

Question 636

semantic coding is stronger than...

Answer 636

acoustic and visual encoding

Question 637

linguistic universalism theory states that humans

Answer 637

share a kind of "psychic unity"

Question 638

language is merely a

Answer 638

reflection of human thought and nothing more

Question 639

an EEG shows what kind of waves when you are awake but tired and eyes are closed

Answer 639

ALPHA

Question 640

what is a schemata used for

Answer 640

to organize current knowledge and provide a framework for future understanding

Question 641

why is there a blind spot in the eye?

Answer 641

it's the spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina

Question 642

assortative mating is when individuals with

Answer 642

similar phenotypes mate with one another more frequently (as opposed to a random mating pattern)

Question 643

stapes is the...

Answer 643

"stirrup" footplate of stapes rests in oval window of cochlea

Question 644

parasomnias are conditions that cause

Answer 644

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep i.e. night terrors and sleepwalking

Question 645

sensory ganglia are what and do what?

Answer 645

enlargements along peripheral nerves transmits signals to CNS

Question 646

han eysenck's 3 dimensions of personality

Answer 646

PEN p - nonconformity e - sociability n - arousal in stressful situations

Question 647

james-lange theory of emotion states that

Answer 647

behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions

Question 648

evolutionary game theory applies

Answer 648

game theory to evolving populations in biology

Question 649

example of evolutionary game theory

Answer 649

hawks (aggressive) dove (mild)

Question 650

phases of psychosis

Answer 650

prodrome acute phase recovery

Question 651

schizophrenia prodromal symptoms include

Answer 651

various mood changes such as anxiety, depression, mood swings, sleep disturbances, irritability, anger, suicidal ideas

Question 652

extinction burst refers to

Answer 652

one's rxn to a stimulus that used to product positive reinforcements but now ceases to exist rxn will increase in an attempt to bring reward back

Question 653

what is the macula

Answer 653

oval shaped pigmented area in the retina that contains a VERY HIGH concentration of cones BUT NO RODS

Question 654

what kind of cells integrate signals from ganglion cells?

Answer 654

horizontal and amacrine cells perform edge-sharpening

Question 655

threshold of conscious perception is the

Answer 655

minimum stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

Question 657

what does the sapir whorfian hypothesis state

Answer 657

language determines thought completely opposite of relativism

Question 658

intragenerational movement

Answer 658

within one generation that a person moves from one social class to another part of social mobility

Question 659

intergenerational movement

Answer 659

movement between generations

Question 660

whorfian hypothesis states that

Answer 660

lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language aka linguistic relativity

Question 661

master status is the

Answer 661

social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual can be achieved or ascribed

Question 662

random mating describes the

Answer 662

ideal situation in which all individuals of one sex are equally potential partners of all members of the opposite sex

Question 663

random mating is one of the requirements for the

Answer 663

randy weinberg law to hold true

Question 664

what states there is no bio basis for emotion bc emotions are based on experience and context

Answer 664

social construction of expressing emotion

Question 665

prevalence is the

Answer 665

frequency of existing cases

Question 666

incidence is the

Answer 666

frequency of new cases

Question 667

what is apraxia

Answer 667

motor disorder caused by damage to the brain in which the individual has difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks

Question 668

examples of dyssomnias

Answer 668

insomnia narcolepsy sleep apnea

Question 669

availability heuristic is a

Answer 669

mental shortcut relying on immediate examples that come to a person’s mind when evaluating a situation

Question 670

diffusion of responsibility is a phenomenon where

Answer 670

a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present

Question 671

prefrontal cortex is responsible for

Answer 671

logical thinking

Question 672

during REM sleep, activity in the prefrontal cortex increases or decreases

Answer 672

DECREASES

Question 673

yerkes-dodson law suggests that there is a

Answer 673

relationship b/w performance and arousal

Question 674

increased arousal can help

Answer 674

improve performance but only up to a certain point

Question 675

limbic system deals with

Answer 675

emotions, memories, and arousal (or stimulation) part of forebrain

Question 676

encoding specificity is a principle that states that

Answer 676

human memories are more easily retrieved if external conditions at the time of retrival are similar to those at the time the memory was stored

Question 677

facets of the encoding specificity principle

Answer 677

mood congruence state-dependent retrieval

Question 678

mood congruence is the idea that if you

Answer 678

experience something while you're in a particular mood, you are more likely to think of i.t. again when you are in the same mood

Question 679

state-dependent retrieval is the tendency to

Answer 679

remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning

Question 680

correspondent inference theory refers to when

Answer 680

an observer assumes that a person's behavior matches or corresponds with the person's personality traits

Question 681

opsins are a

Answer 681

group of proteins, made light-sensitive via the chromophore retinal found in photoreceptor cells of the retina

Question 682

rods have

Answer 682

rhodopsin

Question 683

cones have

Answer 683

photopsin

Question 684

means-end analysis states that

Answer 684

one solves an issue by considering the problems that standing between the initial problem and endgoal

Question 685

displacement is a

Answer 685

defense mechanism where you take your frustration/feelings/impulses on people or objects that are less threatening

Question 686

what is the racial formation theory

Answer 686

linking social structure and stratification to common ideas/assumptions about race and racial categories

Question 687

what receives all sensory input from the body?

Answer 687

somatosensory cortex located in parietal lobe

Question 688

damage to the arcuate fasciculus results in

Answer 688

conduction aphasia

Question 689

something with (what) can't repeat words

Answer 689

conduction aphasia

Question 690

theory of planned behavior states that

Answer 690

we consider the implications of our actions before deciding how to behave

Question 691

subjective norms are what we

Answer 691

think others think about our behavior

Question 692

perceived behavioral control is how

Answer 692

easy/hard we think it is to control our behavior

Question 693

what theory states that we must first think about your situation before experiencing emotion

Answer 693

lazarus theory of emotion

Question 694

what is a framework for thinking about a problem?

Answer 694

mental set can be shaped by habit or by desire

Question 695

what behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives?

Answer 695

incentive theory

Question 696

Deutsch & Deutsch late selection theory states that

Answer 696

all information (unattended and attended) undergoing analysis for meaning

Question 697

fixation refers to the

Answer 697

inability to see a problem from a fresh persepective

Question 698

dimensional approach to emotion refers to how people

Answer 698

experience their emotions

Question 699

as per what approach, emotions are measured in dimensions such as arousal and valence

Answer 699

DIMENSIONAL approach

Question 700

opposite of dimensional approach

Answer 700

discrete emotion theory states there is a small number of core emotions

Question 701

what is reticular formation responsible for?

Answer 701

motor control sensory control visceral control control of consciousness

Question 702

where is the reticular formation located

Answer 702

central core of brain stem

Question 703

process by which individuals evaluate and cope w/ a stressful event

Answer 703

stress appraisal

Question 704

primary appraisal classified a

Answer 704

potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful

Question 705

secondary appraisal is the evaluating if

Answer 705

the organism can cope w/ the stress

Question 706

what theory states that attitudes are formed through watching others/personal factors/environment

Answer 706

social cognitive theory

Question 707

what is the cerebellum responsible for

Answer 707

receives info from the sensory systems, spinal cord and other parts of the brain regulates motor movements

Question 708

what does oxytocin do

Answer 708

helps partners bond and feel connected post-orgasm

Question 709

fixed ratio means

Answer 709

reinforcement depends on definite number of responses

Question 710

fixed ratio outcome

Answer 710

activity slows after reinforcement then picks up

Question 711

variable ratio meaning

Answer 711

number of responses needed for reinforcement varies

Question 712

variable ratio outcome

Answer 712

greatest activity of all schedules

Question 713

fixed interval meaning

Answer 713

reinforcement depends on a fixed time

Question 714

fixed interval outcome

Answer 714

activity increases as deadline nears

Question 715

variable interval meaning

Answer 715

time b/w reinforcement varies

Question 716

variable interval outcome

Answer 716

steady activity results

Question 717

when your head moves around, the endolymph inside the...

Answer 717

semicircular canals sloshes around and moves the tiny hairs that line each canal

Question 718

sleep stage 1

Answer 718

light sleep can be woken up easily

Question 719

sleep stage 2

Answer 719

eye movement and brain activity slowing down

Question 720

sleep stage 3

Answer 720

delta waves begin to appear

Question 721

stage 4 of sleep

Answer 721

deep sleep difficult to wake up

Question 722

REM stage

Answer 722

breathing becomes more rapid and irregular

Question 723

explain the social cognitive perspective

Answer 723

individuals react w/ their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism

Question 724

explain the psychodynamic approach

Answer 724

human functioning is based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person (particularly the unconscious)

Question 725

what is deviance?

Answer 725

violation of norms/rules/expectations in a society positive deviance is possible

Question 726

implicit personality theory states that

Answer 726

when we look at somebody for the first time, we pick up on one of their characteristics + assume their other traits based on that

Question 727

ciliary body is the part of the eye that includes the

Answer 727

ciliary muscle which controls the lens shape and the ciliary epithelium (produces aqueous humor)

Question 728

labeling theory proposes deviance is

Answer 728

socially constructed through rxn instead of action according to this theory: behavior is inherently deviant on its own

Question 729

extinction burst refers to one's rxn to a

Answer 729

stimulus that used to produce positive reinforcements but now ceases to exist reaction will INCREASE to bring reward back

Question 730

someone that displays Kohlberg's postconventional morality focuses on

Answer 730

basic ethical principles to guide their behavior

Question 731

priming is the

Answer 731

implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus

Question 732

positive priming does what

Answer 732

speeds up processing

Question 733

negative priming does what

Answer 733

causes you to ignore a stimulus