PURCOM Flashcards
What are the three forms of discourse?
Informative communication, persuasive communication, and narrative communication
These forms of discourse are essential for effective communication in various contexts, including health literacy.
What is the primary purpose of exposition?
To explain and inform
Exposition aims to clarify topics, analyze situations, and provide definitions.
What does an illustration paragraph do?
Uses examples to make an idea or generalization more specific and detailed
Also known as an exemplification paragraph.
What is the human blood group system based on?
The presence or absence of antigens
The primary systems are ABO and Rh, crucial for medical practices.
What does a compare and contrast paragraph do?
Shows similarities or differences between two things
It answers questions regarding the comparison, such as those between coffee and tea.
What is the purpose of cause and effect essays?
To explore how an event or situation came into being and what happens because of it
These essays answer the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of a situation.
What is a topic sentence?
It clearly tells the reader what you would like to explain
It serves as the central thought of the paragraph.
What is the difference between definition and presentation of procedure in exposition?
Definition states the meaning of a term, while presentation of procedure explains how things are done
Both are major forms of exposition.
What is narration concerned with?
The sequence of events portrayed by characters in a story
It answers the question ‘what happened’.
What are the elements of narration?
- Character
- Setting
- Plot
- Conflict
These elements help structure a narrative effectively.
What is the purpose of description in discourse?
To make the reader vividly aware of what the writer has perceived through senses or imagination
It aims to give the reader a direct experience.
What types of adjectives are used to describe personality?
- Unique
- Diligent
- Aggressive
- Extraordinary
- Generous
- Dangerous
- Complex
- Ambitious
- Evil
- Gifted
These adjectives help convey character traits.
Fill in the blank: The _____ of a short story is the time and place in which it happens.
setting
Setting provides context for the characters and events.
What are the types of adjectives used to describe feelings?
- Bitter
- Hungry
- Peaceful
- Comfortable
- Sad
- Calm
- Envious
- Afraid
These adjectives communicate emotional states.
What is a plot in narration?
A series of events and character actions that relate to the central conflict
The plot drives the narrative forward.
List the types of adjectives used to describe size.
- Big
- Large
- Little
- Colossal
- Tiny
Size adjectives help convey physical dimensions.
What is the role of transitions in narration?
To show chronological order
Transitions help maintain the flow of events in a narrative.
What types of adjectives describe taste?
- Bitter
- Fresh
- Hot
- Delicious
- Spicy
Taste adjectives enhance sensory descriptions.
Fill in the blank: An amplified definition includes further explanation, concrete examples, and _____ of the term.
comparison and contrast
This technique helps clarify the meaning of terms.
What is discourse?
Discourse is defined as an extended expression in speech or writing.
What is the primary aim of exposition?
Exposition aims to explain and clarify things or topics, analyze a situation, define a term, or give directions.
How does exposition differ from other forms of discourse?
Exposition primarily functions to provide information, develop an idea, or offer an explanation, rather than creating vivid pictures or convincing.
What are the methods of exposition?
The methods of exposition include illustration, classification, comparison and contrast, and cause and effect analysis.
What is the purpose of illustration in exposition?
Illustration uses examples to make an idea or generalization more specific and detailed.
What does classification do in exposition?
Classification categorizes or arranges objects, ideas, or information into distinct groups based on shared characteristics or criteria.
What is the goal of comparison and contrast in exposition?
Comparison and contrast shows either the similarities or differences between two things.
What does cause and effect analysis explore?
Cause and effect analysis explores how an event or situation came into being and what happens because of it.
What is an example of illustration in exposition?
An example is the paragraph on ‘SMOKING’ which illustrates the negative consequences of smoking.
What is an example of classification in exposition?
An example is the paragraph on ‘HUMAN BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM’ which classifies blood groups based on antigens.
What is an example of comparison and contrast in exposition?
An example is the paragraph on ‘COFFEE OR TEA?’ which explores the similarities and differences between coffee and tea.
What is an example of cause and effect in exposition?
An example is the paragraph on ‘Television and its role in Changing Our Way of Living’ which explores the causes and effects of television on our lives.
What are key tips for writing effective exposition?
Key tips include having a clear topic sentence, developing body paragraphs with relevant details, and concluding with a restatement or summary.
What is a topic sentence?
A topic sentence clearly states the main idea of the paragraph.
What is a concluding sentence?
A concluding sentence restates the main idea, summarizes the paragraph, or evaluates supporting details.
What is a definition in exposition?
A definition is a statement of the meaning or significance of a word or term.
What is a presentation of procedure?
A presentation of procedure is a step-by-step statement or explanation of how things are done.
What is an informal definition?
An informal definition substitutes one or more synonymous expressions for the unfamiliar term.
What is an amplified definition?
An amplified definition provides a more in-depth explanation, incorporating elements like examples, comparison, and analysis.
What is narration?
Narration focuses on the presentation of a sequence of events and how characters struggle with a conflict.
What are key elements of narration?
Key elements include character, setting, plot, and conflict.
What is the focus of description in discourse?
Description focuses on making the reader vividly aware of what the writer has perceived through their senses or imagination.
What is a character?
A person (or animal) involved in the action of the story.
What is a setting?
The time and place in which the story happens.
What is a plot?
The series of events and character actions relating to the central conflict.
What is conflict?
A struggle between two people or things in the story.
What is primary sources?
These are original documents and artifacts created by individuals directly involved in or witnessing historical events. - Examples:
- Diaries
- Letters
- Interviews
- Photographs
- Videos
What is Primary Sources?
These are original documents and artifacts created by individuals directly involved in or witnessing historical events.
- Examples:
- Diaries
- Letters
- Interviews
- Photographs
- Videos
Images
Images (photographs, film, fine art, videos)
Objects/artifacts?
- Objects (e.g., clothing, tools, pottery, memorabilia, inventions)
Text?
(e.g., legal agreements, journals, autobiographies, laws, lectures, treaties, maps)
What is Secondary Sources?
These are documents and materials created by individuals who analyze, interpret, and evaluate primary sources.
- Examples:
- Journal articles that comment on or analyze research;
- Textbook
- Dictionaries and encyclopedias
- Political commentary
- Biographies
- Dissertations
- Newspaper editorial
- Opinion columns
- Criticism of literature
- Art works
- Music
evaluating information sources using the ?
CRAAP TEST
Currency?
Assessing the timeliness and recency of the information.
Relevance
Determining whether the information is relevant to the research topic and purpose.
Authority
Evaluating the credentials and qualifications of the author or source.
Accuracy
Verifying the accuracy and reliability of the information.
Purpose
Understanding the author’s intended purpose and potential bias.
Information Sources in the Library
Print Resources
Electronic Resources
Non Print Resources
Print Resources?
- Encyclopedia
- Bibliographies and reference guides
- Handbooks
- Subject indexes
- Periodical indexes
- Dictionaries
- almanacs
Electronic Resources
- Online catalogs
- Internet
- CD-ROMS
- Computer databases and programs
- Interactive videos
Non Print Resources
- Videotapes
- Films
- Audiotapes
- CDs
- DVDs
Online Public Access Cataloguing (OPAC) System
is an electronic database that contains the total collection of accessible information sources.
- It allows users to search for information based on classification system, author, title, subject, type of reference, and publication details.
Accessing and Using Information in the Internet
- It highlights the importance of developing internet skills such as:
- Search engines
- Bookmarks and folders
- Links
- Internet technology
- Download files
- Web site evaluation
Benefits of Online Learning
- The presentation emphasizes the benefits of online learning, such as:
- Increased student engagement and understanding (Nelson, 2008).
- Opportunities for communication and collaboration with peers and experts.
- Increased feedback and learning opportunities.
- Greater access to information resources.
Challenges of Online Learning
- The presentation also acknowledges challenges of online learning, such as:
- Difficulty in distinguishing between scholarly and non-scholarly materials.
- Time commitment and effort required to access and evaluate information from various websites.
These are techniques used to persuade an audience by appealing to their logic, emotions, or sense of credibility.
Rhetorical appeal
Information, argument reasons, evidence
Message
Belief, values, knowledge, experience
Audience
Ethos(credibilty, authority, correctness, appearance
Communicator
“Appeal to logic or reason”
Of what evidencr should you provide?
Logos
“Appeal to emotion” often associated with emphaty
Of what feeling should you evoke?
Pathos
“Appeal to credibility”
Pertains to the way you establish trust
Ethos
A common way to convince and persuade others is to reason with them, and our reasoning must be sound and logical. TRUE OR FALSE
True
In the realms of logic and reasoning, we commit fallacies that ate deceptibe or wrong arguments” Espiritu 2014)
To avoid using fallacies, is to learn understanding bad reasoning.
True
The arguer direct his attacks on the character, personality, or belief of his opponent
Argumentum against the person
The arguer draws a conclusionnnot supportednby the premises or fails to include assumptions
Non sequitor or “it does not follow”
Uses force or threat instead of reason
Argument that appeals to force or threat
The arguer makes a conclusion bases on few instances or even from one single instance only.
Hasty Generalization
Arguer that cannot prove the argument to be false, therefore it is true.
Argument from ignorance
Argument appeals to the belief or prejudices of the crowd or masses.It justifies that “might is right” and many people cannot be wrong” this is used in ads and political campaigns
Bandwagon argument
Instead of presenting relevant and strong evidence, resort to evoking pity or sympathy by pointing or referring to circumstance that befallen us
Appeal to pity
This fallacy is committed when we cite the opinion of judgement of someone who commands respect and reverence but who is not a recognized authority on the subject
Appeal unequalified(inappropriate authority)
Persuasive techniques are strategies communicators use, whether in writing or speaking influence or convincen their target audience to think, believe or act. It is also a matter of languange
Persuasive Writing
Words that stir up emotions
Emotive words
Questions that the reader answers in his mind
Rhetorical questions
A statement that contradicts or overturns a previous statement
Contradictory Statement
They come in threes used in sequence nouns, adjective, adverbs and the like
Power of 3
Using first person and second person pronoun like “we” “us” and “you”
Personal Pronouns
Witty and amusing expression of a viewpoint
Humor
Make the reader feel sorry for something or someone
Evoke sympathies
Exaggeration for emphasis
Hyperbole
Same word or phrase
Repetition of key words
Attract attention and easy recall
Catchy phrase
Figurative languange like similes and methapors
Figurative speech
Short story to illustrate a point
Anecdote
Make the reader feel bad about something
Play on the reader guilt
Vivid words to create a picture in mind
Imagery
Inspirational and wise saying to support a point
Quotation
Expressing ideas in same grammatical structure
Parallel structure
Factual data like numbers use in persuasive way
Statistics
One cannot just argue without possessong the skills in persuation and argumentation
First, you must know what you are arguing about
Second, you must have sound logical arguments and counterarguments
Third, your arguments must be backed up by evidence
Finally, you must present your arguments in effective languange ajd style
True
This brings us to what argumentation is about:
Assertions
Reasoning and proof
