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Hugh's MD1 Renal > UTIs > Flashcards

UTIs Flashcards

1
Q

Is the threshold for indicating an infection lower or higher in catheter sample?

A

Lower (>10^2)

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1
Q

Are recurrent UTIs in women caused by relapse or reinfections most commonly?

A

Reinfections

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2
Q

Which bacteria can cause UTIs via haematogenous spread?

A

Staph aureus

TB

Salmonella Typhi

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2
Q

What is the problem with females having short urethras?

A

Shorter distance for bac to travel to infected

Opening is closer to the anus

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2
Q

How does sexual intercourse predispose one to a UTI?

A

Bac are pushed up the urethra

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2
Q

Type I fimbriae are important because…

A

Most host cells have receptors for them

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2
Q

What concentration of bac in the urine suggests an infection?

A

>10^5/ml CFU

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4
Q

Where are commensal bacteria expected to be found in the UT?

A

Below the spincter of the bladder

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6
Q

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

Bacteria in the urine without symptoms

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7
Q

What antibiotics do you use for UTIs?

A

Co-amoxyclav

Cephalexin

Trimethoprin

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8
Q

Which virus causes haemorrhagic cystitis?

A

Adenovirus

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9
Q

When does the bladder usually hold *Salmonella *Typhi asymptomatically?

A

When there is unlying damage eg by after Schistomiasis

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9
Q

What result from a bag sample is significant?

A

Sterile: no UTI

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10
Q

T/F Rised WBC in urine means infection.

A

False could be stones or tumours as well

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11
Q

What is the most likely *Staph *species to cause UTIs?

A

saprophyticus

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11
Q

What are some innate defences of the bladder?

A

Urine flushing

Bac don’t like to grow in urine

Epithelium is hard to colonise

Transitional epithelium resists colonisation

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12
Q

Which viruses are sometime shed in urine?

A

CMV

Rubella

Polyomaviruses

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14
Q

What is sterile pyuria?

A

Pus in the urine without bacteria

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of UTIs?

A

Burning on urination

Fever

Chills

Tenderness to palpation

15
Q

Why alkalinise urine in UTIs?

A

Prevent acidification caused by bac

17
Q

What is the vesico-ureteric reflux?

A

When contraction of the bladder pushes urine up the ureters

18
Q

Which has greater affinity for Fe transferrin or siderophore?

A

Siderophore

19
Q

When does not being circumcised cause more UTIs?

A

In boys

20
Q

What does bacteraemia in UTIs indicate?

A

Pyelonephritis

21
Q

Which bacteria uses urease?

A

Proteus

22
Q

When is asymptomatic bacteriuria bad?

A

In pregnant women

24
Q

Which organ does Salmonella Typhi inhabit in carriers?

A

The gall bladder

25
Q

What result from a suprapubic aspirate is significant?

A

Any bacteria as bladder should be sterile

26
Q

What can cause sterile pyuria?

A

Non-infectious condition

Partial treatment

Difficult to growth bacteria (eg TB)

27
Q

What is an infection of the kidneys called?

A

Pyelonephritis

28
Q

What is a siderophore?

A

Complex bacteria produce to acquire Fe

29
Q

What is haemolysin?

A

A bacterial toxin that breaks down RBCs

30
Q

What should you do when one gets pyeonephritis?

A

Check for anatomical abnormality

32
Q

What are the 4 type of urine sampling techniques?

A

MSU

Bag sample

Catheter sample

Suprapubic aspirate

33
Q

What is the most common aetological cause of community acquired of UTIs?

A

E. coli

34
Q

What level of WBCs in the urine is significant?

A

>10^5/ml

36
Q

How often do sexually active women get UTIs?

A

Once every two years

37
Q

How do you confirm a UTI when a patients CFU is borderline?

A

Take multiple samples

39
Q

What clinical syndromes can viral UTIs caused?

A

Usually asymptomatic shedding however

Rarely: Haemorrhagic cystitis

Renal disease

40
Q

How many squamous cells are there in a normal urine sample?

A

None, having them indicates a poorly collected sample

41
Q

Which are more suspectible to relapse, men or women?

A

Men

42
Q

What can recurrent UTIs in women mean?

A

Genetic predisposition

Anatomical abnormality

Intercourse, spermicide, incontinence

43
Q

Why use a bag sample for babies?

A

Don’t want to catheterise as might introduce microbes

Can’t take a MSU sample with babies

44
Q

How do you collect a sample from a catheter?

A

Directly from stream in the collecting tube - not from the bag!

45
Q

What is an infection of the bladder called?

A

Cystitis

Hugh's MD1 Renal (11 decks)

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