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UWorld cheat sheet > UWorld cheat sheet 22-29 (Tuesday) > Flashcards

UWorld cheat sheet 22-29 (Tuesday) Flashcards

1
Q

An apparent inc in survival in pts diagnosed with a new test [Qid: 1170]

A

Lead-time bias (actually have an unchanged prognosis)

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2
Q

Rate of O2 consumption ÷ arteriovenous O2 content difference [Qid: 1529]

A

CO

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3
Q

Causes crystalline nephropathy if adequate hydration is not also provided [Qid: 1642]

A

Acyclovir

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4
Q

Reduced gallbladder contractility, due to decreased CCK secretion is responsible for ____________________ in pts w/ ____________________. [Qid: 601]

A

biliary stones / somatostatinomas

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5
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea is ass w/ systemic hypertension. Prolonged OSA can also cause ____________________ and ____________________. [Qid: 1985]

A

Pulm HTN / RHF

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6
Q

____________________ is characterized by dysphagia (esophageal web formation) and iron deficiency anemia. Findings ass w/ ____________________ include koilonychias (spoon-shaped nails) and shiny red tongue. Most symptoms resolve following iron supplementation. [Qid: 1075]

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome / Iron deficiency

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7
Q

PYR-positive, beta-hemolytic. [Qid: 8857]

A

Strep Pyo

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8
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria A/B exotoxin:
_____ (think: binding) subunit allows penetration of the _____ (think: active) subunit into the cell to ___________________. [Qid: 1092]

A

A / B / Inhibit ribosome function

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9
Q

____________________ –> AR disorder of de novo pyrimidine synth –> defect in UMP-synthase –> Pres w/ mental retardation, megaloblastic anemia, and large amounts of urinary orotic acid. ____________________ suppl can improve symptoms. [Qid: 2066]

A

Orotic aciduria / Uridine

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10
Q

In children age <6, ____________________ inf is most often (>80%) silent or subclinical (“anicteric”). Unlike hep B or C, ____________________ is a self-limiting disease that is not ass w/ an asymptomatic carrier state. [Qid: 373]

A

Ornithine transcarboxylase def

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11
Q

Failure to thrive, hyperammonemic encephalopathy within the first few weeks of life.

A

HAV / HAV

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12
Q

Acidosis stimulates renal ____________________, a process by which renal tubular epithelial cells metabolize glutamine to glutamate. ____________________ (excreted in the urine) & ____________________ (absorbed into the blood) [Qid: 11939]

A

Ammoniagenesis / Ammonium / Bicarbonate

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13
Q

The pO2 in the left atrium and ventricle is ____________________ than in the pulmonary capillaries due to mixing of oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins w/ deO2 blood from the ____________________ and ____________________. [Qid: 1542]

A

Lower / bronchial circ / thebesian veins

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14
Q

Anovulation is a CC of infertility. ____________________ is a T/t option that acts like FSH and triggers the formation of a dominant ovarian follicle. Ovulation is then induced by administration of ____________________, which mimics LH surge (Same α subunit). [Qid: 207]

A

Menotropin / hCG

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15
Q

L. Monocytogenes produces a very narrow zone of _____-hemolysis on blood agar, shows tumbling motility at _____⁰C, and can be cultured at temperatures as low as 4⁰C. Intact ____________________ immunity is essential for elimination of bacterium from the body. Neonates up to 3 months of age are especially vulnerable as their ____________________ immunity is not yet fully developed. [Qid: 1391]

A

β / 22 / cell-mediated / cell-mediated

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16
Q

Location of AV node [Qid: 11956]

A

Near the insertion of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve and the orifice of the coronary sinus

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17
Q

Occurs in the fragile germinal matrix and inc in fre w/ dec age and birth weight [Qid: 8564]

A

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage

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18
Q

Complications of prematurity [Qid: 8564]

A
  • BP* IN RR:
  • Bronchopulm dysplasia
  • PDA
  • Intraventricular hemorrhage
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis
  • Respiratory distress syndrome
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
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19
Q

In viridians strep –> ____________________ facilitate streptococcal adherence to fibrin. [Qid: 1003]

A

Dextrans

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20
Q

↑ Cholestrol = _____ in likelihood of gallstone formation.
↑ bile salts and ↑ phosphatidylcholine = _____ risk for gallstones and _____ cholesterol solubility.
[Qid: 78]

A

↑ / ↓ / ↑

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21
Q

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, doxorubicin therapy, selenium deficiency and viral myocarditis dilated cardiomyopathy w/ LV systolic dysfunction characterized by inc LV volume
Shift in P/V curve to the right

A

Diastolic HF is caused by decreased ventricular compliance which can lead to decreased LVED₽ at the same LVED volumes. HTN, obesity and infiltrative disorders (eg, transthyretin-related amyloidosis, sarcoidosis) are important causes of DHF.
Shift in P/V curve that goes upward and to the left
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, doxorubicin therapy, selenium deficiency and viral myocarditis dilated cardiomyopathy w/ LV systolic dysfunction characterized by inc LV volume

Shift in P/V curve to the right

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22
Q

↓ ventricular compliance / ↓ LVED₽ / LVED volumes

A

Diastolic HF is caused by ____________________ which leads to ↓ ____________________ at the same ____________________. [Qid: 93]

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23
Q

Important causes DHF [Qid: 93]

A

HTN, obesity and infiltrative disorders (eg, transthyretin-related amyloidosis, sarcoidosis)

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24
Q

Shift in P/V curve that goes upward and to the left [Qid: 93]

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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25
Q

Important causes of SHF [Qid: 93]

A

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, doxorubicin therapy, selenium deficiency and viral myocarditis

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26
Q

Important causes of dilated cardiomyopathy [Qid: 93]

A

ABCCCD:

  • Alcohol abuse
  • Beriberi
  • Coxackie B
  • Chronic cocaine use
  • Chagas Dz
  • Doxorubicin therapy
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27
Q

Shift in P/V curve to the right [Qid: 93]

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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28
Q

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal [Qid: 350]

A
  • Insomnia
  • Tremulousness
  • Anxiety
  • Autonomic hyperactivity
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29
Q

T/t for visceral nausea [Qid: 10999]

A

5HT3 receptor antagonists

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30
Q

T/t for vestibular nausea [Qid: 10999]

A

Antihistamines and anticholinergics

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31
Q

T/t for nausea ass w/ migraines [Qid: 10999]

A

Dopamine antagonists

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32
Q

Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in pt w/ hx of hemodialysis, dx? MOA? [Qid: 1264]

A

Deposition of β2-microglobulin in the carpal tunnel causing median nn compression

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33
Q

Rare and serious adverse effect of ACE inh therapy? ACE inh ↑ ____________________ levels, which increase vasc perm. [Qid: 949]

A

Angioedema / bradykinin

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34
Q

Diffuse, large cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma of B-cell origin that usually occurs as a late complication of HIV inf. EBV is identified in almost all cases. [Qid: 2083]

A

PCNSL (Primary CNS lymphoma)

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35
Q

MC due to a toxic effect or autoimmune response causing apoptosis of pluripotent stem cells. BM biopsy reveals hypocellularity with an abundance of fat cells. [Qid: 1787]

A

Aplastic anemia –> Pancytopenia

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36
Q

Aplastic anemia is MC due to a toxic effect or autoimmune response causing apoptosis of ____________________ (pancytopenia). [Qid: 1787]

A

pluripotent stem cells

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37
Q
  • BM biopsy will be hypercellular w/ abnormally differentiated cells [Qid: 1787]
  • Due to?
  • Progress to?
A
  • Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
  • De novo mutation / Env exp (chemo)
  • AML
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38
Q

Inherited cause of AA that presents w/ short stature and absent thumbs and is ass w/ an increased risk of malignancy. [Qid: 1787]

A

Fanconi anemia

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39
Q

Antioxidant enzymes [Qid: 11916]

A
  • Superoxide dismutase
  • Glutathione peroxidase
  • Catalase
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40
Q

Abnormal spasm or diminished relaxation of the cricopharyngeal mm during swallowing is thought to be the underlying mechanism of ____________________. ↑ oropharyngeal intraluminal ₽ eventually results in herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa through a zone of m weakness in the post. hypopharynx (Killian triangle). [Qid: 279]

A

Zenker diverticulum

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41
Q

Decrease in systolic BP of >10mmHg w/ inspiration. MC in ____________________ dz. [Qid: 2099]

A
  • Pulsus paradoxus

- MC in pericardial dz, (i.e, cardiac tamponade)

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42
Q

MFC of pulsus paradoxus in the absence of significant pericardial dz. [Qid: 2100]

A

Asthma and COPD exacerbation

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43
Q

Used w/ misoprostol (a prostaglandin-E1 agonist) to terminate a first-trimester pregnancy. [Qid: 583]

A

Mifepristone (progesterone antagonist)

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44
Q

GBS after camp jejuni inf has an immune-mediated pathogenesis; antibodies against infectious agents are thought to cross-react w/ the myelin of the spinal roots and peripheral nn. ____________________ and ____________________ are seen on LM. [Qid: 1058]

A

Segmental demyelination / endoneural infl infiltrate

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45
Q

The pathogenesis of AAA is characterized by… [Qid: 463]

A

…transmural aortic wall infl, abnormal collagen remodeling and cross-linking, and loss of elastin and sm cells

46
Q

Manifestations of Vit B12 def (4) [Qid: 64]

A
  • ↑ methylmalonic acid (MMA) & homocysteine
  • Dorsal columns (You break your back in MMA)
  • SACD (You get sacked in MMA)
  • Megaloblastic anemia (You bleed in MMA).
47
Q

Hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications and chorioretinitis in newborn [Qid: 1038]

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis’ classic ∆

48
Q

Why can’t you give ACE inh to pts w/ hereditary angioedema? [Qid: 1612]

A

Pts w/ hereditary angioedema have a def in C1 esterase inh which is an enzyme that suppresses the activation of C1 as well as inactivate kalikrein (∴ bradykinin accumulation). The action of ACE on bradykinin is to inactivate it; ∴ with ACE inh you also further accumulate bradykinin leading to angioedema exacerbation.

49
Q

HPV has a tropism for ss epithelium which lines the ____________________ (3). Infants can acquire respiratory papillomatosis via passage through a HPV-infected birth canal. [Qid: 483]

A

true vocal cords, cervix, and anus

50
Q 
Neprilysin is an example of what?
What does it do?
Inhibition is beneficial in what condition?
Example of Neprilysin inh?
[Qid: 11746]
A
  • Metalloproteinase
  • Inactivates BNP
  • HF
  • Sacubitril
51
Q

Nitrites T/t cyanide poisoning due to its ability to induce ____________________. [Qid: 1415]

A

Methemoglobin

52
Q

Hemorrhagic lymphocytic pleocytosis w/ inc protein and NL glucose in CSF. Abn MRI signaling in the bilateral temporal lobes. T/t w/ IV ____________________. [Qid: 11729]

A

HSV encephalitis / Acyclovir

53
Q

Diarrhea, weight loss, and epigastric calcifications in a pt w/ chronic alcoholism suggest ____________________ w/ resulting ____________________ and ____________________. [Qid: 1547]

A

Chronic pancreatitis / pancreatic exocrine insuf / malabsorption

54
Q

Structural alteration in enzymes involved in RNA synthesis [Qid: 1310]

A

Rifampin resistance

55
Q

↓ Activity of bacterial catalase-peroxidase [Qid: 1310]

A

Isoniazid resistance

56
Q

↑ Activity of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide synthesis [Qid: 1310]

A

Ethambutol resistance

57
Q

Altered structure of bacterial ribosomal proteins [Qid: 1310]

A

Streptomycin resistance

58
Q

Anterior humerus dislocation [QID: 1924]

A

Axillary n inj

59
Q

MC CV manfifestation ass w/ SLE [Qid: 1040]

A

Pericarditis

60
Q

Could limit chest wall expansion due to involvement of costovertebral/sternal jxns. Other important complications include ascending aortitis and anterior uveitis. [Qid: 753]

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (Characterized by ankylosis and enthesitis)

61
Q

Conn syndrome [Qid: 454]

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma

62
Q

Conn syndrome can cause muscle weakness and paresthesias due to ____________________. [Qid: 454]

A

Hypokalemic alkalosis

63
Q

Tinnitus, vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss [Qid: 308]

A

Ménière dz ∆

64
Q

Ménière dz is caused by… [Qid: 308]

A

↑ ₽ & volume of endolymph

65
Q

Maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening (MSAFP) is ↓ in ____________________. ↑ in ____________________(3). [Qid: 312]

A

Aneuploidies / Open NTDs, VWDs and multiple gestations

66
Q

Crescent formation on LM [QID: 24]

A

RPGN (IF microscopy image is created by fluorescently tagged antibody that specifically binds fibrin)

67
Q

Crescent in RPGN consists of ____________________(4) [QID: 24]

A

parietal cells, monocytes, mꬾ and abundant fibrin

68
Q

Feednack system for mm length [Qid: 8266]

A

Mm spindle system

69
Q

Feedback systems for mm force. [Qid: 8266]

A

Golgi tendon system

70
Q

Symmetrical enlargement of the ventriculi is characteristic of ____________________ which occurs secondary to dyfunction or obliteration of ____________________. This is usually a sequelae of meningeal infection or subarachnoid/intraventricular hemorrhage. [Qid: 15]

A

Communicating hydrocephalus / subarachnoid villi (arachnoid granulations)

71
Q

Immune dysregulation and overproduction of glomerular permeability factor –> damages podocytes and ↓ the anionic properties of the glomerular BM [Qid: 385]

A

MCD

72
Q

Selective albuminuria (as opposed to other nephrotic syndrome forms) [Qid: 385]

A

MCD

73
Q
  • Sertoli cells –> ____________________ –> Müllerian duct involution
  • Sertoli cells –> ____________________ –> Spermatogenesis
  • Leydig cells –> T2 –> ____________________ (Wolffian)
  • Leydig cells –> T2 –> DHT –> ____________________
    [Qid: 1449]
A
  • Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
  • ABP
  • Internal male organs (Wolffian)
  • External male reproductive organs
74
Q

Damage below the Red nuke –> ____________________
Damage above the Red nuke –> ____________________
[Qid: 11574]

A

Decerebrate (Extensor) / Decorticate (Flexor)

75
Q

Necrolytic migratory erythema (face, groin, extremeties), DM, GI symptoms. Diagnosis: markedly elevated glucagon levels. [Qid: 585]

A

Glucagonoma

76
Q

____________________ commonly infects B cells, stimulating them to proliferate continuously –> immortalization. [Qid: 1594]

A

EBV

77
Q

The heterophile antibody test (IgM) is sensitive and highly specific for ____________________ infections. [Qid: 1594]

A

EBV

78
Q

PCP presents as ____________________ on CXR [Qid: 11637]

A

diffuse, bilateral interstitial infiltrates

79
Q

Systemic mastocytosis –> Mast cell proliferation is ass w/ mutations in ____________________. Excessive histamine release from degranulation of mast cells mediates many of the symptoms of the disease –> syncope, flushing, hypotension, pruritus, urticaria. ____________________ –> Gastric acid secretion –> Gastric ulceration. [Qid: 306]

A

KIT receptor tk / Histamine

80
Q

Flushing, watery diarrhea, bronchospasm, dyspnea, weezing. T/t is resection, ____________________ for symptomatic pts. [Qid: 309]

A

Carcinoid syndrome / Octreotide

81
Q

Octreotide is a synthetic analog of ____________________ –> inh secretion of many hormones. (Also used to inh secretory diarrhea in VIPomas.) [Qid: 309]

A

somatostatin

82
Q

Neuropathic pain and angiokeratomas –> Glomerular, cardiac and cerebrovascular complications develop in adulthood. [Qid: 1989]

A

Fabry dz

83
Q

T/t for glaucoma, ↑ trabecular outflow [Qid: 11841]

A

Muscurinic agonists

84
Q

T/t for glaucoma, ↑ uveoscleral outflow [Qid: 11841]

A

PG agonists

85
Q

T/t for glaucoma, ↓ aqueous humor inflow (3) [Qid: 11841]

A

β-blockers, α2-agonists, CAIs

86
Q

Appears as disorganized non-peristaltic contractions on esophageal manometry and “corkscrew” esophagus on barium esophagogram. Pathogenesis likely involves impaired inhibitory NTssion w/in the esophageal myenteric plexus. [Qid: 280]

A

Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES)

87
Q

Lenticular accumulation of ____________________ in the lenses of pts w/ galactosemia (____________________ def) can cause osmotic damage and development of ____________________. Cataracts may be the only manifestation of ____________________ deficiency.

A

galactitol / galactokinase / cataracts / galactokinase

88
Q

(+) test for reducing substance in the urine but no cataracts [Qid: 1074]

A

Galactossemia

89
Q

(+) test for reducing substance in the urine w/ cataracts [Qid: 1074]

A

Essential Fructosuria

90
Q

Anti-CCP have a high specificity for ____________________ [Qid: 8802]

A

RA

91
Q

____________________ –> proliferation of papillary cells in a cyst or duct that may contain focal atypia. [Qid:11890]

A

Intraductal papilloma

92
Q

MCC of bloody nipple discharge and typically presents without breast masses or skin changes. [Qid: 11890]

A

Intraductal papilloma

93
Q

Patients w/ severe ____________________ can have anaphylaxis during transfusion of blood products that contain small amounts of ____________________. [Qid: 1130]

A

IgA def / IgA

94
Q

Uric acid is soluble at physiologic pH, but it can precipitate in the normally ____________________ environment of distal tubules and collecting ducts. [Qid: 1050]

A

Acidic

95
Q

Prevention of TLS [Qid: 1050]

A

Urine alkalinisation and hydration

96
Q

Transmission of Hep A occurs through ____________________ and is common in areas of overcrowding and poor sanitation. Outbreaks frequently result from contaminated water or food, and or raw or steamed shellfish is a common culprit in the US. [Qid: 372]

A

fecal oral route

97
Q

AR ATP7B mutation

A

Wilson Dz

98
Q

Clinical findings:
- Hepatic (↑Transaminases)
- Neurologic (parkinsonism, gait disturbance, dysarthria)
- Psychiatric (depression, personality changes)
Diagnosis : - ↓ Ceruloplasmin & ↑ Urinary copper excretion

A

Wilson Dz

99
Q

T/t Wilson Dz

A

D-Penicillamine

100
Q

How does HBV increase the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma [Qid: 58]

A

Integrates its DNA into the host genome, thereby increasing the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma

101
Q

The crycothyrotomy incision passes through what layers? [Qid: 8631]

A

The superficial cervical fascia, pretracheal fascia, and the cricothyroid membrane

102
Q

Median nn runs between? [Qid: 1749]

A

The flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus.

103
Q

Vomiting is reflex regulated mainly by which 5 receptors? Which are useful for chemo induced vomiting? [Qid: 11728]

A

M1 muscurinic, D2 dopaminergic, H1 histaminic, 5-HT3 and NK1 receptors. The last 2 are particularly useful for chemotherapy induced vomiting

104
Q

____________________, a melatonin agonist, is safe and effective in reducing time to sleep onset in the elderly. [Qid: 348]

A

Ramelteon

105
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is T/t w/? [Qid: 1078]

A

Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTI’s) such as argatroban, hirudin & lepirudin.

106
Q

Why do glucocorticoids cause hyperglycemia? [Qid: 548]

A

They increase hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis. This, along with peripheral antagonism of insulin –> hyperglycemia. [Qid: 548]

107
Q

Effects of glucocorticoids? [Qid: 548]

A

Glucocorticoids are predominantly catabolic, causing muscle weakness, skin thinning, impaired wound healing, osteoporosis, and immunosuppression.

108
Q

Presents w/ gradually progressive dyspnea and bilateral reticulonodular opacities on CXR. [Qid: 653]

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

109
Q

Lab tests used in evaluation of hepatobiliary dz to asses liver: functionality [Qid: 99]

A

eg, PT, bilirubin, albumin, cholesterol

110
Q

Lab tests used in evaluation of hepatobiliary dz to asses liver: structural integrity and cellular intactness [Qid: 99]

A

eg, transminases

111
Q

Lab tests used in evaluation of hepatobiliary dz to asses liver: biliary tract [Qid: 99]

A

eg, alkaline phosphatase, γ- glutamyl transpeptidase - GGTP

UWorld cheat sheet (7 decks)

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