UTS Flashcards
He sees himself as being capable of living his own life, doing the things that he would love to do, making his own mistakes and learning from his experiences.He is aware of his rights and the limitations of his freedom in the extant society; he sets goals and works hard to achieve.
Individualistic Self
Through the process of introspection and reflection, man begins to search for clues as to the probable purpose of his existence and the role he plays in the general order of the things of the world
Individualistic Self
As a result of his _______ he decides that since he has only one life to live and that death is inevitable, he should make the most of this life he was given.
Instrospection
philosophy of life emphasizing the priority of the person’s needs over the group. It is a preference for loosely knit social relationships that are caring for oneself and the family members only and the desire to be autonomous
Individualism
idea that individual freedom is associated with self-interest and self reliance.
Egoistical individualism
The identity of the individual is lost and does not exist except as a part of the group.
• The family and the society control how the group members should think, act and generally conduct themselves in society.
• It is observed that strong bonds of unity are formed and developed in collectivism
Collective Self
the idea that individual freedom is linked to human flourishing
Developmental Individualism
represents a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which a person can expect their family and other relatives of the social group to look after them in exchange for unquestioned loyalty. The loyalty of the family is highly stressed
Collectivism
In a______, there is a distinction between personal and group goals. However, if they make a distinction, collectivists minimize the personal goals to the collective good.
Examples of collective cultures are Japan, China, Mexico, Korea, and Central America. The Philippines is considered a collective culture.
Collectivistic culture
Who quotes? “The parent’s age must be remembered, both for joy and anxiety”
Confucius
Why is it that Li, Xiao and Yi are important virtues in Ren?
• Li, Xiao and Yi are virtues observed in a person whose humanity is developed, morally cultivated and aware.
His experiences in politics made him focus on social reforms. His philosophy came to be known as humanistic social philosophy. He considers society and its communities as the main source of values for both human beings and society in general
Confucius
code of ethical conduct, of how should properly act according to their relationship with other people, thus, it is also focused on having a harmonious social life.
Confucianism
The identity and self-concept of the individual, therefore, is ______ with the identity and status of his/her community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its failures
Interwoven
Harmony in society is possible when people accept their place in society. Key relationships include father to son, older brother to young brother, husband to wife, ruler to subject, and friend to friend. Except for______ none of these relationships is equal
5 relationships, except for friendship
seen as the ultimate purpose of life, but the characteristics of a chun-tzu, a man of virtue or noble character, is still embedded in his/her social relationships
Self Cultivation
The cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call a
Subdued Self
wherein personal needs are repressed (subdued) for the good of many, making Confucian society also hierarchical for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society.
Subdued Self
the center of the philosophical concept of Confucianism, which can be manifested through
Ren
to guide human actions, rules of propriety should be followed
Such rules involve adherence to the rituals of the community.
• In connection with the Li, Confucius stated, “To master oneself and return to propriety is humanity”
Li (propriety)
This 3 is under the Ren
- Li (propriety)
- Xiao (filiality)
- Yi (rightness)
the virtue of reverence and respect for the family
• Parents should be revered for the life they have given. Children should show respect to their parents by exerting efforts to care for themselves
• The family is a reflection of the person.
Xiao (filiality)
the right way of behaving. It is unconditional and absolute.
• Actions must be performed because they are the right actions.
• Obedience to parents, for instance, is expected of children because it is morally right and obligatory to do so
• Confucius emphasized that actions should be performed because they are right and not for the selfish benefits that they provide
Yi (rightness)
Why is it that Li, Xiao and Yi are important virtues in Ren?
Li, Xiao and Yi are virtues observed in a person whose humanity is developed, morally cultivated and aware.
also called Daoism) is a religion and a philosophy from ancient China that has influenced folk and national belief. Taoism has been connected to the philosopher Lao Tzu, who around 500 B.C.E. wrote the main bible of Taoists’, the Tao Te Ching.
Taoism
is often associated with the teachings of Laozi (or Lao Tzu), a legendary figure attributed to the authorship of the foundational Taoist
Taoism holds that humans and animals should live in balance with the Tao, or the universe. However, Taoism rejects having one definition of what the Tao is, and one can only state clues of what it is as they adopt a free-flowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything.
In this way, you will be able to act spontaneously because you will not be restricted by some legalistic standards, since you are in harmony with everything.
Tao Te Ching (or Dao De Jing)
Taoism: Symbols & Images
Ying-Yang
Fu-hsi
Pakua
The dragon
diagram is the most important of all Taoist symbols. It represents the movement of heaven or the Tao.
Ying-Yang
is the creator of pakua - one of the Chinese cultural heroes.
Fu-hsi
the eight trigrams that constitutes the inner structure of the sixty-four hexagrams of I-Ching. This symbol created by Fu-Hsi
Pakua
is one of the Yang symbols, represents the power, sage or saint.
The dragon
was the first person to reach this state of enlightenment and was, and is still today, known as the Buddha.
was an Indian prince in the fifth century B.C.E. who, upon seeing people poor and dying, realized that human life is suffering.
He renounced his wealth and spent time as a poor beggar, meditating and travelling but ultimately, remaining unsatisfied, settling on something called “the Middle Way”. This idea meant that neither extreme asceticism or extreme wealth were the path to enlightenment, but rather, a way of life between the two extremes.
- The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold things, or human-centered needs, thus the self is also the source of all these suffering. It is therefore our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self, which is the cause of all suffering, and in doing so, attain the state of Nirvana
Siddhartha Gautama
______and___ still situate the self within a bigger context. The person, in striving to be a better person, does not create a self above other people or nature, but a self that is beneficial to his/her community as well as in order, and in harmony with everything else.
Confucianism and Taoism
the self, with all its connections and selfish ideas, is totally taken, not just out of the center of the picture, but out of the whole picture.
Buddhism
• In contemporary society, both the individualistic and collective self may exist in a single individual through:
- Result of migration and influences and intermarriages between people of the East and the West.
- Sharing of knowledge and the influx of information from mass media and social media.
It must be emphasized, however, that these are perceived general ,commonalities.
always looking toward the self
looks at the world in dualities (you are distinct from the other person, the creator is separate from the object he/she created, in which the self is distinguished and acknowledged (Wolter 2012).
Americans, for example, talk more about their personal attributes when describing themselves.
Americans, in terms of self-evaluation, would highlight their personal achievement
individualistic culture, since their focus is on the person
By valuing the individual, they may seem to have loose associations or even loyalty to their groups.
Competition is the name of the game and they are more likely straightforward and forceful in their communication as well as their decision making.
Emphasis is more on the value of equality even if they see that the individual can rise above everything else.
Westerners would most likely to call their boss, parents, or other seniors by their fi
Western
Holistic approach – all events in the universe are interconnected and that meditation and right living are ways to search yourself.
Sees the other person as part of yourself as well as the things you may create, a drama in which everyone is interconnected with their specific roles (Wolter 2012).
Asian in general, would talk about their social roles or the social situations that invoked certain traits that they deem positive for themselves (Gleitman et.al. 2011).
Asian in general, would rather keep a low profile as promoting the self can be seen as boastfulness that disrupts.social relationships (Gleitman et.al. 2011).
collectivistic culture, as the group and social relations is given more importance than individual needs and wants.
Look after the welfare of their groups and values cooperation; more compromising, and they tend to go around the bush in explaining things, hoping that the other person would “feel” what they really want to say (Qingxue 2003).
more emphasis in hierarchy as a culture want to keep things harmony and order
They have respectful terms for our seniors and a lot of workers would not dare go against the high ranking officials (Qingxue 2003).
Eastern
▪ It has been a trend for colonized countries to “decolonize” their perspective to see themselves from their own social and cultural experience.
Theorizing the Filipino Self
Pilipinolohiya
by Prospero Covar,
Pantayong Pananaw
Zeus Salazar
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Virgilio Enriquez
Enriquez described the Filipino “self” or personality as a “shared identity”, specifically connected to the concept
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
- Is the amazing, complex, woven, knitted, finely tuned creature in which we interact with our environment and fellow beings.
- Is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.
- It comprises systems that receive and respond to various external and internal stimuli.i
Academ
- Is the amazing, complex, woven, knitted, finely tuned creature in which we interact with our environment and fellow beings.
- Is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.
- It comprises systems that receive and respond to various external and internal stimuli.
Academic Self
shaped by an individual’s social, emotional, and physical self.
Non academic Self
greatly influenced by parents, colleagues, friends, and acquaintances.
Social Self
– the person’s experiences of joy, anger, fear, anxiety, and other emotions.
Emotional Self
affected by involvement in sports, exercise, and other activities that enhance the physical body (Medjbausane 2009)
Physical Self
concept of self and personality centers on the physical body as the core of human experience. He stated that the ego is fundamentally a body ego.
Sigmund Freud
emphasized the unity of mind and body. He highlighted the body’s central role in dynamic psychological functioning, particularly in storing and channeling bioenergy, which he considered the basis of human existence and experience.
Wilhelm Reich
viewed experience as being firmly associated with the body’s ground plan. He emphasized the importance of bodily organs during a person’s early developmental stages. The development of physical and intellectual skills greatly influences an individual’s ability to find their role in society and fulfill their potential.
Erik Erikson
highlighted the direct correlation between physical health and the competence of children. Healthy children, because of their better physical state, are more capable of acquiring complex skills than those who are malnourished or sickly. He also emphasized the continuous interplay between the body, psychological processes, and social forces.
Erik Erikson
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is presented, showing that once physiological needs (basic needs like food, water, shelter) are met, a person can focus on higher-order needs. Maslow stressed the importance of giving due attention to all the body’s needs. He asserted that a well-nourished, loved, and respected individual experiences fulfillment, while neglecting basic needs leads to an inactive, crippled organism.
Abraham Maslow
acknowledge diverse views on the physical body, but commonly agree on its crucial role in overall well-being. The tangible, responsive physical body allows for experiencing the world’s pleasures.
Psychological Perspective
worldwide hold varying views on the physical body. Some reject it as the source of desires and attachments, while others value it, seeing it as an instrument for spiritual growth and self-realization. The Indian tradition, for example, emphasizes the importance of a pure and strong body for enlightenment. The Middle Path in Buddhism advocates for a balanced approach, neither extreme indulgence nor extreme asceticism.
Religious Perspective
Factors Affecting Perception of the Physical Self:
1.Personal Factors
2. Social Factors
defined as the process of observing and examining one’s internal state (mental and emotional) after a certain behavior. However, studies show that introspection is limited because people are motivated to keep unwanted thoughts and experiences out of conscious awareness.
Introspection and Self-Reflection
defined as a cognitive representation of self-knowledge, encompassing all beliefs people have about themselves. It’s a collection of all individual experiences involving one’s characteristics, social roles, values, goals, and fears. Physical Self-Concept specifically refers to an individual’s perception or description of their physical self, including physical appearance.
Self Concept
This theory explains that since one’s internal state is difficult to interpret, people can infer their inner states by observing their behavior.
Self-Perception Theory
refers to the concept a person has about themselves, developing over time. This includes aspects of their life they were born into (family, nationality), gender, physical traits, and the choices they make (occupation, beliefs, friendships).
Personal Identity
People learn about their value and lovability based on how their caregivers respond to their needs. Consistent and appropriate caregiving fosters a positive self-concept. Conversely, neglectful and unresponsive caregiving creates a negative self-concept, leading to beliefs of unworthiness and distrust of others. This develops before self-awareness is achieved.
Attachment Process and Social Appraisal (Bowlby, 1969):
The sense of self is continually shaped through interactions with others, especially significant relationship partners. These relationships act as “private audiences,” influencing self-perception, often unconsciously.
Maintaining, Regulating, and Expanding the Self in Interpersonal Relationships
This theory proposes that our self-image is formed by a compilation of personal qualities and how others perceive us. Other people’s reactions serve as a mirror, reflecting how we see ourselves, particularly how we are perceived and judged by others. Reflected Appraisal is defined as inferences about others’ appraisal of oneself. The example given illustrates how a student might interpret their classmates’ and professor’s reactions to their presentation to form their self-assessment.
The Looking-Glass Self Theory
defined as the process of comparing oneself to others to evaluate one’s traits, abilities, or opinions. Facebook is cited as a prime example of a platform facilitating social comparison. Two types of social comparison are described:
Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to those perceived as better
Upward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to those in worse situations
Downward Social Comparison
Biggest venue of social comparison
Boost the self esteem and confidence
Positive Effect
Superiority and arrogance
Negative Effect
How can we set healthy image?
Set realistic standards
theory provides a framework for understanding how people achieve self-understanding through group membership. People need a positive social identity, leading them to connect with broader social networks. Membership in a group offers a sense of security and protection from discrimination, enhancing self-esteem.
Social Identity Theory (Collective Identity)
The physical body is described as our “real home,” the only instrument we have throughout our lives, and the most intimate part of ourselves. It’s our instrument for daily tasks and interaction with others and the environment. Good care involves ensuring every single structure functions well, considering both external and internal components.
Physical Body
defined as the intentional, planned, and actual act of taking time to attend to basic physical, mental, and emotional needs (Brzosko, 2018). It’s considered quality rest to replenish energy used in daily activities, an act of love and kindness for oneself. Self-care occurs on three levels: physical, mental, and emotional; these aspects are interconnected and should be addressed holistically.
Self Care
This is considered the simplest one and common nowadays
Physical Self Care
3 basic aspects of Physical Self Care
1.Good nutrition
2.Sufficient recovery time (rest and sleep)
3.Necessary exercise
Common problems
Teenagers and adults nowadays are becoming fond of special skin care sessions or using special skin care products to improve the quality of their skin. Others also have to change hairstyles from time to time to follow the trend. Consequently, we have our own ways of taking care of our physical bodies, but let us make sure that they are really beneficial and will not cause us unnecessary problems later in life.
Our thoughts can be confusing and complex sometimes. You were so happy for a while, and then a certain memory popped up and your happy thoughts suddenly drifted. The memory caused you to be anxious and become worried at something, and most of the time, it may be unintentional and we cannot explain such phenomenon.
Mental Self Care
Mental self-care is a two-fold process, according to Brzosko (2018).
The first step is taking time to consistently break down what you are thinking and why you are thinking that. The moment you notice your thoughts, they will not have the power to direct your life without you even noticing. As we become conscious of our thinking, we can actually choose where to focus our thinking. We can choose to center our thoughts on something positive. We can think of an idea, an activity, or a place that energizes us the most. The second step is cultivating mental habits and thoughts that benefit us. It is not helpful if we will meditate on negative words, negative experiences, and negative people that we have encountered.
Tips for improving mental health habits
- Focus attention on the present moment.
- Practice gratitude.
- Exercise patience.
- Learn to accept what is already happening.
Most important tips
Its is better to give something than to receive
This section introduces Michael Brown’s concept from The Presence Process, stating that all emotions are essentially “energy in motion,” neither inherently good nor bad, simply energy (Brzosko, 2018).
Emotional Self Care
Crucial step
A crucial step in emotional self-care is recognizing the validity of our emotional state. Attempting to hide or disregard emotions only increases tension. While it’s easier to accept positive emotions (peace, love, happiness), negative emotions (fear, regret, sadness) require more time and effort to process.
Once we recognize our emotions, we have two options:
1.We can alter our emotional state.
2.We can detach the mental interpretation from the emotion itself.
Importance
By integrating emotions as a valid part of our experience, we avoid valuing some feelings over others. We simply acknowledge that all emotions have a root cause and are valid.
