USPSTF Guidelines

Question 1

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening for Men Ages 65 to 75 who Have Ever Smoked

Answer 1

One-time screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with ultrasonography in men ages 65-75 years who have EVER smoked

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 2

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening for Men Ages 65 to 75 who Have Never Smoked

Answer 2

Selectively offer screening for AAA in men ages 65-75 years who have NEVER smoked

Grade C

*Update in progress

Question 3

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening for Women Ages 65 to 75 who Have Ever Smoked

Answer 3

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for AAA in women ages 65-75 years who have ever smoked

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 4

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening for Women Ages 65 to 75 who Have Never Smoked

Answer 4

Recommends against routine screening for AAA in women who have never smoked

Grade D

*Update in progress

Question 5

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Screening

Answer 5

Recommends screening for abnormal blood glucose as part of cardiovascular risk assessment in adults aged 40-70 years who are overweigh or obese. Clinicians should offer or refer patients with abnormal blood glucose to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity.

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 6

How does the USPSTF Recommendation for Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Screening change based on risk factors?

Answer 6

Persons who have a family history of diabetes, have a history of gestational diabetes or PCOS, or are members of certain racial/ethnic groups (African American, American Indian or Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, or Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders) may be at increased risk for diabetes at a younger age or at a lower BMI. Clinicians should consider screening earlier in persons with 1+ of these characteristics.

Question 7

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Screening

Answer 7

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents aged 10-18 years.

Grade I

Question 8

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Alcohol Misuse - Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care for Adults aged 18 and older

Answer 8

Screen adults aged 18 years or older for alcohol misuse and provide persons engaged in risky or hazardous drinking with brief behavioral counseling interventions to reduce alcohol misuse

Grade B

*Update in progress
Note - the 2018 draft recommendation statement is updated to include pregnant women

Question 9

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Alcohol Misuse - Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care for Adolescents (under 18 years of age)

Answer 9

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care setting s to reduce interventions to reduce alcohol misuse in adolescents

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 10

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer - Adults aged 50 to 59 years with a 10% or higher 10-year CVD risk

Answer 10

Recommends initiating low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of CVD and CRC in adults aged 50-59 years who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years

Grade B

Question 11

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer - Adults aged 60 to 69 years with a 10% or higher 10-year CVD risk

Answer 11

The decision to initiate low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of CVD and CRC in adults aged 60-69 years who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk should be an individual one. Persons who are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years are more likely to benefit. Persons who place a higher value on the potential benefits than the potential harms may choose to initiate low-dose aspirin.

Grade C

Question 12

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer - Adults younger than 50 years or 70+ years

Answer 12

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of initiating aspirin use for the primary prevention of CVD and CRC

Grade I

Question 13

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults - Screening

Answer 13

Screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria with urine culture for pregnant women at 12-16 weeks’ gestation or at their first prenatal visit, if later

Grade A

Recommends against screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in men and non-pregnant women

Grade D

*Update in progress

Question 14

Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children - Screening

Answer 14

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for ASD in young children (18-30 months) for whom no concerns of ASD have been raised by their parents or a clinician

Grade I

Question 15

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy to Prevent Preterm Delivery

Answer 15

Recommends against screening for bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women at low risk for preterm delivery

Grade D

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women at high risk for preterm delivery

Grade I

Update in progress

Question 16

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Bladder Cancer Screening in Adults

Answer 16

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for bladder cancer in asymptomatic adults

Grade I

Question 17

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Blood Pressure Screening in Children and Adolescents (Hypertension)

Answer 17

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for primary hypertension in asymptomatic children and adolescents to prevent subsequent cardiovascular disease in childhood or adulthood

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 18

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - BRCA-Related Cancer - Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing

Answer 18

Screen women who have family members with breast, ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer with 1 of several screening tools designed to identify a family history that may be associated with an increased risk for potentially harmful mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Women with positive screening results should receive genetic counseling and, if indicated after counseling, BRCA testing

Grade B

Recommends against routine genetic counseling or BRCA testing for women whose family history is not associated with an increased risk for potentially harmful mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.

Grade D

*Update in progress

Question 19

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Breast Cancer - Medications for Risk Reduction

Answer 19

Clinicians engage in shared, informed decision making with women who are at increased risk for breast cancer about medications to reduce their risk. For women who are at increased risk for breast cancer and at low risk for adverse medication effects, clinicians should offer to prescribe risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen or raloxifene

Grade B

Recommends against the routine use of medications, such as tamoxifen or raloxifene, for risk reduction of primary breast cancer in women who are not at increased risk for breast cancer.

Grade D

*Update in progress

Question 20

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Breast Cancer Screening

Answer 20

Biennial screening mammography for women aged 50-74 years

Grade B

Decision to start screening mammography in women prior to age 50 years should be an individual one. Women who place a higher value on the potential benefit than the potential harms may choose to begin biennial screening between 40-49 years.

Grade C

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening mammography in women aged 75 years or older

Grade I

(See USPSTF website for more details)

Question 21

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Breast Cancer Screening with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) for all women

Answer 21

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of DBT as a primary screening method for breast cancer

Grade I

Question 22

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Breast Cancer Screening for women with dense breasts

Answer 22

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of adjunctive screening for breast cancer using breast ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, DBT, or other methods in women identified to have dense breasts on an otherwise negative screening mammogram

Grade I

Question 23

The breast cancer screening USPSTF recommendations apply to which populations?

Answer 23

Asymptomatic women aged 40 years or older who do not have pre-existing breast cancer of a previously diagnosed high-risk breast lesion and who are not at high risk for breast cancer because of a known underlying genetic mutation (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation or other familial breast cancer syndrome) or a history of chest radiation at a young age

Question 24

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Breastfeeding

Answer 24

Recommends providing interventions during pregnancy and after birth to support breastfeeding

Grade B

Question 25

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Cardiovascular Disease Risk - Screening with Electrocardiography

Answer 25

Recommends against screening with resting or exercise EECG to prevent CVD events in asymptomatic adults at low risk of CVD events

Grade D

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening with resting or exercise ECG to prevent CVD events in asymptomatic adults at intermediate or high risk of CVD events.

Grade I

Question 26

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Carotid Artery Stenosis - Screening

Answer 26

Recommends against screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general adult population

Grade D

Question 27

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Celiac Disease Screening

Answer 27

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic persons

Grade I

Question 28

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Cervical Cancer Screening

Answer 28

Screening for cervical cancer in women age 21-65 years with cytology (Pap smear) alone every 3 years or, for women age 30-65 years who want to lengthen the screening interval, screening with a combination of cytology and HPV testing every 5 years

Grade A

*Update in progress

Update recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women ages 21 to 29 years; recommends either screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone or every 5 years with high-risk HPV testing alone in women ages 30-65 years

Question 29

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Cervical Cancer Screening - who should not be screened?

Answer 29

Women younger than 21 years

Women older than 65 who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer

Women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and who do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer

Grade D (all)

*Update in progress

Question 30

To whom does the Cervical Cancer Screening recommendations apply?

Answer 30

Women who have a cervix, regardless of sexual history

It does NOT apply to women who have received a diagnosis of a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer, women with DES exposure in utero, or women who are immunocompromised.

Question 31

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Child Maltreatment - Primary Care Interventions

Answer 31

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of primary care interventions to prevent child maltreatment. This recommendation applies to children who do not have signs or symptoms of maltreatment

Grade I

• Update in progress
• Update clarifies the population as children and adolescents age 18 years and younger

Question 32

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening

Answer 32

Screen for chlamydia and gonorrhea in sexually active women age 24 years and younger and in older women who are at increased risk for infection

Grade B

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in men

Grade I

Question 33

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Screening

Answer 33

Recommends against screening for COPD in asymptomatic adults

Grade D

Question 34

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults - Screening

Answer 34

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for cognitive impairment

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 35

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Colorectal Cancer Screening

Answer 35

Screen for colorectal cancer starting at age 50 years and continuing until age 75 years

Grade A

The decision to screen for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76-85 years should be an individual one, taking into account the patient’s overall health and prior screening history. Adults in this age group who have never been screened are more likely to benefit. Screening would be most appropriate among adults who 1) are healthy enough to undergo treatment if colorectal cancer is detected and 2) do not have comorbid conditions that would significantly limit their life expectancy

Grade C

Question 36

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Congenital Hypothyroidism Screening

Answer 36

Topic referred to the Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children - it recommends that every newborn screening program include a Uniform Screening Panel that screens for 34 core disorders and 26 secondary disorderes

Question 37

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Coronary Heart Disease - Screening Using Non-Traditional Risk Factors

Answer 37

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of using the nontraditional risk factors studied to screen asymptomatic men and women with no history of CHD to prevent CHD events

Grade I

• Update in progress
• Update changes the population to “asymptomatic adults”

Question 38

What are the non-traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Answer 38

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ankle-brachial index (ABI), leukocyte count, fasting blood glucose level, periodontal disease, carotid intima-media thickness (carotid IMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC) score on electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT), homocysteine level, and lipoprotein(a) level

*Update excludes leukocyte count, fasting blood glucose level, periodontal disease, carotid IMT, homocysteine level, and lipoprotein(a) level from this list

Question 39

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Dental Caries in Children from Birth Through Age 5 Years - Screening

Answer 39

Recommends that primary care clinicians prescribe oral fluoride supplementation starting at age 6 months for children whose water supply is deficient in fluoride and apply fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of all infants and children starting at the age of primary tooth eruption

Grade B

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of routine screening examinations for dental caries performed by primary care clinicians in children from birth to age 5 years

Grade I

Question 40

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Depression in Adults - Screening

Answer 40

Screen for depression in the general adult population, including pregnant women and postpartum women; screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up

Grade B

Question 41

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Depression in Children and Adolescents - Screening

Answer 41

Screen for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents aged 12-18 years; screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up

Grade B

Current evidence insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for MDD in children aged 11 years or younger

Grade I

Question 42

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Illicit Drug Use - Primary Care Interventions for Children and Adolescents

Answer 42

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of primary care-based behavioral interventions to prevent or reduce illicit drug or non-medical pharmaceutical use in children and adolescents. This recommendation applies to children and adolescents who have not already been diagnosed with a SUD.

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 43

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Illicit Drug Use - Screening

Answer 43

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening adolescents, adults, and pregnant women for illicit drug use

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 44

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Falls Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults - Interventions

Answer 44

Exercise interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults 65 year or older who are at increased risk for falls

Grade B

Selectively offer multifactorial interventions to prevent falls to community-dwelling adults 65 years or older who are at increased risk of falls

Grade C

Recommends against vitamin D supplementation to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults 65 years or older

Grade D

Question 45

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Folic Acid for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects

Answer 45

All women who are planning or capable of pregnancy take a daily supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8 mg of folic acid

Grade A

Question 46

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Genital Herpes Infection - Serologic Screening

Answer 46

Recommends against routine serologic screening for genital HSV infection in asymptomatic adolescents and adults, including those who are pregnant

Grade D

Question 47

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening

Answer 47

Screen for gestational DM in asymptomatic pregnant women after 24 weeks of gestation

Grade B

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for GDM in asymptomatic pregnant women before 24 weeks of gestation

Grade I

Question 48

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Glaucoma Screening

Answer 48

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in adults

Grade I

Question 49

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Gynecological Conditions - Periodic Screening With the Pelvic Examination

Answer 49

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of performing screening pelvic examinations in asymptomatic women for the early detection and treatment of a range of gynecologic conditions. This statement does not apply to specific disorders for which the USPSTF already recommends screening.

Grade I

Question 50

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With and Without Cardiovascular Risk Factors - Behavioral Counseling

Answer 50

Offer or refer adults who are overweight or obese and have additional CVD risk factors to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for CVD prevention

Grade B

*Update in progress

Individualize the decision to offer or refer adults without obesity who do not have hypertension, dyslipidemia, abnormal blood glucose levels, or diabetes to behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity.

Grade C

Question 51

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Hearing Loss in Older Adults - Screening

Answer 51

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hearing loss in asymptomatic adults aged 50 years or older.

Grade I

Question 52

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Hepatitis B in Pregnant Women - Screening

Answer 52

Screen for HBV infection in pregnant women at their first prenatal visit

Grade A

*Update in progress

Question 53

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Hepatitis B Virus Infection Screening

Answer 53

Screen for HBV infection in persons at high risk for infection

Grade B

Question 54

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Hepatitis C Screening

Answer 54

Screen for HCV infection in persons at high risk for infection; also offer one-time screening to adults born between 1945 and 1965

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 55

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - High Blood Pressure in Adults - Screening

Answer 55

Screen for high blood pressure in adults aged 18 years or older; obtain measurements outside of the clinical setting for diagnostic confirmation before starting treatment

Grade A

*Update in progress

Question 56

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal women - Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions

Answer 56

Recommends against the use of combined estrogen and progestin for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women

Grade D

Recommends against the use of estrogen alone for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women who have had a hysterectomy

Grade D

Question 57

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - HIV Infection Screening

Answer 57

Screen for HIV infection in adolescent and adults aged 15-65 years; younger adolescents and older adults who are at increased risk should also be screened

Grade A

Screen all pregnant women for HIV, including those who present in labor who are untested and whose HIV status is unknown

Grade A

*Update in progress

Question 58

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults - Screening

Answer 58

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults

Grade I

Question 59

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Elderly and Vulnerable Adults - Screening

Answer 59

Screen women of childbearing age for intimate partner violence and provide or refer women who screen positive to intervention services.

Grade B

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening all elderly or vulnerable adults for abuse and neglect

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 60

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women - Screening and Supplementation

Answer 60

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for iron deficiency anemia and routinely supplementing iron in pregnant women to prevent adverse maternal health and birth outcomes

Grade I

Question 61

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children - Screening

Answer 61

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for iron deficiency anemia in children ages 6-24 months

Grade I

Question 62

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Latent Tuberculosis Infection - Screening

Answer 62

Screen for latent TB infection in populations at increased risk for infection

Grade B

Question 63

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy - Screening

Answer 63

Evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic children aged 1-5 who are at increased risk

Grade I

Recommends against routine screening for elevated blood levels in asymptomatic children aged 1-5 who are at average risk

Grade D

Recommends against routine screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic pregnant women

Grade D

*Update in progress

Question 64

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Answer 64

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents 20 years or younger

Grade I

Question 65

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Low-Dose Aspirin Use for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality From Preeclampsia - Preventive Medication

Answer 65

Recommends the use of low-dose aspirin (81 mg/d) as preventive medication after 12 weeks of gestation in women who are at high risk for preeclampsia

Grade B

Question 66

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Lung Cancer Screening

Answer 66

Annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose CT in adults aged 55-80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years; screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 67

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Obesity in Adults - Screening and Management

Answer 67

Screen all adults for obesity; offer or refer patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m^2 or higher to intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 68

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Obesity in Children and Adolescents - Screening

Answer 68

Screen for obesity in children and adolescents 6 years and older and offer or refer them to comprehensive, intensive behavioral interventions to promote improvements in weight status

Grade B

Question 69

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults - Screening

Answer 69

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in asymptomatic adults

Grade I

Question 70

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Opthalmia Neonatorum - Preventive Medication

Answer 70

Recommends prophylactic ocular topical medication for all newborns for the prevention of gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

Grade A

*Update in progress

Question 71

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Oral Cancer Screening

Answer 71

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for oral cancer in asymptomatic adults

Grade I

Question 72

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures - Screening

Answer 72

Screen for osteoporosis with bone measurement testing to prevent osteoporotic fractures in women 65 years and older and in postmenopausal women younger than 65 years who are at increased risk of osteoporosis, as determined by a formal clinical risk assessment tool

Grade B

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for osteoporosis to prevent osteoporotic fractures in men

Grade I

Question 73

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Ovarian Cancer Screening

Answer 73

Recommends against screening for ovarian cancer in asymptomatic women; applies to asymptomatic women who are not known to have a high-risk hereditary cancer syndrome

Grade D

Question 74

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Pancreatic Cancer Screening

Answer 74

Recommends against routine screening for pancreatic cancer in asymptomatic adults using abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, or serologic markers.

Grade D

*Update in progress

Question 75

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and CVD in Adults - Risk Assessment with Ankle Brachial Index

Answer 75

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease risk assessment with the ankle-brachial index in adults

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 76

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Preeclampsia Screening

Answer 76

Screen for preeclampsia in pregnant women with blood pressure measurements throughout pregnancy

Grade B

Question 77

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Prostate Cancer Screening

Answer 77

For men aged 55-69 years, the decision to undergo periodic PSA-based screening for prostate cancer should be an individual one. Before deciding whether to be screened, men should have an opportunity to discuss the potential benefits and harms of screening with their clinician and to incorporate their values and preferences in the decision.

Grade C

Recommends against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer in men 70 years and older

Grade D

Question 78

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Rh(D) Incompatibility Screening

Answer 78

Strongly recommends Rh(D) blood typing and antibody teting for all pregnant women during their first visit for pregnancy-related care

Grade A

Recommends repeating Rh(D) antibody testing for all unsensitized Rh(D) negative women at 24-28 weeks gestation, unless the biological father is known to be Rh(D)-negative

Grade B

Question 79

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - STI Behavioral Counseling

Answer 79

Recommends intensive behavioral counseling for all sexually active adolescents and for adults who are at increased risk for STIs

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 80

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Skin Cancer Prevention Behavioral Counseling

Answer 80

Recommends counseling young adults, adolescents, children, and parents of young children about minimizing exposure to UV radiation for persons aged 6 months to 24 years with fair skin types to reduce their risk of skin cancer

Grade B

Recommends that clinicians selectively offer counseling to adults older than 24 years with fair skin types about minimizing their exposure to UV radiation to reduce risk of skin cancer

Grade C

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of counseling adults about skin self-examination to prevent skin cancer

Grade I

Question 81

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Skin Cancer Screening

Answer 81

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of visual skin examination by a clinician to screen for skin cancer in adults

Grade I

Question 82

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children Age 5 and Younger - Screening

Answer 82

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for speech and language delay and disorders in children aged 5 years or younger

Grade I

Question 83

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of CVD in Adults - Preventive Medicaiton

Answer 83

Adults without a history of CVD use a low-to moderate-dose statin for the prevention of CVD events and mortality when all of the following criteria are met: 1) they are aged 40-75 years, 2) they have 1+ CVD risk factors (ie, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, or smoking); and 3) they have a calculated 10-year risk of a CVD event of 10% or greater; identification of dyslipidemia and calculation of 10-year CVD event risk requires universal lipids screening in adults aged 40-75 years

Grade B

Adults aged 40-75 years with no history of CVD, 1 or more CVD risk factors, and a calculated 10-year CVD event risk of 7.5% to 10% - Grade C

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of initiating statin use for the primary prevention of CVD events and mortality in adults 76 years and older without a history of heart attack or stroke

Grade I

Question 84

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Suicide Risk in Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults - Screening

Answer 84

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in adolescents, adults, and older adults in primary care

Grade I

Question 85

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Syphilis Infection in Non-pregnant Adults and Adolescents - Screening

Answer 85

Screen for syphilis infection in persons who are at increased risk for infection (asymptomatic, non-pregnant adults and adolescents)

Grade A

Question 86

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy - Screening

Answer 86

Screen all pregnant women for syphilis infection

Grade A

*Update in progress

Question 87

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Testicular Cancer Screening

Answer 87

Recommends against screening for testicular cancer in adolescents or adult men

Grade D

Question 88

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Thyroid Cancer Screening

Answer 88

Recommends against screening for thyroid cancer in asymptomatic adults

Grade D

Question 89

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Thyroid Dysfunction Screening

Answer 89

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant, asymptomatic adults

Grade I

Question 90

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women - Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions

Answer 90

Ask all adults about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions and US FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for cessation to adults who use tobacco; ask all pregnant women about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions for cessation to pregnant women who use tobacco

Grade A

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in pregnant women, and to recommend electronic nicotine delivery systems for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant women

Grade I

*Update in progress

Question 91

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents - Primary Care Interventions

Answer 91

Provide interventions, including education or brief counseling, to prevent initiation of tobacco use among school-aged children and adolescents

Grade B

*Update in progress

Question 92

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Vision in Children Ages 6 months to 5 years - Screening

Answer 92

Recommends vision screening at least once in all children aged 3-5 years to detect amblyopia or its risk factors

Grade B

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of vision screening in children younger than 3 years

Grade I

Question 93

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Vitamin D Deficiency Screening

Answer 93

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for Vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic adults (community-dwelling, nonpregnant asymptomatic adults age 18 years and older)

Grade I

Question 94

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults - Preventive Medication

Answer 94

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of the benefits and harms of vitamin D and calcium supplementation, alone or combined, for the primary prevention of fractures in men and premenopausal women, and of daily supplementation with doses greater than 400 IU of vitamin D and greater than 1000 mg of calcium for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling postmenopausal women

Grade I

Recommends against daily supplementation with 400 IU or less of vitamin D and 1000 mg or less of calcium for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling, postmenopausal women

Grade D

Question 95

USPSTF Recommendation and Grade - Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cancer and CVD - Preventive Medication

Answer 95

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the use of multivitamins for the prevention of CVD or cancer, and of the use of single- or paired-nutrient supplementation (except beta-carotene and vitamin E) for the prevention of CVD or cancer

Grade I

Recommends against the use of beta-carotene or vitamin E supplements for the prevention of CVD or cancer

Grade D