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UWorld cheat sheet > 1-12+30-32 (Sunday) > Flashcards

1-12+30-32 (Sunday) Flashcards

1
Q

SHOX gene [Qid: 1810]

A

Turner Syndrome (Causes short stature)

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2
Q

Turner S is due to maternal or paternal meiotic nondisjunction? [Qid: 1810]

A

Paternal (MC)

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3
Q

Skeletal abnormalities, lens dislocations, intellectual deficits, vascular thrombosis and a genetic defect in beta-synthase enzyme [Qid: 1970]

A

Homocystinuria

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4
Q

Worsening HTN, progressive inc in serum creatinine, proteinuria [Qid: 744]

A

Chronic renal allograft rejection

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5
Q

Pathophys: Endothelial damage –> Obliterative intimal thickening –> Scattered mononuclear infiltrate of surrounding tissue [Qid:744]

A

Chronic renal allograft rejection

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6
Q

Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration [Qid: 324]

A

Celiac Disease

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7
Q

Hyperbolic oxygen-dissociation curve [Qid: 1413]

A

Myoglobin (or individual hemoglobin subunits)

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8
Q 
Aerobic exercise:
- Arterial O2
- Arterial CO2
- Arterial pH
- Mixed Venous Blood pCO2
- Mixed Venous Blood pO2
[Qid: 1590]
A
  • Arterial O2 - NL
  • Arterial CO2 - NL
  • Arterial pH - NL
  • Mixed Venous Blood pCO2 - ↑
  • Mixed Venous Blood pO2 - ↓
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9
Q

Enlarged veins in gastric fundus only and pancreatitis [Qid: 11795]

A

Blood clot within splenic vein

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10
Q

Which cardiac arrhythmia has an inc risk for thromboembolism? [Qid: 11842]

A

Atrial Fibrillation

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11
Q

MC site of thrombus formation in the heart [Qid: 11842]

A

Left atrial appendage (LAA)

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12
Q

Flariform larva penetrate skin –> lungs –> pharynx –> swalloed to SI –> lays eggs that hatch into noninfectious rhabditiform larva that are excreted in stool or become flariform [Qid: 8873]

A

Strongyloides Stercoralis

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13
Q

Inhibits phagocytosis and complement activation, mediates bacterial adherence, and is the target of type-specific humoral immunity to Strep Pyo. [Qid: 723]

A

M Protein

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14
Q

MC transmission of HCV [Qid:386]

A

IV drug use

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15
Q

Used to differentiate between pancreatic vs mucosal causes of malabsorption [Qid: 1907]

A

D-xylose

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16
Q 
Substance estimates of:
- GFR
- RPF
- FF
[Qid: 1555]
A
  • Inulin or Creatinine
  • PAH
  • FF= GFR/RPF
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17
Q

MC form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia [Qid: 793]

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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18
Q

Female born w/ ambiguous genitilia or male born NL and later presents w/ salt wasting or precocious puberty. ↑ serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone. [Qid: 793]

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency –> MC form)

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19
Q

Tissue necrosis due to NE extravasation is best prevented by ____________________. [Qid: 1164]

A

Alpha 1 blocking drug (eg, phetolamine)

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20
Q

Intracranial tumors that typically arise in areas of dural reflection [Qid: 1150]

A

Meningiomas

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21
Q

Commonly ass w/ HBV [Qid: 457]

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

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22
Q

Transmural infl. w/ fibrinoid necrosis [Qid: 457]

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

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23
Q

Neuromuscular lesions, ragged skeletal mm fibers, lactic acidosis [Qid: 1935]

A

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy

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24
Q

Coexistence of distinct versions of mitochondrial genomes in an individual cell [Qid: 1935]

A

Heteroplasmy

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25
Q

Common in middle aged women w/ severe pruritus (especially at night) [Qid: 401]

A

1⁰ biliary cirrhosis

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26
Q

Autoimmune destruction of the intrahepatic ducts and cholestasis (↑Alkaline Phosphatase) [Qid: 401]

A

1⁰ biliary cirrhosis

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27
Q

Dietary restriction of which product can improve symptoms of impaired Ornithine transport? [Qid: 1372]

A

Protein (Decreases ammonia formed)

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28
Q

BMI <18.5, Intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image [Qid: 2050]

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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29
Q

Recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by compensatory behavior, excess worrying about body shape and weight, NL body weight [Qid: 2050]

A

Bulimia Nervosa

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30
Q

Recurrent episodes of binge eating, no compensatory behaviors, lack of control during eating [Qid: 2050]

A

Binge-Eating Disorder

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31
Q

UTI - MCC of E.Coli bacteremia [Qid: 1142]

A

UTI

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32
Q

Structure with which E.Coli causes UTI [Qid: 1142]

A

Adhesive Fimbriae

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33
Q

Narrowest part of the intestine [Qid: 1525]

A

Ileocecal valve (Where a gallstone may lodge –> Gallstone Ileus)

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34
Q

Osteocytes have long intracanalicular processes that send signals to and exchange nutrients and waste products with the osteocytes within neighboring lamellae via ____________________. [Qid: 1559]

A

Gap Jxns

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35
Q

Anaerobic gram-variable rod [Qid: 1939]

A

Gardnerella Vaginalis

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36
Q

T/t of vWD and mild hemophilia A [Qid: 219]

A

Desmopressin

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37
Q

D-alanyl-D-alanine –> D-alanyl-D-lactate [Qid: 643]

A

VRE

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38
Q

Modified PBPs [Qid: 643]

A

Penicillin Resistance (eg, MRSA)

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39
Q

Beta-lactamases destroy beta-lactam rings [Qid: 643]

A

Penicillin Resistance

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40
Q 
Lecithin : Sphingomyelin
- 2 : 1
- 1.5 : 1 to 1.9 : 1
- <1.5 : 1
[Qid: 482]
A

L : S

  • NL
  • Risk of lung immaturity and breathing problems
  • Lung immaturity
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41
Q

Mutations involving ankyrin, band 3 and spectrin proteins [Qid: 890]

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis

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42
Q

The red cell index most specific for hereditary spherocytosis [Qid: 890]

A

↑MCHC

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43
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies (DNA) MC associated w/ ____________________. [Qid: 890]

A

Splenectomy

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44
Q

Pappenheimer bodies (iron) MC associated w/ ____________________. [Qid: 890]

A

Sideroblastic Anemias

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45
Q

Finely granular, homogenous, dull eosinophilic inclusions that fill the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (ground glass hepatocytes) [Qid: 367]

A

HBV (Accumulation of HBSAg)

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46
Q

Minimal clear to straw-colored discharge from the umbilicus [Qid: 652]

A

Persistent allantois remnant (Patent urachus –> Discharge of urine from the umbilicus)

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47
Q

Marker for mast cell activation [Qid: 2068]

A

Tryptase

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48
Q

Introduction of multivalent antigen in an allergic response mediated by IgE results in ____________________. [Qid: 2069]

A

Aggregation of the FCεRI receptors

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49
Q

Improves carpal tunnel symptoms [Qid: 11683]

A

Incision of transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum)

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50
Q

Widespread mast cell and basophil degranulation [Qid: 2068]

A

Anaphylaxis

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51
Q

Exclusively breastfed infants require ____________________ supplementation [Qid: 1926]

A

Vitamin D

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52
Q

Given parenterally to all newborns at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn [Qid: 1926]

A

Vitamin K

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53
Q

Breast milk content of ____________________ and ____________________ is typically insufficient for the nutritional needs of the newborn [Qid: 1926]

A

Vitamin D and Vitamin K

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54
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias, nonspecific GI, neurological and visual symptoms with elevated K+ [Qid: 147]

A

Digoxin toxicity

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55
Q

Adds TTAGGG to 3’ end of chromosomes [Qid: 1438]

A

Telomerase

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56
Q

Tendency of study subjects to change their behavior as a result of their awareness that their being studied.

A

Hawthorne Effect

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57
Q

MC neurologic disorder affecting children [Qid:866]

A

Febrile seizures (T/t: Supportive care)

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58
Q

Acne in competitive athlete [Qid: 7585]

A

Anabolic steroid misuse

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59
Q

Pregnant woman with compulsion to eat ice and iron deficiency [Qid: 8893]

A

Pica (C in Pregnancy and ass w/ iron def.)

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60
Q

Amatoxins MOA [Qid: 8482]

A

Potent inh of RNA pol II (Amanita phalloides)

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61
Q

Growth pattern of Strawberry hemangiomas [Qid: 466]

A

Grow in proportion to the growth of the child before eventually regressing (Usually gone by 7)

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62
Q

MOA of Raloxifene in bone and mammary tissue [Qid: 1795]

A

In bone, the estrogen agonist effects of raloxifene predominate and prevent osteoporosis. In mammary tissue, the estrogen antagonist effects predominate and prevent estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

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63
Q

Have the ability to proliferate in response to lung injury [Qid: 478]

A

Type II pneumocytes (Also produces pulm surfactant and regenerates type I)

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64
Q

“Gold standard” for detecting a microdeletion (DiGeorge) [Qid: 34]

A

Fluoresence in situ hybridization

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65
Q

Mutation in JAK2 –> Constitutive tyrosine kinase activity –> cytokine-independent activation of STAT proteins. (JAK-STAT pathway) [Qid: 8540]

A

Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis), excluding CML (Philadelphia chromosome)

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66
Q

Early –> Marrow hypercellularity and minimal fibrosis. Later –> Pancytopenia, hepatomegaly and massive splenomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis compensation [Qid: 8540]

A

Primary Myelofibrosis

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67
Q

Processing steps required before finalized mRNA molecules can leave the nucleus [Qid: 2035]

A

5’-capping (2steps)
Poly A tail addition
Intron splicing

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68
Q

Important role in mRNA translation regulation and mRNA degradation in the cytoplasm [Qid: 2035]

A

P bodies

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69
Q

Majority of water reabsorption in the nephron occurs in ____________________. [Qid: 1524]

A

Proximal Tubule (along with solutes)

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70
Q

Chronic renal hypoperfusion will cause hypertrophy and hyperplasia of ____________________. [Qid: 7569]

A

JG cells (modified sm cells)

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71
Q

Calcification of the rim of hilar nodes (eggshell calcifications) and birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue. [Qid: 668]

A

Silicosis

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72
Q

Reduction in risk of progression of diabetic nephropathy [Qid: 151]

A

Appropriate glycemic and BP control (ACE inh and ARBs)

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73
Q

Mononucleosis symptoms heterophile antibody negative. [Qid: 1592]

A

CMV (Immunocompetent individual)

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74
Q

Proximal muscle weakness. W/ overexpression of MHC class 1 proteins on the sarcolemma and infiltration w/ CD8+ T lymphocytes. [Qid: 748]

A

Polymyositis

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75
Q

VCC of knee pain in young adolescent athletes after a recent growth spurt. Pain and swelling at the tibial tubercule. [Qid: 11819]

A

Osgood-Schlatter dz (OSD)

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76
Q

Acute transmural MI marked by ST-elevation and subsequent Q-wave is most likely the result of ____________________. [Qid: 37]

A

Fully obstructive thrombus superimposed on a ruptured atherosclerotic coronary artery plaque

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77
Q

Hard bony enlargement of the DIP joints (Heberden nodes) and PIP joints (Bouchard nodes) [Qid: 1771]

A

Osteoarthritis of the hands (osteophyte formation)

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78
Q

Can be injured during thyroid surgery (Close proximity to the inf. laryngeal a) [Qid: 1686]

A

Recurrent Laryngeal NN

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79
Q

Tumors harbouring these mutations are resistant to chemotherapy with anti-EGFR drugs [Qid: 12049]

A

KRAS mutation

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80
Q

Pt 50+ w/ myalgias of the shoulder and pelvic girdle mm, systemic symptoms (eg, fever, weight loss). [Qid: 748]

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)

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81
Q

Abrupt onset of gross hematuria, acute flank pain, and passage of tissue fragments into urine. Pt has sickle cell trait. [Qid: 834]

A

Renal papillary necrosis (MC seen in pts w/ sickle cell disease or trait, DM, analgesic nephropathy, or sever obstructive pyelonephritis)

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82
Q

___________________ is produced by ____________________ in the duodenal mucosa in response to stimulation by intraluminal acidity. [Qid: 1546]

A

Secretin / S cells

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83
Q

MOA: Decreasing proximal tubular reabsorption of glucose [Qid: 604]

A

SGLT2 inhibitors (eg. Canagliflozin, dapgliflozin)

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84
Q

Why should you never T/t active Tb with drug monotherapy? [Qid: 1225]

A

Due to fast emergence on mycobacterial antibiotic resistance from rapid, selective gene mutations

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85
Q

Why should you never T/t active Tb with drug monotherapy? [Qid: 1225]

A

Due to fast emergence on mycobacterial antibiotic resistance from rapid, selective gene mutations

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86
Q

Linezolid with antidepressant ↑ risk of ____________________. [Qid: 8327]

A

Serotonin Syndrome (Linezolid has MAO activity)

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87
Q

Lactose-fermenting, indole-positive gram negative rods [Qid: 11766]

A

E. Coli

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88
Q

Thoracocentesis insertion points [Qid: 844]

A

Midclavicular: 8
Midaxillary: 10
Paravertebral: 12

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89
Q

F508 mutation function [Qid: 802]

A

Impairs posttranslational processing of CFTR, resulting in shunting of CFTR toward the proteasome with complete absence of the protein in the apical membrane of affected epithelial cells.

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90
Q

Most sensitive screening test for dx of hypothyroidism [Qid: 764]

A

TSH

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91
Q

“crumpled tissue paper” on BM aspirate (Pic) [Qid: 11864]

A

Lipid Laden Macrophages in Gaucher Disease

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92
Q 
HPV strains:
- 6 and 11: 
- 16, 18, and 31:
Function of E6 and E7:
- E6:
- E7:
[Qid: 869]
A
  • 6 and 11: Low malignancy potential
  • 16, 18, and 31: High malignancy potential
  • E6: ↑ p53 degradation
  • E7: Binds Rb protein
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93
Q

What is found on autopsy of PA after amniotic fluid embolism? [Qid: 11919]

A

Fetal squamous cells

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94
Q

Insulin resistance is induced by ____________________ (4) through what MOA? [Qid: 1326]

A

TNF-α, catecholamines, glucocorticoids and glucagon through phosphorylation of serine of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate by serine kinase (Phosphorylation of threonine has similar effects)

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95
Q

T/t for Herpes simplex [Qid: 1646]

A

Acyclovir

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96
Q

T/t for CMV [Qid: 1646]

A

Gancyclovir

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97
Q

What drugs bind and inhibit transpeptidases? [Qid: 2110]

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins (Bind PBPs)

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98
Q

Why is primaquin used in conjunction with chloroquin? [Qid: 1965]

A

To eradicate intrahepatic stages of P. Vivax and P. Ovale, which are responsible for relapse. Chloroquine handles the erythrocytic forms

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99
Q

Nucleolus (Intranuclear body) function [Qid: 1417]

A

Primary site of ribosome synthesis and assembly

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100
Q

Statistical Power [Qid: 1272]

A

1-β

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101
Q

Pts w/ CGD develop recurrent bacterial and fungal inf that are predominantly caused by which 5 catalase-positive organisms? [Qid: 1441]

A 
Staph Aureus
Burkholderia cepacia
Serratia Marcescens
Nocardia
Aspergillus
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102
Q

∆ Fibrous Dysplasia, endocrine abnormalities, unilateral café-au-lait macules (CALMs) with irregular borders like the coast of maine [Qid: 11653]

A

McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS)

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103
Q

Mosaic somatic mutation in GNAS gene encoding the stimulatory subunit of a G protein [Qid: 11653]

A

McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS)

104
Q

Small bilateral CALMs that are smooth like the coast of California [Qid: 11653]

A

NF1

105
Q

Dz in young children that results in isolated idiopathic osteonecrosis of the hip [Qid: 11653]

A

Legg-Calvé-Perthes dz

106
Q

Auscultatory finding indicating severe MR [Qid: 944]

A

Left-sided S3 gallop

107
Q

Heparin MOA [Qid: 1784]

A

Activates antithrombin III (ATIII) which bind factor Xa and thrombin and prevents them from converting prothrombin to thrombin

108
Q

Caudal Regression Syndrome ass w/ ___________________. [Qid: 1684]

A

Poorly controlled diabetes

109
Q

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is caused by damage to which artery? [Qid: 1956]

A

Medial circumflex aa

110
Q

Pt w/ Chrohn dz affecting the terminal ileum are prone to developing ____________________. [Qid: 412]

A

Gallstones (Decreased bile acid reabsorption promotes supersaturation of bile with cholesterol, resulting in gallstone formation) ↑ Cholesterol : Bile acid ratio

111
Q

What condition is necessary for the development of pyelonephritis? [Qid: 831]

A

Anatomic or functional vesicoureteral reflux

112
Q

Systemic illness that involes the SI, joints, and CNS. Small intestine mucosa containing enlarged, foamy macrophages packed with both rod-shaped bacilli and PAS-positive, diastase-resistant granules [Qid: 131]

A

Whipple disease caused by the gram (+) actinomycete Tropheryma whippelii

113
Q

Biochemical risk factors for uric acid nephrolithiasis [Qid: 12081]

A

Low urinary pH

Low urine output with high uric acid concentration (Chronic diarrhea)

114
Q

Lepromin test shows indurated nodule at the site of injection [Qid: 1314]

A

Tuberculoid Leprosy (TH1 response)

115
Q

Lepromin test shows no response [Qid: 1314]

A

Lepromin Leprosy (Lack of TH1 response - Predominantly TH2)

116
Q

Parakeratotic stratum corneum [Qid: 1117]

A

Psoriasis

117
Q

Opsoclonus-myoclonus ass w/ ____________________. [Qid: 1263]

A

Neuroblastoma

118
Q

N-myc amplification [Qid: 1263]

A

Neuroblastoma

119
Q

Complication of long-term treatment of Parkinson Disease with levodopa [Qid: 264]

A

Periodic and sometimes unpredictable fluctuations in motor function. (“On/Off” periods)

120
Q

CNIII palsy and dilated pupil w/ hypertension, bradycardia and widened pulse pressure [Qid: 11804]

A

Cushings triad ∆ –> due to inc. ICP
CNIII Palsy –> due to uncal herniation
Dilated pupil –> due to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

121
Q

Failed obliteration of the vitelline duct [Qid: 329]

A

Meckel Diverticulum

122
Q

Increased uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate [Qid: 329]

A

Meckel Diverticulum

123
Q

Solitary mass in the right temporal lobe, what visual structure is damaged? [Qid: 8594]

A

Meyer’s Loop (Relays info to lingual gyrus)

124
Q

↑ insulin secretion by inh β-cell K+-ATP channels [Qid: 606]

A

Insulin secretagogues (eg, Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides)

125
Q

Stimulates AMPK, decreasing glucose production & insulin resistance [Qid: 606]

A

Biguanides (eg, Metformin)

126
Q

Activates transcription regulator PPAR-γ, decreasing insulin resistance [Qid: 606]

A

Thiazolidinediones (eg, Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone)

127
Q

Increases glucose dependant insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying [Qid: 606]

A

GLP-1 agonists (eg, Exenatide, Liraglutide)

128
Q

Reduces intestinal disaccharide absorption [Qid: 606]

A

DPP4 inhibitors (eg, Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin)

129
Q

Increases renal glucose excretion [Qid: 606]

A

α-glucosidase inhibitors (eg, Acarbose, Miglitol)

130
Q

Str: Heavy chain and a β2-microglobulin [Qid: 746]

A

MHC class I

131
Q

Str: α and β polypeptide chains [Qid: 746]

A

MHC class II

132
Q

Which tissues cannot utilize ketones for energy? [Qid: 1887]

A

Erythrocytes (No Mitochondria)
Liver (Lack of enzyme)
- In early fasting, heart and sk muscle use ketones primary to preserve glucose for the brain
- In prolonged starvation even the brain will use ketones

133
Q

Phenylaleninemia and NT deficiency (eg, serotonin, dopamine) [Qid: 1500]

A

BH4 reductase deficiency

134
Q

PKU and prolactinemia [Qid: 1501]

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (↓ dopamine = prolactinemia)

135
Q

HPO42- and NH3- [Qid: 2008]

A

The 2 most important acid buffers in urine

136
Q

Transverse portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and Aorta, causing symptoms of partial intestinal obstruction [Qid: 303]

A

Superior Mesenteric artery syndrome

137
Q

Occurs due to diminished mesenteric fat, pronounced lordosis, or surgical correction of scoliosis [Qid: 303]

A

Superior Mesenteric artery syndrome

138
Q

“Red Ragged” muscle fibers [Qid: 357]

A

Mitochondrial dzs (MERRF, Leber optic neuropathy, MELAS)

139
Q

↓ SVR:PVR corrected by squatting [Qid: 205]

A

Tetrology of Fallot

140
Q

MC congenital heart malformation in patients with Turners [Qid: 8292]

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

141
Q

Patient’s serum is mixed with a solution of cardiolipin, cholesterol and lecithin. Aggregation or flocculation of the sample demonstrates the presence of cardiolipin antibodies. [Qid: 1316]

A

Rapid plasma regain test (RPR), a nonspecific treponemal serologic test

142
Q

CF pts are at risk of what vitamin deficiencies? [Qid: 710]

A

Vit. ADEK (Pancreatic insufficiency)

143
Q

Contaminated water sources (cruise ships, spas, hospitals, AC hotel) [Qid: 8257]

A

Legionnaires disease

144
Q

Gram stain shows many nꬾ but no organisms. Diagnosed by urinary antigen testing. MC lab abnormality is hyponatremia. Elevated transaminases. [Qid: 8257]

A

Legionella Pneumophila

145
Q

Iron absoption occurs predominantly in the ____________________. [Qid: 7584]

A

Duodenum and proximal Jejunum

146
Q

T/t severe acne ass w/ significant scarring and in patients who fail therapy with topical tretinoin/benzoil peroxide and antibiotics [Qid: 1568]

A

Isotretinoin

147
Q

Superior efficacy in T/T-resistant schizophrenia and schizophrenia associated with persistent suicidality. [Qid: 516]

A

Clozapine

148
Q

Potential life threatening S/E of Clozapine. [Qid: 516]

A

Agranulocytosis

149
Q

Used to T/t “T/t-resistant schizophrenia” and schizophrenia associated with persistent suicidality [Qid: 516]

A

Clozapine

150
Q

____________________ needs to be regularly monitored with the use of clozapine [Qid: 516]

A

Absolute neutrophil count

151
Q

Pyrophosphate analog that doesn’t require intracellular activation [Qid: 1644]

A

Foscarnet

152
Q

T/t for gancyclovir-resistant CMV and Acyclovir-resistant HSV [Qid: 1644]

A

Foscarnet and Cidofofiv

153
Q

Leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries [Qid: 7721]

A

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

154
Q

Chronic oxidative stress leading to subretinal inflammation with abn. ecm formation. S&s: gradual vision loss in one or both eyes whcich causes difficulty reading/driving. Drusen deposits with pigment abn on fundoscopy. [Qid: 7721]

A

Dry AMD

155
Q

Progressive ecm accumulation that eventually results in retinal hypoxia which stimulates local VEGF prod. and causes subretinal neovascularization. S&s: acute vision loss with metamorphopsia (distortion of straight lines). Fundoscopy shows grayish-green discoloration with adjacent fluid/hemorrhage [Qid: 7721]

A

Wet AMD

156
Q
  • T/t for Dry AMD
  • T/t for Wet AMD
    [Qid: 7721]
A

Dry or wet AMD: antioxidant vitamins and zinc and smokers should receive smoking cessation counseling
Wet AMD: VEGF inh. (ranibizumab, bevacizumab)

157
Q

The EBV envelope ____________________ binds to ____________________.[Qid: 1375]

A

Glycoprotein gp350 / CD21

158
Q

The EBV envelope ____________________ binds to ____________________.[Qid: 1375]

A

Glycoprotein gp350 / CD21

159
Q

Parvovirus B19 is thought to attach to human erythroid cells via the ____________________. [Qid: 1375]

A

Blood group P antigen

160
Q

HIV viruses attach to their major target host cells (CD4+ T cells) primarily via the binding of viral envelope ____________________ to cellular CD4 transmembrane glycoprotein and coreceptor ____________________ (2). [Qid: 1375]

A

Glycoprotein gp120 / CCR4 or CXCR5

161
Q

Cysts, usually filled with a brownish-yellow, viscous fluid that resembles machine oil due to the presence of protein and cholesterol crystals [Qid: 1152]

A

Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma

162
Q

Made up of connexins and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]

A

Gap Junctions / Intercellular communication

163
Q

Made up of claudins/occludens and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]

A

Tight Junctions / Paracellular barrier

164
Q

Made up of cadherins and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]

A

Adherens Junctions / Cellular anchor

165
Q

Made up of cadherins (eg, desmogleins) and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]

A

Desmosomes / Cellular anchor

166
Q

Made up of integrins and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]

A

Hemidesmosomes / Cellular anchor

167
Q

Chronically elevated levels of ____________________ contribute to insulin resistance by what mechanisms? [Qid: 1328]

A

Chronically elevated FFA levels contribute to insulin resistance by impairing insulin-dependent glucose uptake and increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis.

168
Q

Auer rods on smear [Qid: 1403]

A

AML (eg, acute promyelocytic leukemia)

169
Q

t(15:17) –> PML/RARA –> inh myeloblast differentiation [Qid: 1403]

A

APML

170
Q

Common complication ass w/ APML [Qid: 1403]

A

DIC

171
Q

Thrombocytopenia, elevated D-dimer due to fibrinolysis, prolonged profile times, and low fibrinogen due to consumption [Qid: 1403]

A

DIC

172
Q

T/t of APML [Qid: 1403]

A

All-trans retinoic acid

173
Q

Major adaptive immune mechanisms that prevent reinfection with the influenza virus [Qid: 1649]

A

Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies

174
Q

Lobar pneumonia
Macro: red, heavy and boggy lobe
Micro: vasc dilation and bacterial exudate
[Qid: 531]

A

Congestion (1st 24hrs)

175
Q

Lobar pneumonia
Macro: red firm lobe
Micro: Erys, nꬾ and fibrin exudate
[Qid: 531]

A

Red hepatisation (2-3d)

176
Q

Lobar pneumonia
Macro: gray-brown firm lobe
Micro: RBCs disintegrate, nꬾ and fibrin exudate
[Qid: 531]

A

Gray hepatization (4-6d)

177
Q

Lobar pneumonia
Macro: NL
Micro: enzymatic digestion of exudate
[Qid: 531]

A

Resolution

178
Q

Weakness on extension of fingers and thumb [Qid: 1694]

A

PDE3 inh –> vasodilation

179
Q

Injury in supinator canal [Qid: 1694]

A

Radial n injury

180
Q

Major determinant of symptom severity in TOF [Qid: 204]

A

Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction ↓ SVR:PVR (see Qid: 205)

181
Q

Febrile maculopapular rash that begins on the face and spreads to the trunk and extremities [Qid: 1669]

A

Measles or Rubella

182
Q

Photoaging caused by UVA leads to ____________________. [Qid: 1860]

A

Decreased collagen fibril production

183
Q

Cyanide toxicity is a S/E of which drug? [Qid: 1254]

A

Nitroprusside

184
Q

Cyanide toxicity antidote (3) [Qid: 1254]

A

Hydroxycobalamine –> Direct binding of cyanide ions
Sodium nitrite –> Induction of methemoglobinemia
Sodium thiosulfate –> Use of detoxifying sulfur donors

185
Q

Candida extract skin reaction is an example of which hypersensitivity? [Qid: 544]

A

Type IV (DTH)

186
Q

Early onset familial Alzheimer disease is ass w/ which gene mutations? (3)
Late onset familial Alzheimer disease is ass w/ which gene mutation?
[Qid: 591]

A 
Early:
o APP (Cr 21)
o Presenilin 1
o Presenilin 2
Late:
o Lipoprotein E4 genotype
187
Q

Whiskott Aldridge Syndrome s&s [Qid: 1172]

A

Thrombocytopenia (W)
Eczema (A)
Encapsulated Organism inf (S)

188
Q

Standard deviation (%) [Qid: 1172]

A

Standard deviation:
68% are within 1 SD
95% within 2 SD
99.7% within 3 SD

189
Q

Weakness on extension of fingers and thumb [Qid: 1694]

A

Finger droop (radial n inj)

190
Q

First-line T/t for MDD which doesn’t cause sexual dysfunction? [Qid: 706]

A

Buproprion

191
Q

Long-term acid suppression w PPIs maybe ass w/ inc risk of ____________________. [Qid: 10930]

A

Osteoporosis

192
Q

C Diff toxins [Qid: 1397]

A

Toxin A: Enterotoxin, binds to gut.

Toxin B: Cytotoxin, causes CYTOSKELETAL disruption viz actin depolymerisation

193
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is due to compression of the ____________________ of the brachial plexus within the ____________________ triangle. [Qid: 11778]

A

Lower trunk / Scalene triangle

194
Q

Sclerae and ear cartilage hyperpigmentation along with osteoarthropathy of the spine and large joints. [Qid: 1503]

A

Alkaptonuria

195
Q

AR disorder caused by deficiency of homogentisic acid dioxygenase (involved in tyrosine metabolism). Excess homogentisic acid causes diffuse black-blue deposits in CT. [Qid: 1503]

A

Alkaptonuria

196
Q

Tooth extraction and history of hemarthrosis. [Qid: 941]

A

Hemophilia

197
Q

T/t and prevention of influenza type A and B [Qid: 1648]

A

Oseltamivir (NA inh)

198
Q

Where does heme synthesis occur? [Qid: 1455]

A

Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

199
Q

Which steps of heme synthesis occur in the mitochondria? [Qid: 1455]

A

First and final 3 steps of heme synthesis

200
Q

Which nerve mediates the afferent limb of the cough reflex above the vocal cords and can be damaged by a foreign body in the piriform recess? [Qid: 8703]

A

The internal laryngeal NN

201
Q

WBC casts accompanied by symptoms of acute UTI. [Qid: 888]

A

Acute pyelonephritis

202
Q

MCC of unilateral fetal hydronephrosis [Qid: 837]

A

Inadequate canalization of the uretopelvic junction

203
Q

MC GI complication in Down S [Qid:1824]

A

Duodenal atresia

204
Q

Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in pts w/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is due to ____________________. [Qid: 76]

A

Abnormal systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve toward a hypertrophied IV septum.

205
Q

Wrist drop [Qid: 1930]

A

Radial Nerve

206
Q

Antibodies against nꬾ MPO. [Qid: 667]

A

P-ANCA:
Microscopic polyangitis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (C-S), Ulcerative colitis and Primary sclerosing cholangitis

207
Q

Antibodies against nꬾ PR3.
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (C-S) - Small to medium vessel vasculitis characterized by late-onset, rhinosinusitis, and eosinophilia [Qid: 667]

A

Wegener Granulomatosis

208
Q

Mononeuritis multiplex due to involvement of the epineural vessels of peripheral nerves [Qid: 667]

A

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (C-S)

209
Q

Special capsule called the Vi Antigen which protects is from opsonisation and phagocytosis [Qid: 1137]

A

Salmonella

210
Q

Sickle cell pts have an increased risk of infections by which organisms? And why? [Qid: 1137]

A

Encapsulated Organisms, Multiple autoinfarctions of the spleen

211
Q

Encapsulated organisms

A

“Even Some Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”

  • E. Coli
  • Strep Pneumo
  • Neisseria Meningitidis
  • Klebsiella Pneumonia
  • Haemophilus Influenzae
  • Salmonella Typhi
  • group B strep
212
Q

Referred pain to the C3-C5 shoulder region due to any abdominal process irritating the phrenic nerve sensory fibers around the diaphragm [Qid: 11753]

A

Kehr sign

213
Q

Tetradotoxin
What and How?
[Qid: 8352]

A

Tetradotoxin (Pufferfish poisoning) binds voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve and cardiac tissue, preventing sodium influx and depolarization.

214
Q

_____________________ produce dextrans that aid them in ____________________, such as ____________________. [Qid: 1002]

A

Viridians streptococci / colonizing host surfaces / dental enamel and heart valves

215
Q

Which lipid lowering agents cause myopathy and which cause gallstones? [Qid:778]

A

Statins and Fibrates

216
Q

S/E of risperidone [Qid: 222]

A

Hyperprolactinemia

217
Q

Non-steroid anti-androgen that acts as a competitive inhibitor of testosterone receptors used in combination w/ long acting GnRH agonists for the T/t of prostate cancer. [Qid: 657]

A

Flutamide

218
Q

Difference between localized vs metastatic vs extraintestinal carcinoids [Qid: 425]

A

Carcinoid tumors confined to the intestine do not cause carcinoid syndrome as their secretory products are metabolized by the liver before entering the systemic circulation. In contrast, intestinal carcinoids that metastasize to the liver and extraintestinal (eg, bronchial) carcinoids release vasoactive substances that avoid first-pass metabolism, resulting in carcinoid syndrome (eg, flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm)

219
Q

IFN as T/ts [FA: 187]

A

IFN-α: HBV, HCV, Kaposi sarcoma, Hairy cell leukemia, Condyloma accuminatum, RCC, Melanoma
IFN-β: MS
IFN-γ: CGD

220
Q

T/t for RSV [FA: 214]

A

Palivisumab

221
Q

Inherited defects involving the ____________________ result in disseminated mycobacterial disease in infancy or early childhood. Patients require lifelong T/t w/ ____________________. [Qid: 8384]

A

IFN-γ signaling pathway / Antimycobacterial agents

222
Q

Difference between HA and NA. [FA: 153]

A

HA: Promotes viral entry
NA: Promotes progeny viral release

223
Q

Difference between genetic drift and shift. [FA: 153]

A

Genetic shift = Influenza type A
Reassortment of viral genome segments, causes pandemics, humans and animals
Genetic drift = Influenza type B
Minor gene changes, causes epidemics

224
Q

Autoantibodies directed against snRNPs [Qid: 361]

A

Smith protein normally complexes with snRNA in the cytoplasm, forming snRNPs. Patients w/ SLE can have autoantibodies directed against snRNPs (eg, antismith antibody).

225
Q

Twisting of the infundibulopelvic ligament resulting in occlusion of the blood and nn supply to the ovary causing severe, acute pelvic pain and ovarian ischemia [Qid: 11901]

A

Ovarian torsion often due to weight of a large adnexal mass

226
Q

Postpandrial epigastric pain w/ ass food aversion/weight loss. [Qid: 414]

A

Chronic mesenteric ischemia

227
Q

Basal ganglia are supplied by which aa, branch of what? [Qid: 12007]

A

Lenticulostriate aa / MCA

228
Q

LN drainage of Testis and Scrotum [Qid: 8326]

A

Testis: Para-aortic LN
Scrotum: Superficial inguinal LN

229
Q

Lung biopsy specimens and BM aspirates shows oval or round yeast within mꬾ [Qid: 267]

A

Histoplasmosis

230
Q

Lecithinase is produced by what bacteria? [Qid: 1395]

A

C. Perfringens (α-toxin or Phospholipase C)

231
Q 
Inc sleep and apetite
Mood reactivity
Leaden paralysis
Rejection sensitivity
[Qid: 573]
A

Hallmarks of atypical depression

232
Q

T/t for treatment-resistant depression and atypical depression [Qid: 573]

A

MAO-A inhibitors (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid)

233
Q

Weight gain, easy bruising, hyperpigmentation, PUD, hypertension [Qid: 1921]

A

Cushing syndrome

234
Q

Weight gain, easy bruising, hyperpigmentation, PUD, hypertension in pt w/ lung mass [Qid: 1921]

A

Ectopic production of ACTH

235
Q

Paraneoplastic production in:
Small cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
[Qid: 1921]

A
  • ACTH/ ADH/ Ab to Ca++ chan (L-E)

- PTHrP

236
Q

Inh HMG-CoA reductase [Qid: 11634]

A

Statins (↓↓LDL)

237
Q

Prevents intestinal reabsorption of bile-acids [Qid: 11634]

A

Bile acid sequestrants (eg, cholestyramine)

238
Q

Prevents cholestrol abs at brush border [Qid: 11634]

A

Ezetimibe

239
Q

Upregulates LPL –> ↑TG clearance
Activates PRAR-α –> HDL synth
[Qid: 11634]

A

Fibrates (↓↓TGs)

240
Q

Pt w/ Tb and neuropathy should have been receiving what supplementation? [Qid: 1308]

A

Pyridoxine (B6) due to INH-induced neuropathy

241
Q

Path ass w/ schistocytes [FA: 387]

A

DIC, TTP/HUS, HELLP S, Mechanical (Heart valve)

242
Q

Path ass w/ Target cells [FA: 387]

A

“HALT” said the hunter to his TARGET:

  • HbC
  • Asplenia
  • Liver Dz
  • Thalassemia
243
Q

Path ass w/ dacrocytes [FA: 386]

A

Myelofibrosis

244
Q

Path ass w/ degmacytes [FA: 386]

A

G6PD def (Bite cells)

245
Q

Path ass w/ echinocytes [FA: 386]

A

End-stage renal dz, liver dz, Pyruvate Kinase def

246
Q

Uncleaved vWF multimers that are significantly more prothrombic [Qid: 11625]

A

TTP (Due to impaired ADAMTS13)

247
Q 
Suffix:
-mab
-cept
-nib
[Qid: 8523]
A
  • Monoclonal antibody
  • Receptor
  • Kinase inhibitor
248
Q

MC site of aortic injury and why [Qid: 2130]

A

Aortic isthmus due its immobility (ligamentum arteriosum)

249
Q

6mo infant w/ constipation, lethargy, hypotonia, macroglossia, an umbilical hernia, and a large anterior fontanelle [Qid: 1407]

A

Congenital Hypothyroidism (6mo due to maternal T4)

250
Q

MCC of aplastic crisis in sickle cell pts [Qid: 1496]

A

Parvovirus B19

Aplastic crisis = Only RBCs

251
Q

Hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations [Qid: 1458]

A

Narcolepsy

252
Q

Can be injured during thyroid surgery (Close proximity to the sup. thyroid a) [Qid: 1747]

A

Superior laryngeal NN

253
Q

Blistering cutaneous photosensitivity w/ tea-colored urine [Qid: 1337/FA: 395]

A

Porphyria cutanea tarda (UROD)

254
Q 
Painful abdomen
Port wine-colored urine
Polyneuropathy
Psychological disturbances
Precipitated by drugs
[Qid: 1337/FA: 395]
A

Acute intermittent porphyria

255
Q

Pt under 2yo w/ intermittent, severe, colicky abd pain, “currant jelly” stools, and a palpable mass in the lower right abd quadrant [Qid: 416]

A

Intussusception

256
Q

____________________ clonally expand in response to the EBV infected B lymphocytes in an effort to destroy the virally infected cells [Qid: 7643]

A

CD8+ CTLs

257
Q

Diarrhea, dementia and photosensitive dermatitis [Qid: 12276]

A

Pellagra

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