1-12+30-32 (Sunday) Flashcards
1
Q
SHOX gene [Qid: 1810]
A
Turner Syndrome (Causes short stature)
2
Q
Turner S is due to maternal or paternal meiotic nondisjunction? [Qid: 1810]
A
Paternal (MC)
3
Q
Skeletal abnormalities, lens dislocations, intellectual deficits, vascular thrombosis and a genetic defect in beta-synthase enzyme [Qid: 1970]
A
Homocystinuria
4
Q
Worsening HTN, progressive inc in serum creatinine, proteinuria [Qid: 744]
A
Chronic renal allograft rejection
5
Q
Pathophys: Endothelial damage –> Obliterative intimal thickening –> Scattered mononuclear infiltrate of surrounding tissue [Qid:744]
A
Chronic renal allograft rejection
6
Q
Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration [Qid: 324]
A
Celiac Disease
7
Q
Hyperbolic oxygen-dissociation curve [Qid: 1413]
A
Myoglobin (or individual hemoglobin subunits)
8
Q
Aerobic exercise: - Arterial O2 - Arterial CO2 - Arterial pH - Mixed Venous Blood pCO2 - Mixed Venous Blood pO2 [Qid: 1590]
A
- Arterial O2 - NL
- Arterial CO2 - NL
- Arterial pH - NL
- Mixed Venous Blood pCO2 - ↑
- Mixed Venous Blood pO2 - ↓
9
Q
Enlarged veins in gastric fundus only and pancreatitis [Qid: 11795]
A
Blood clot within splenic vein
10
Q
Which cardiac arrhythmia has an inc risk for thromboembolism? [Qid: 11842]
A
Atrial Fibrillation
11
Q
MC site of thrombus formation in the heart [Qid: 11842]
A
Left atrial appendage (LAA)
12
Q
Flariform larva penetrate skin –> lungs –> pharynx –> swalloed to SI –> lays eggs that hatch into noninfectious rhabditiform larva that are excreted in stool or become flariform [Qid: 8873]
A
Strongyloides Stercoralis
13
Q
Inhibits phagocytosis and complement activation, mediates bacterial adherence, and is the target of type-specific humoral immunity to Strep Pyo. [Qid: 723]
A
M Protein
14
Q
MC transmission of HCV [Qid:386]
A
IV drug use
15
Q
Used to differentiate between pancreatic vs mucosal causes of malabsorption [Qid: 1907]
A
D-xylose
16
Q
Substance estimates of: - GFR - RPF - FF [Qid: 1555]
A
- Inulin or Creatinine
- PAH
- FF= GFR/RPF
17
Q
MC form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia [Qid: 793]
A
21-hydroxylase deficiency
18
Q
Female born w/ ambiguous genitilia or male born NL and later presents w/ salt wasting or precocious puberty. ↑ serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone. [Qid: 793]
A
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency –> MC form)
19
Q
Tissue necrosis due to NE extravasation is best prevented by ____________________. [Qid: 1164]
A
Alpha 1 blocking drug (eg, phetolamine)
20
Q
Intracranial tumors that typically arise in areas of dural reflection [Qid: 1150]
A
Meningiomas
21
Q
Commonly ass w/ HBV [Qid: 457]
A
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
22
Q
Transmural infl. w/ fibrinoid necrosis [Qid: 457]
A
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
23
Q
Neuromuscular lesions, ragged skeletal mm fibers, lactic acidosis [Qid: 1935]
A
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
24
Q
Coexistence of distinct versions of mitochondrial genomes in an individual cell [Qid: 1935]
A
Heteroplasmy
25
Common in middle aged women w/ severe pruritus (especially at night) [Qid: 401]
1⁰ biliary cirrhosis
26
Autoimmune destruction of the intrahepatic ducts and cholestasis (↑Alkaline Phosphatase) [Qid: 401]
1⁰ biliary cirrhosis
27
Dietary restriction of which product can improve symptoms of impaired Ornithine transport? [Qid: 1372]
Protein (Decreases ammonia formed)
28
BMI <18.5, Intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image [Qid: 2050]
Anorexia Nervosa
29
Recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by compensatory behavior, excess worrying about body shape and weight, NL body weight [Qid: 2050]
Bulimia Nervosa
30
Recurrent episodes of binge eating, no compensatory behaviors, lack of control during eating [Qid: 2050]
Binge-Eating Disorder
31
UTI - MCC of E.Coli bacteremia [Qid: 1142]
UTI
32
Structure with which E.Coli causes UTI [Qid: 1142]
Adhesive Fimbriae
33
Narrowest part of the intestine [Qid: 1525]
Ileocecal valve (Where a gallstone may lodge --> Gallstone Ileus)
34
Osteocytes have long intracanalicular processes that send signals to and exchange nutrients and waste products with the osteocytes within neighboring lamellae via ____________________. [Qid: 1559]
Gap Jxns
35
Anaerobic gram-variable rod [Qid: 1939]
Gardnerella Vaginalis
36
T/t of vWD and mild hemophilia A [Qid: 219]
Desmopressin
37
D-alanyl-D-alanine --> D-alanyl-D-lactate [Qid: 643]
VRE
38
Modified PBPs [Qid: 643]
Penicillin Resistance (eg, MRSA)
39
Beta-lactamases destroy beta-lactam rings [Qid: 643]
Penicillin Resistance
40
```
Lecithin : Sphingomyelin
- 2 : 1
- 1.5 : 1 to 1.9 : 1
- <1.5 : 1
[Qid: 482]
```
L : S
- NL
- Risk of lung immaturity and breathing problems
- Lung immaturity
41
Mutations involving ankyrin, band 3 and spectrin proteins [Qid: 890]
Hereditary Spherocytosis
42
The red cell index most specific for hereditary spherocytosis [Qid: 890]
↑MCHC
43
Howell-Jolly bodies (DNA) MC associated w/ ____________________. [Qid: 890]
Splenectomy
44
Pappenheimer bodies (iron) MC associated w/ ____________________. [Qid: 890]
Sideroblastic Anemias
45
Finely granular, homogenous, dull eosinophilic inclusions that fill the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (ground glass hepatocytes) [Qid: 367]
HBV (Accumulation of HBSAg)
46
Minimal clear to straw-colored discharge from the umbilicus [Qid: 652]
Persistent allantois remnant (Patent urachus --> Discharge of urine from the umbilicus)
47
Marker for mast cell activation [Qid: 2068]
Tryptase
48
Introduction of multivalent antigen in an allergic response mediated by IgE results in ____________________. [Qid: 2069]
Aggregation of the FCεRI receptors
49
Improves carpal tunnel symptoms [Qid: 11683]
Incision of transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum)
50
Widespread mast cell and basophil degranulation [Qid: 2068]
Anaphylaxis
51
Exclusively breastfed infants require ____________________ supplementation [Qid: 1926]
Vitamin D
52
Given parenterally to all newborns at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn [Qid: 1926]
Vitamin K
53
Breast milk content of ____________________ and ____________________ is typically insufficient for the nutritional needs of the newborn [Qid: 1926]
Vitamin D and Vitamin K
54
Cardiac arrhythmias, nonspecific GI, neurological and visual symptoms with elevated K+ [Qid: 147]
Digoxin toxicity
55
Adds TTAGGG to 3' end of chromosomes [Qid: 1438]
Telomerase
56
Tendency of study subjects to change their behavior as a result of their awareness that their being studied.
Hawthorne Effect
57
MC neurologic disorder affecting children [Qid:866]
Febrile seizures (T/t: Supportive care)
58
Acne in competitive athlete [Qid: 7585]
Anabolic steroid misuse
59
Pregnant woman with compulsion to eat ice and iron deficiency [Qid: 8893]
Pica (C in Pregnancy and ass w/ iron def.)
60
Amatoxins MOA [Qid: 8482]
Potent inh of RNA pol II (Amanita phalloides)
61
Growth pattern of Strawberry hemangiomas [Qid: 466]
Grow in proportion to the growth of the child before eventually regressing (Usually gone by 7)
62
MOA of Raloxifene in bone and mammary tissue [Qid: 1795]
In bone, the estrogen agonist effects of raloxifene predominate and prevent osteoporosis. In mammary tissue, the estrogen antagonist effects predominate and prevent estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
63
Have the ability to proliferate in response to lung injury [Qid: 478]
Type II pneumocytes (Also produces pulm surfactant and regenerates type I)
64
"Gold standard" for detecting a microdeletion (DiGeorge) [Qid: 34]
Fluoresence in situ hybridization
65
Mutation in JAK2 --> Constitutive tyrosine kinase activity --> cytokine-independent activation of STAT proteins. (JAK-STAT pathway) [Qid: 8540]
Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis), excluding CML (Philadelphia chromosome)
66
Early --> Marrow hypercellularity and minimal fibrosis. Later --> Pancytopenia, hepatomegaly and massive splenomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis compensation [Qid: 8540]
Primary Myelofibrosis
67
Processing steps required before finalized mRNA molecules can leave the nucleus [Qid: 2035]
5'-capping (2steps)
Poly A tail addition
Intron splicing
68
Important role in mRNA translation regulation and mRNA degradation in the cytoplasm [Qid: 2035]
P bodies
69
Majority of water reabsorption in the nephron occurs in ____________________. [Qid: 1524]
Proximal Tubule (along with solutes)
70
Chronic renal hypoperfusion will cause hypertrophy and hyperplasia of ____________________. [Qid: 7569]
JG cells (modified sm cells)
71
Calcification of the rim of hilar nodes (eggshell calcifications) and birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue. [Qid: 668]
Silicosis
72
Reduction in risk of progression of diabetic nephropathy [Qid: 151]
Appropriate glycemic and BP control (ACE inh and ARBs)
73
Mononucleosis symptoms heterophile antibody negative. [Qid: 1592]
CMV (Immunocompetent individual)
74
Proximal muscle weakness. W/ overexpression of MHC class 1 proteins on the sarcolemma and infiltration w/ CD8+ T lymphocytes. [Qid: 748]
Polymyositis
75
VCC of knee pain in young adolescent athletes after a recent growth spurt. Pain and swelling at the tibial tubercule. [Qid: 11819]
Osgood-Schlatter dz (OSD)
76
Acute transmural MI marked by ST-elevation and subsequent Q-wave is most likely the result of ____________________. [Qid: 37]
Fully obstructive thrombus superimposed on a ruptured atherosclerotic coronary artery plaque
77
Hard bony enlargement of the DIP joints (Heberden nodes) and PIP joints (Bouchard nodes) [Qid: 1771]
Osteoarthritis of the hands (osteophyte formation)
78
Can be injured during thyroid surgery (Close proximity to the inf. laryngeal a) [Qid: 1686]
Recurrent Laryngeal NN
79
Tumors harbouring these mutations are resistant to chemotherapy with anti-EGFR drugs [Qid: 12049]
KRAS mutation
80
Pt 50+ w/ myalgias of the shoulder and pelvic girdle mm, systemic symptoms (eg, fever, weight loss). [Qid: 748]
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
81
Abrupt onset of gross hematuria, acute flank pain, and passage of tissue fragments into urine. Pt has sickle cell trait. [Qid: 834]
Renal papillary necrosis (MC seen in pts w/ sickle cell disease or trait, DM, analgesic nephropathy, or sever obstructive pyelonephritis)
82
___________________ is produced by ____________________ in the duodenal mucosa in response to stimulation by intraluminal acidity. [Qid: 1546]
Secretin / S cells
83
MOA: Decreasing proximal tubular reabsorption of glucose [Qid: 604]
SGLT2 inhibitors (eg. Canagliflozin, dapgliflozin)
84
Why should you never T/t active Tb with drug monotherapy? [Qid: 1225]
Due to fast emergence on mycobacterial antibiotic resistance from rapid, selective gene mutations
85
Why should you never T/t active Tb with drug monotherapy? [Qid: 1225]
Due to fast emergence on mycobacterial antibiotic resistance from rapid, selective gene mutations
86
Linezolid with antidepressant ↑ risk of ____________________. [Qid: 8327]
Serotonin Syndrome (Linezolid has MAO activity)
87
Lactose-fermenting, indole-positive gram negative rods [Qid: 11766]
E. Coli
88
Thoracocentesis insertion points [Qid: 844]
Midclavicular: 8
Midaxillary: 10
Paravertebral: 12
89
F508 mutation function [Qid: 802]
Impairs posttranslational processing of CFTR, resulting in shunting of CFTR toward the proteasome with complete absence of the protein in the apical membrane of affected epithelial cells.
90
Most sensitive screening test for dx of hypothyroidism [Qid: 764]
TSH
91
"crumpled tissue paper" on BM aspirate (Pic) [Qid: 11864]
Lipid Laden Macrophages in Gaucher Disease
92
```
HPV strains:
- 6 and 11:
- 16, 18, and 31:
Function of E6 and E7:
- E6:
- E7:
[Qid: 869]
```
- 6 and 11: Low malignancy potential
- 16, 18, and 31: High malignancy potential
- E6: ↑ p53 degradation
- E7: Binds Rb protein
93
What is found on autopsy of PA after amniotic fluid embolism? [Qid: 11919]
Fetal squamous cells
94
Insulin resistance is induced by ____________________ (4) through what MOA? [Qid: 1326]
TNF-α, catecholamines, glucocorticoids and glucagon through phosphorylation of serine of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate by serine kinase (Phosphorylation of threonine has similar effects)
95
T/t for Herpes simplex [Qid: 1646]
Acyclovir
96
T/t for CMV [Qid: 1646]
Gancyclovir
97
What drugs bind and inhibit transpeptidases? [Qid: 2110]
Penicillins and cephalosporins (Bind PBPs)
98
Why is primaquin used in conjunction with chloroquin? [Qid: 1965]
To eradicate intrahepatic stages of P. Vivax and P. Ovale, which are responsible for relapse. Chloroquine handles the erythrocytic forms
99
Nucleolus (Intranuclear body) function [Qid: 1417]
Primary site of ribosome synthesis and assembly
100
Statistical Power [Qid: 1272]
1-β
101
Pts w/ CGD develop recurrent bacterial and fungal inf that are predominantly caused by which 5 catalase-positive organisms? [Qid: 1441]
```
Staph Aureus
Burkholderia cepacia
Serratia Marcescens
Nocardia
Aspergillus
```
102
∆ Fibrous Dysplasia, endocrine abnormalities, unilateral café-au-lait macules (CALMs) with irregular borders like the coast of maine [Qid: 11653]
McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS)
103
Mosaic somatic mutation in GNAS gene encoding the stimulatory subunit of a G protein [Qid: 11653]
McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS)
104
Small bilateral CALMs that are smooth like the coast of California [Qid: 11653]
NF1
105
Dz in young children that results in isolated idiopathic osteonecrosis of the hip [Qid: 11653]
Legg-Calvé-Perthes dz
106
Auscultatory finding indicating severe MR [Qid: 944]
Left-sided S3 gallop
107
Heparin MOA [Qid: 1784]
Activates antithrombin III (ATIII) which bind factor Xa and thrombin and prevents them from converting prothrombin to thrombin
108
Caudal Regression Syndrome ass w/ ___________________. [Qid: 1684]
Poorly controlled diabetes
109
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is caused by damage to which artery? [Qid: 1956]
Medial circumflex aa
110
Pt w/ Chrohn dz affecting the terminal ileum are prone to developing ____________________. [Qid: 412]
Gallstones (Decreased bile acid reabsorption promotes supersaturation of bile with cholesterol, resulting in gallstone formation) ↑ Cholesterol : Bile acid ratio
111
What condition is necessary for the development of pyelonephritis? [Qid: 831]
Anatomic or functional vesicoureteral reflux
112
Systemic illness that involes the SI, joints, and CNS. Small intestine mucosa containing enlarged, foamy macrophages packed with both rod-shaped bacilli and PAS-positive, diastase-resistant granules [Qid: 131]
Whipple disease caused by the gram (+) actinomycete Tropheryma whippelii
113
Biochemical risk factors for uric acid nephrolithiasis [Qid: 12081]
Low urinary pH
| Low urine output with high uric acid concentration (Chronic diarrhea)
114
Lepromin test shows indurated nodule at the site of injection [Qid: 1314]
Tuberculoid Leprosy (TH1 response)
115
Lepromin test shows no response [Qid: 1314]
Lepromin Leprosy (Lack of TH1 response - Predominantly TH2)
116
Parakeratotic stratum corneum [Qid: 1117]
Psoriasis
117
Opsoclonus-myoclonus ass w/ ____________________. [Qid: 1263]
Neuroblastoma
118
N-myc amplification [Qid: 1263]
Neuroblastoma
119
Complication of long-term treatment of Parkinson Disease with levodopa [Qid: 264]
Periodic and sometimes unpredictable fluctuations in motor function. ("On/Off" periods)
120
CNIII palsy and dilated pupil w/ hypertension, bradycardia and widened pulse pressure [Qid: 11804]
Cushings triad ∆ --> due to inc. ICP
CNIII Palsy --> due to uncal herniation
Dilated pupil --> due to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
121
Failed obliteration of the vitelline duct [Qid: 329]
Meckel Diverticulum
122
Increased uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate [Qid: 329]
Meckel Diverticulum
123
Solitary mass in the right temporal lobe, what visual structure is damaged? [Qid: 8594]
Meyer's Loop (Relays info to lingual gyrus)
124
↑ insulin secretion by inh β-cell K+-ATP channels [Qid: 606]
Insulin secretagogues (eg, Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides)
125
Stimulates AMPK, decreasing glucose production & insulin resistance [Qid: 606]
Biguanides (eg, Metformin)
126
Activates transcription regulator PPAR-γ, decreasing insulin resistance [Qid: 606]
Thiazolidinediones (eg, Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone)
127
Increases glucose dependant insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying [Qid: 606]
GLP-1 agonists (eg, Exenatide, Liraglutide)
128
Reduces intestinal disaccharide absorption [Qid: 606]
DPP4 inhibitors (eg, Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin)
129
Increases renal glucose excretion [Qid: 606]
α-glucosidase inhibitors (eg, Acarbose, Miglitol)
130
Str: Heavy chain and a β2-microglobulin [Qid: 746]
MHC class I
131
Str: α and β polypeptide chains [Qid: 746]
MHC class II
132
Which tissues cannot utilize ketones for energy? [Qid: 1887]
Erythrocytes (No Mitochondria)
Liver (Lack of enzyme)
- In early fasting, heart and sk muscle use ketones primary to preserve glucose for the brain
- In prolonged starvation even the brain will use ketones
133
Phenylaleninemia and NT deficiency (eg, serotonin, dopamine) [Qid: 1500]
BH4 reductase deficiency
134
PKU and prolactinemia [Qid: 1501]
Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (↓ dopamine = prolactinemia)
135
HPO42- and NH3- [Qid: 2008]
The 2 most important acid buffers in urine
136
Transverse portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and Aorta, causing symptoms of partial intestinal obstruction [Qid: 303]
Superior Mesenteric artery syndrome
137
Occurs due to diminished mesenteric fat, pronounced lordosis, or surgical correction of scoliosis [Qid: 303]
Superior Mesenteric artery syndrome
138
"Red Ragged" muscle fibers [Qid: 357]
Mitochondrial dzs (MERRF, Leber optic neuropathy, MELAS)
139
↓ SVR:PVR corrected by squatting [Qid: 205]
Tetrology of Fallot
140
MC congenital heart malformation in patients with Turners [Qid: 8292]
Bicuspid aortic valve
141
Patient's serum is mixed with a solution of cardiolipin, cholesterol and lecithin. Aggregation or flocculation of the sample demonstrates the presence of cardiolipin antibodies. [Qid: 1316]
Rapid plasma regain test (RPR), a nonspecific treponemal serologic test
142
CF pts are at risk of what vitamin deficiencies? [Qid: 710]
Vit. ADEK (Pancreatic insufficiency)
143
Contaminated water sources (cruise ships, spas, hospitals, AC hotel) [Qid: 8257]
Legionnaires disease
144
Gram stain shows many nꬾ but no organisms. Diagnosed by urinary antigen testing. MC lab abnormality is hyponatremia. Elevated transaminases. [Qid: 8257]
Legionella Pneumophila
145
Iron absoption occurs predominantly in the ____________________. [Qid: 7584]
Duodenum and proximal Jejunum
146
T/t severe acne ass w/ significant scarring and in patients who fail therapy with topical tretinoin/benzoil peroxide and antibiotics [Qid: 1568]
Isotretinoin
147
Superior efficacy in T/T-resistant schizophrenia and schizophrenia associated with persistent suicidality. [Qid: 516]
Clozapine
148
Potential life threatening S/E of Clozapine. [Qid: 516]
Agranulocytosis
149
Used to T/t "T/t-resistant schizophrenia" and schizophrenia associated with persistent suicidality [Qid: 516]
Clozapine
150
____________________ needs to be regularly monitored with the use of clozapine [Qid: 516]
Absolute neutrophil count
151
Pyrophosphate analog that doesn't require intracellular activation [Qid: 1644]
Foscarnet
152
T/t for gancyclovir-resistant CMV and Acyclovir-resistant HSV [Qid: 1644]
Foscarnet and Cidofofiv
153
Leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries [Qid: 7721]
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
154
Chronic oxidative stress leading to subretinal inflammation with abn. ecm formation. S&s: gradual vision loss in one or both eyes whcich causes difficulty reading/driving. Drusen deposits with pigment abn on fundoscopy. [Qid: 7721]
Dry AMD
155
Progressive ecm accumulation that eventually results in retinal hypoxia which stimulates local VEGF prod. and causes subretinal neovascularization. S&s: acute vision loss with metamorphopsia (distortion of straight lines). Fundoscopy shows grayish-green discoloration with adjacent fluid/hemorrhage [Qid: 7721]
Wet AMD
156
- T/t for Dry AMD
- T/t for Wet AMD
[Qid: 7721]
Dry or wet AMD: antioxidant vitamins and zinc and smokers should receive smoking cessation counseling
Wet AMD: VEGF inh. (ranibizumab, bevacizumab)
157
The EBV envelope ____________________ binds to ____________________.[Qid: 1375]
Glycoprotein gp350 / CD21
158
The EBV envelope ____________________ binds to ____________________.[Qid: 1375]
Glycoprotein gp350 / CD21
159
Parvovirus B19 is thought to attach to human erythroid cells via the ____________________. [Qid: 1375]
Blood group P antigen
160
HIV viruses attach to their major target host cells (CD4+ T cells) primarily via the binding of viral envelope ____________________ to cellular CD4 transmembrane glycoprotein and coreceptor ____________________ (2). [Qid: 1375]
Glycoprotein gp120 / CCR4 or CXCR5
161
Cysts, usually filled with a brownish-yellow, viscous fluid that resembles machine oil due to the presence of protein and cholesterol crystals [Qid: 1152]
Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma
162
Made up of connexins and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]
Gap Junctions / Intercellular communication
163
Made up of claudins/occludens and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]
Tight Junctions / Paracellular barrier
164
Made up of cadherins and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]
Adherens Junctions / Cellular anchor
165
Made up of cadherins (eg, desmogleins) and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]
Desmosomes / Cellular anchor
166
Made up of integrins and function is ____________________. [Qid: 11888]
Hemidesmosomes / Cellular anchor
167
Chronically elevated levels of ____________________ contribute to insulin resistance by what mechanisms? [Qid: 1328]
Chronically elevated FFA levels contribute to insulin resistance by impairing insulin-dependent glucose uptake and increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis.
168
Auer rods on smear [Qid: 1403]
AML (eg, acute promyelocytic leukemia)
169
t(15:17) --> PML/RARA --> inh myeloblast differentiation [Qid: 1403]
APML
170
Common complication ass w/ APML [Qid: 1403]
DIC
171
Thrombocytopenia, elevated D-dimer due to fibrinolysis, prolonged profile times, and low fibrinogen due to consumption [Qid: 1403]
DIC
172
T/t of APML [Qid: 1403]
All-trans retinoic acid
173
Major adaptive immune mechanisms that prevent reinfection with the influenza virus [Qid: 1649]
Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies
174
Lobar pneumonia
Macro: red, heavy and boggy lobe
Micro: vasc dilation and bacterial exudate
[Qid: 531]
Congestion (1st 24hrs)
175
Lobar pneumonia
Macro: red firm lobe
Micro: Erys, nꬾ and fibrin exudate
[Qid: 531]
Red hepatisation (2-3d)
176
Lobar pneumonia
Macro: gray-brown firm lobe
Micro: RBCs disintegrate, nꬾ and fibrin exudate
[Qid: 531]
Gray hepatization (4-6d)
177
Lobar pneumonia
Macro: NL
Micro: enzymatic digestion of exudate
[Qid: 531]
Resolution
178
Weakness on extension of fingers and thumb [Qid: 1694]
PDE3 inh --> vasodilation
179
Injury in supinator canal [Qid: 1694]
Radial n injury
180
Major determinant of symptom severity in TOF [Qid: 204]
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction ↓ SVR:PVR (see Qid: 205)
181
Febrile maculopapular rash that begins on the face and spreads to the trunk and extremities [Qid: 1669]
Measles or Rubella
182
Photoaging caused by UVA leads to ____________________. [Qid: 1860]
Decreased collagen fibril production
183
Cyanide toxicity is a S/E of which drug? [Qid: 1254]
Nitroprusside
184
Cyanide toxicity antidote (3) [Qid: 1254]
Hydroxycobalamine --> Direct binding of cyanide ions
Sodium nitrite --> Induction of methemoglobinemia
Sodium thiosulfate --> Use of detoxifying sulfur donors
185
Candida extract skin reaction is an example of which hypersensitivity? [Qid: 544]
Type IV (DTH)
186
Early onset familial Alzheimer disease is ass w/ which gene mutations? (3)
Late onset familial Alzheimer disease is ass w/ which gene mutation?
[Qid: 591]
```
Early:
o APP (Cr 21)
o Presenilin 1
o Presenilin 2
Late:
o Lipoprotein E4 genotype
```
187
Whiskott Aldridge Syndrome s&s [Qid: 1172]
Thrombocytopenia (W)
Eczema (A)
Encapsulated Organism inf (S)
188
Standard deviation (%) [Qid: 1172]
Standard deviation:
68% are within 1 SD
95% within 2 SD
99.7% within 3 SD
189
Weakness on extension of fingers and thumb [Qid: 1694]
Finger droop (radial n inj)
190
First-line T/t for MDD which doesn't cause sexual dysfunction? [Qid: 706]
Buproprion
191
Long-term acid suppression w PPIs maybe ass w/ inc risk of ____________________. [Qid: 10930]
Osteoporosis
192
C Diff toxins [Qid: 1397]
Toxin A: Enterotoxin, binds to gut.
| Toxin B: Cytotoxin, causes CYTOSKELETAL disruption viz actin depolymerisation
193
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is due to compression of the ____________________ of the brachial plexus within the ____________________ triangle. [Qid: 11778]
Lower trunk / Scalene triangle
194
Sclerae and ear cartilage hyperpigmentation along with osteoarthropathy of the spine and large joints. [Qid: 1503]
Alkaptonuria
195
AR disorder caused by deficiency of homogentisic acid dioxygenase (involved in tyrosine metabolism). Excess homogentisic acid causes diffuse black-blue deposits in CT. [Qid: 1503]
Alkaptonuria
196
Tooth extraction and history of hemarthrosis. [Qid: 941]
Hemophilia
197
T/t and prevention of influenza type A and B [Qid: 1648]
Oseltamivir (NA inh)
198
Where does heme synthesis occur? [Qid: 1455]
Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
199
Which steps of heme synthesis occur in the mitochondria? [Qid: 1455]
First and final 3 steps of heme synthesis
200
Which nerve mediates the afferent limb of the cough reflex above the vocal cords and can be damaged by a foreign body in the piriform recess? [Qid: 8703]
The internal laryngeal NN
201
WBC casts accompanied by symptoms of acute UTI. [Qid: 888]
Acute pyelonephritis
202
MCC of unilateral fetal hydronephrosis [Qid: 837]
Inadequate canalization of the uretopelvic junction
203
MC GI complication in Down S [Qid:1824]
Duodenal atresia
204
Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in pts w/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is due to ____________________. [Qid: 76]
Abnormal systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve toward a hypertrophied IV septum.
205
Wrist drop [Qid: 1930]
Radial Nerve
206
Antibodies against nꬾ MPO. [Qid: 667]
P-ANCA:
Microscopic polyangitis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (C-S), Ulcerative colitis and Primary sclerosing cholangitis
207
Antibodies against nꬾ PR3.
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (C-S) - Small to medium vessel vasculitis characterized by late-onset, rhinosinusitis, and eosinophilia [Qid: 667]
Wegener Granulomatosis
208
Mononeuritis multiplex due to involvement of the epineural vessels of peripheral nerves [Qid: 667]
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (C-S)
209
Special capsule called the Vi Antigen which protects is from opsonisation and phagocytosis [Qid: 1137]
Salmonella
210
Sickle cell pts have an increased risk of infections by which organisms? And why? [Qid: 1137]
Encapsulated Organisms, Multiple autoinfarctions of the spleen
211
Encapsulated organisms
"Even Some Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies"
- E. Coli
- Strep Pneumo
- Neisseria Meningitidis
- Klebsiella Pneumonia
- Haemophilus Influenzae
- Salmonella Typhi
- group B strep
212
Referred pain to the C3-C5 shoulder region due to any abdominal process irritating the phrenic nerve sensory fibers around the diaphragm [Qid: 11753]
Kehr sign
213
Tetradotoxin
What and How?
[Qid: 8352]
Tetradotoxin (Pufferfish poisoning) binds voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve and cardiac tissue, preventing sodium influx and depolarization.
214
_____________________ produce dextrans that aid them in ____________________, such as ____________________. [Qid: 1002]
Viridians streptococci / colonizing host surfaces / dental enamel and heart valves
215
Which lipid lowering agents cause myopathy and which cause gallstones? [Qid:778]
Statins and Fibrates
216
S/E of risperidone [Qid: 222]
Hyperprolactinemia
217
Non-steroid anti-androgen that acts as a competitive inhibitor of testosterone receptors used in combination w/ long acting GnRH agonists for the T/t of prostate cancer. [Qid: 657]
Flutamide
218
Difference between localized vs metastatic vs extraintestinal carcinoids [Qid: 425]
Carcinoid tumors confined to the intestine do not cause carcinoid syndrome as their secretory products are metabolized by the liver before entering the systemic circulation. In contrast, intestinal carcinoids that metastasize to the liver and extraintestinal (eg, bronchial) carcinoids release vasoactive substances that avoid first-pass metabolism, resulting in carcinoid syndrome (eg, flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm)
219
IFN as T/ts [FA: 187]
IFN-α: HBV, HCV, Kaposi sarcoma, Hairy cell leukemia, Condyloma accuminatum, RCC, Melanoma
IFN-β: MS
IFN-γ: CGD
220
T/t for RSV [FA: 214]
Palivisumab
221
Inherited defects involving the ____________________ result in disseminated mycobacterial disease in infancy or early childhood. Patients require lifelong T/t w/ ____________________. [Qid: 8384]
IFN-γ signaling pathway / Antimycobacterial agents
222
Difference between HA and NA. [FA: 153]
HA: Promotes viral entry
NA: Promotes progeny viral release
223
Difference between genetic drift and shift. [FA: 153]
Genetic shift = Influenza type A
Reassortment of viral genome segments, causes pandemics, humans and animals
Genetic drift = Influenza type B
Minor gene changes, causes epidemics
224
Autoantibodies directed against snRNPs [Qid: 361]
Smith protein normally complexes with snRNA in the cytoplasm, forming snRNPs. Patients w/ SLE can have autoantibodies directed against snRNPs (eg, antismith antibody).
225
Twisting of the infundibulopelvic ligament resulting in occlusion of the blood and nn supply to the ovary causing severe, acute pelvic pain and ovarian ischemia [Qid: 11901]
Ovarian torsion often due to weight of a large adnexal mass
226
Postpandrial epigastric pain w/ ass food aversion/weight loss. [Qid: 414]
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
227
Basal ganglia are supplied by which aa, branch of what? [Qid: 12007]
Lenticulostriate aa / MCA
228
LN drainage of Testis and Scrotum [Qid: 8326]
Testis: Para-aortic LN
Scrotum: Superficial inguinal LN
229
Lung biopsy specimens and BM aspirates shows oval or round yeast within mꬾ [Qid: 267]
Histoplasmosis
230
Lecithinase is produced by what bacteria? [Qid: 1395]
C. Perfringens (α-toxin or Phospholipase C)
231
```
Inc sleep and apetite
Mood reactivity
Leaden paralysis
Rejection sensitivity
[Qid: 573]
```
Hallmarks of atypical depression
232
T/t for treatment-resistant depression and atypical depression [Qid: 573]
MAO-A inhibitors (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid)
233
Weight gain, easy bruising, hyperpigmentation, PUD, hypertension [Qid: 1921]
Cushing syndrome
234
Weight gain, easy bruising, hyperpigmentation, PUD, hypertension in pt w/ lung mass [Qid: 1921]
Ectopic production of ACTH
235
Paraneoplastic production in:
Small cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
[Qid: 1921]
- ACTH/ ADH/ Ab to Ca++ chan (L-E)
| - PTHrP
236
Inh HMG-CoA reductase [Qid: 11634]
Statins (↓↓LDL)
237
Prevents intestinal reabsorption of bile-acids [Qid: 11634]
Bile acid sequestrants (eg, cholestyramine)
238
Prevents cholestrol abs at brush border [Qid: 11634]
Ezetimibe
239
Upregulates LPL --> ↑TG clearance
Activates PRAR-α --> HDL synth
[Qid: 11634]
Fibrates (↓↓TGs)
240
Pt w/ Tb and neuropathy should have been receiving what supplementation? [Qid: 1308]
Pyridoxine (B6) due to INH-induced neuropathy
241
Path ass w/ schistocytes [FA: 387]
DIC, TTP/HUS, HELLP S, Mechanical (Heart valve)
242
Path ass w/ Target cells [FA: 387]
"HALT" said the hunter to his TARGET:
- HbC
- Asplenia
- Liver Dz
- Thalassemia
243
Path ass w/ dacrocytes [FA: 386]
Myelofibrosis
244
Path ass w/ degmacytes [FA: 386]
G6PD def (Bite cells)
245
Path ass w/ echinocytes [FA: 386]
End-stage renal dz, liver dz, Pyruvate Kinase def
246
Uncleaved vWF multimers that are significantly more prothrombic [Qid: 11625]
TTP (Due to impaired ADAMTS13)
247
```
Suffix:
-mab
-cept
-nib
[Qid: 8523]
```
- Monoclonal antibody
- Receptor
- Kinase inhibitor
248
MC site of aortic injury and why [Qid: 2130]
Aortic isthmus due its immobility (ligamentum arteriosum)
249
6mo infant w/ constipation, lethargy, hypotonia, macroglossia, an umbilical hernia, and a large anterior fontanelle [Qid: 1407]
Congenital Hypothyroidism (6mo due to maternal T4)
250
MCC of aplastic crisis in sickle cell pts [Qid: 1496]
Parvovirus B19
| Aplastic crisis = Only RBCs
251
Hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations [Qid: 1458]
Narcolepsy
252
Can be injured during thyroid surgery (Close proximity to the sup. thyroid a) [Qid: 1747]
Superior laryngeal NN
253
Blistering cutaneous photosensitivity w/ tea-colored urine [Qid: 1337/FA: 395]
Porphyria cutanea tarda (UROD)
254
```
Painful abdomen
Port wine-colored urine
Polyneuropathy
Psychological disturbances
Precipitated by drugs
[Qid: 1337/FA: 395]
```
Acute intermittent porphyria
255
Pt under 2yo w/ intermittent, severe, colicky abd pain, "currant jelly" stools, and a palpable mass in the lower right abd quadrant [Qid: 416]
Intussusception
256
____________________ clonally expand in response to the EBV infected B lymphocytes in an effort to destroy the virally infected cells [Qid: 7643]
CD8+ CTLs
257
Diarrhea, dementia and photosensitive dermatitis [Qid: 12276]
Pellagra
