UW16 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

low frequency sound is best detected at which part of the cochlea

Apex of the choclea near the helicotrema

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high frequency sounds are best detected at which part of the cochlea

base of the cochlea near oval and round windows

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archnodactyly, scoliosis, aortic root dilation

Marfan

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Short stature, hypotonia, intellectual disability, obesity

Prader Willi syndrome

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Contraindications for HCTZ

diabetics, gout, hypercalcemia

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Hematuria/ hemoptysis. Focal necrosis of alveolar walls and intra-alveolar hemorrhages

Goodpasture

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asthma, necrotizing vasculitis with granulomas, eosinophis. Bronchial wall thickening

Churg strauss

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subplural cystic airspace enlargement

Honeycomb lung ( pulmonary fibrosis)

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what amino acid becomes essential in PKU

Tyrosine

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Why is there an increase in prolactin in Dihydrobiopterin reductase deficiency

Decrease in Dopamine synthesis

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what enzyme is deficiency in alkaptonuria

Homogentisic acid oxidase

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discharge from ear and exquisite ear pain in a diabetic patient

otitis Externa (pseudomonas)

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inflamed, erythematous, bulging, immobile tympanic membrane

otitis media (fluid in middle ear)

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what type of bonds causes the sickling seen in Sickle Cell

Hydrophobic interactions between Hb molecules

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Anastrozole

aromatase inhibitor

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MSH2 gene is implicated in what disease

HNPCC (DNA mismatch repair)

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urokinase

tPA (thrombolytic)

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babinski

Extension, dorsiflexion of toes following stroking of lateral plantar foot

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muscle paralysis, hyperreflexia, spasticity indicates what type of lesion, positive babinski

Upper motor neuron

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loss of tendon reflexes, muscle atrophy, fasiculations are seen in what type of motor neuron lesion

Lower moter neuron

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which part of the kidney tubules is most susceptible to injury

Proximal tubule and thick ascending limb

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Proto-oncogenes

Ras, myc, ERB, TGFa, Sis, abl

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Tumor suppressors

BRCA, NF-1, APC, DCC, p53, RB, WT

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Why should a cbc be done before starting chloramphenicol

can cause aplastic anemia

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why should a cbc be cone before starting dapsone

can cause agranulocytosis

Side effect of ethambutol

optic neuritis, color blindness, central scotoma,

HIV infection and impaired vision

CMV retinitis

Foscarnet

Pyrophosphate analog. Chelates calcium, leads to renal wasting of magnesium. Which decreases PTH and leads to hypocalcemia

Ganciclovir

inhibits DNA polymerase. Requires viral kinase. Causes severe neutropenia

Indinavir

Protease inhibitor. Causes fat redistribution, insulin resistance (hyperglycemia) and hypertryglyceridemia

Lamivudine

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI). Associated with peripheral neuropathy and lactic acidosis

inward deviation of the eye

abducens palsy

Regulator of the urea cycle

N-acetylglutamate

Rate determining enzyme of urea cycle

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

increased blood ammonium and increased urine orotic acid excretion. What enzyme deficiency

Ornithine transcarbamylase

Why do you see an increase in orotic acid in ornithine transcrabamylase deficiency?

Excess carbamoyl phosphate is converted to orotic acid (CPS II for pyrimidine synthesis)

obstruction of what % of a coronary artery lumen produces symptoms of stable angina

75.00%

Endothelial cell tumor associated with arsenic or polyvinyl chloride exposure

Liver angiosarcoma (CD31)

Terbutaline

Beta mimetic tocolytic drug that suppresses uterine contracts to delay labor

tinnitis, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss

Meniere's (Rinne AC \>BC, Weber lateralizes to healthy side)

Loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen

Huntington

Thyroid biopsy that shows nests of polygonal cells with Congo Red Positive deposits

Medullary Carcinoma of the thyroid

medial granulomas in Takayasu arteritis typically affect which vessel

aortic arch

Medial Band like calcifications

Moncheberg's medial calcific sclerosis

Side effect of Ca channel blocker

Blocks L type Ca channels, reducing muscle contractility. SE: cardiac depression, AV block, constipation

Side effect of digoxin

Na/K ATPase inhibit leads to inhibition of Na/Ca to increase Ca. Stimulates vagal nerve to decrease HR/ SE: cholinergic (n/v/d), blurry yellow vision, AV block, can lead to hyperkalemia

necrolytic migratory erythema, (edematous rash near groin area)

glucagonoma

jejunal ulcers

gastrinoma

Klinefelter

destruction of seminiferous tubules causes decreased inhibin leading to increased FSH. Leydig cells are also damaged causing decreased testosterone. Increased FSH and LH

Labs in Klinefelter

low T, no sperm, High LH and FSH, increased estrogen

Bilateral gynecomastia, with small, firm testes, long lower extremities

Klinefelter Syndrome

precocious pubuerty, parinaud syndrome, obstructive hydrocephalus

Germinoma (pineal region)

Precious puberty in boys vs girls

Boys

paralysis of upward gaze

parinauds (superior colliculi)

tremor, rhinorrhea, sneezing and diarrhea

opioid withdrawal symptoms

Opioids

decreases synaptic transmission to decrease release of Ach, NE, 5HT, glutamate, substance P

what do you give a neonate in opioid withdrawal

tincture of opium ( withdrawal can lead to seizures)

Oligoclonal bands of IgG in CSF

Multiple sclerosis

Mechanism of fibrates

inhibits 7a hydroxylase

How does estrogen increase risk of gallstones

Increases biosynthesis of cholesterol by inreasing HMG-CoA reductase

Erb-B2

tyrosine kinase activity. Associated with breast and ovarian cancers

Tx for HTN that can lead to flushing and peripheral edema

Amlodipine

Tx for HTN and BPH

alpha 1 blocker

Tx for HTN that can cause gynecomastia

Eplerenone

Tx for a-fib that can cause constipation and gingival hyperplasia

Verapamil

Where does the RNA polymerase bind the lac operon

promoter region

what does the repressor protein of the lac operon bind?

Operator region

Ecoli grown in lactose

Lactose binds to repressor protein to prevent attachment of repressor to allow transcription

Ecoli grown in glucose

decreases cAMP to prevent expression of lac operon

Ecoli grown without glucose

increases cAMP which activates CAP (catabolite activator protein). CAP-cAMP binds to promoter and increases expression of lac operon

Outcome of Hep C infection

most develop chronic infection

when is PaO2 decreased

obstructive airway disease (asthma) due to poor alveolar ventilation

When is increased SaO2 of VENOUS blood seen

CN intoxication due to failure of oxygen unloading in tissues

When is decreased SaO2 seen?

CO poisoning

DNA sensitivity to ionizing radiation, repeated pulmonary infections, ataxia

Ataxia telangiectasia

Fanconi anemia

Sensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents

insulin dependent glucose transporter

GLUT 4

Back pain: relieved with rest and worse with activity. Brief morning stiffness

Degernative spondylosis (osteoarthritis)

Back pain: radiates to butt or leg, relieved with knee flexion, + straight leg raise

Disc herniation

Back pain: pain with walking or standing. Relieved by sitting and bending forward

Spinal Stenosis

Back pain: Man age

Ankylosing spondylitis

Back pain: constant dull pain that worsens at night. Not responsive to position changes

spinal metastasis

Back pain: worse at night, tenderness to gentle percussion. Fevers night sweats. Recent infection or IVDU

Vertebral osteomyelitis

Aldolase B

Fructose 1-P --\>DHAP & Glyceraldehyde

Fructokinase

Frutose to Fructose 1 P

Aldose reductase

Glactose to Galactitol

Fructose in the blood and urine

Essential fructosuria (fructokinase)

Hypogycemia, vomiting, urine dipstick negative

Fructose intolerance (aldolase B)

High levels of galactose leading to cataracts

Aldose reductase (galactose to galactitol)

Hypoxia in gram negative sepsis

ARDS

Adult respiratory distress syndrome. pulmonary interstitial and intra-alveolar edema, inflammation and alveolar hyaline membranes

Heinz Body

G6PD (denatured Hb)