Renal Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What parameter do you use to define the function of the kidney?

A

GFR

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2
Q

What parameter provides a clinical representation of GFR?

A

Plasma creatinine

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3
Q

What is the normal range for plasma creatinine?

A

50-120uM/L

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4
Q

Is ARF always symptomatic?

A

No, sometimes asymptomatic

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5
Q

What level of urine output per day indicates renal failure?

A

<500 mL

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6
Q

What can make urea high?

A

High protein diet

Bleeding into gut > more protein absorbed

Catabolic states (eg infection)

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7
Q

What can make plasma urea low?

A

Malnutrition

Liver Disease

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8
Q

Is creatinine of 110uM/L in an frail old lady ok?

A

No, should be on the lower end of the range give her low muscle mass

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9
Q

Why isn’t urine urea a good marker of GFR?

A

Because it is dependent on other variables

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10
Q

T/F Being obese is a risk factor for renal failure?

A

False

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11
Q

What are two risk factors for acute renal failure?

A

>60 years old

Pre-existing renal disease

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12
Q

What systemic perfusion pressure must be maintained for proper GFR?

A

>70mmHg

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13
Q

Below what glomerular hydrostatic pressure will ARF occur?

A

<45mmHg

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14
Q

T/F NSAIDs can cause pre-renal ARF

A

True, block prostaglandins required for afferent arteriole dilation

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15
Q

How do ACE inhibitors effect GFR?

A

Angiotensin is required for constriction of efferent arteriole - knocking that out causes a drop in GFR

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16
Q

What is the most accurate measure of daily fluid balance?

A

Daily body weight measurement

17
Q

Why do people on diets lose water weight?

A

Aldosterone drops and Na and water retention falls

18
Q

What is the most common intra-renal cause of AFR?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

19
Q

Why does diuresis (increase/excessive production of urine) sometimes occur after acute tubular necrosis?

A

Filtration and secretion returns but reabsorption doesn’t return to full function and lots of urine is excreted

20
Q

What are 4 causes of post-renal ARF?

A

Stones

Clots

Tumours

Fibrosis

21
Q

Which of these can cause anuria?

Glomerulonephritis

Renal artery occlusion

Prostatic malignancy

Interstitial nephritis

A

Renal artery occlusion

Prostatic malignancy

Glomerulonephritis

22
Q

What are some short term consequences of ARF?

A

Acidosis

Sodium and Water retention

23
Q

T/F Chronic renal failure has reversible loss of renal function

A

False, it’s irreversible loss

24
Q

What happens to the remaining nephrons as other die off during ageing?

A

They hypertrophy

25
What is glomerular hyperfiltration?
Compensation in other nephrons due to loss of nephrons
26
What are the consequences of glomerular hyperfiltration?
Loss of functional reverse Glomerular hypertension Further damage and glomerulosclerosis
27
What is glomerulosclerosis?
Fibrosis and scarring of the nephrons due to hypertension and excess filtration
28
What does uremia in the context of chronic renal failure mean?
Build of toxins (predominantly urea) due to loss of kidney function
29
What are some common causes of CRF?
Diabetes High BP chronic glomerulonephritis Cystic disease
30
What is polyuria?
Passing lots of dilute urine