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Boards Review > USMLE GI > Flashcards

USMLE GI Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

*** Inflammatory Bowel Disease Extra-Intestinal manifestation of IBD that is not associated with IBD progression.

A
  • Primary Schlerosing Cholangitis - Uvitis - Axial artheropathy
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3
Q

Achalasia

  • Dz
  • Dx
  • Tx
A
  • Pathogenesis
    • ganglion cell degeneration of myenteric plexus
  • Dx:
    • Barium swallow
    • EGD
    • Motility/manometry :
      • Showing no organized peristalsis / Non-relaxin
      • high-pressure LES / Low-amplitude
      • simultaneous contractions
  • Tx:
    • pneumatic dilation (this is different from regular dilations; a much larger balloon)
    • Surgical - laparoscopic myotomy
    • Endoscopic BOTOX for high-risk pt* “Never” on medicine Boards, but could be - reserve for the very old or very frail
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4
Q

Achalasia - heartburn

A

heartburn - from lactic acid produced by fermentation of esophageal contents - doesn’t respond to PPI.

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5
Q

Adenocarcinoma of Esophagus

A
  • Location: Distal 1/3 of esophagus
  • Related to reflux and Barrett’s
  • Increasing incidence
  • White males
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6
Q

Aorto-enteric fistula

A

Always remember this if the patient has a past history of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair

Presents with melena, then severe hemorrhage

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7
Q

Ascites protien

> 2.5

A

> 2.5 CHF

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8
Q

Bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis

A
  • Prosthetic valves
  • history of endocarditis
  • unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart dz
  • repaired CHD uwing prosthetic valves
  • Heart transplant

LOW RISK procedure

  1. GI / GU / Vaginal or C-section
  • Dental Rx: Amoxicillin, cephlexine, clindamycin or azithromycin (iv ampicillin, ceftriaxone, clindamycin)
  • GI/GU prophylaxis: amoxicillin, ampicillin or vanc
  • Skin/musculoskeletal (vanc)
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9
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus F/U

A
  • Biopsy: Specialized intestinal epithelium
  • Symptoms of reflux may not be prominent
  • Symptoms are 2° complications like stricture, esophagitis
  • Predominantly in white males; mean age 60 / Unlikely women
    • low gread dysplasia back in 6 months
    • no dysplasia - every three years
    • high grade dysplasia / rescect and sent to pathology
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10
Q

Cancer Risk

Esophageal (scc)

Gastric Cancer

Colon Cancer

A

Esophageal cancer:

  • Achalasia / atrophic gastritis

Gastric

  • Atrophic gastritis / hpylori / gastri surgery

Colon

  • IBD
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11
Q

Celiac Dz Management?

  • Gluten free diet
  • Nutrition defn
  • Preventative Bone loss
  • Vaccination
  • Dermatitis Herpetiformis
A

Gluten free diet : Dietary counseling

Nutrition defn : Iron, vit D, Ca

Preventative Bone loss Dexa

Vaccination Pneumo

Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dapson

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12
Q

Complications of Sickle cell trait

A

Renal Dz

  • Hematuria
  • Increased UTI
  • Renal medullary ca

Thrombosis

  • Splenic infarct
  • Venous thromboembolism
  • priapism
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13
Q

Crohn Disease

A

• Abdominal pain, diarrhea / Overt bleeding is unusual • Perirectal symptoms or lesions / Symptoms often prolonged, diagnosis delayed • Family history in 10% to 20%, association with smoking

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14
Q

Crohn Disease Treatment

A

• Step-up approach, start simple • Mild disease: Mesalamine, sulfasalazine, budesonide • Acute flares: Prednisone • Save the immunocompromising drugs

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15
Q

Crohn Disease: Treatment Scenarios • Colon only: • Small bowel involvement: • Fistula or perianal: • Steroid-dependent: • Acute small bowel obstruction:

A

Crohn Disease: Treatment Scenarios • Colon only: Mesalamine, also sulfasalazine • Small bowel involvement: Mesalamine and budesonide (if mild/very mild)

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16
Q

Crohn Disease: Treatment Scenarios • Fistula or perianal: • Steroid-dependent: • Acute small bowel obstruction:

A

• Fistula or perianal: Metronidazole, 6MP, or infliximab • Steroid-dependent: 6MP/azathioprine, infliximab • Acute small bowel obstruction: Corticosteroids with NG tube —- • Only 30% have normal bone density • IBD and increased risk of DVT

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17
Q

Crohn’s Disease / Complications

A
  • Calcium oxalate kidney stones* - Cholesterol gallstones - B12 deficiency* - Hypocalcemia (vit D malabsorption) - Bile acid-induced diarrhea (less than 100 cm resected, cholestyramine)* • Steatorrhea 2° depleted bile acids (more than 100 cm resected, low-fat diet, and medium-chain triglycerides)
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18
Q

Defn

  1. Zinc
  2. Iron
  3. Copper
  4. Vit A
  5. Vit D
  6. Vit K
  7. Ca
  8. Folate
  9. Thiamine
  10. B12
A
  1. Zinc: Alopecia, night blindness, skin rash
  2. Iron: anemia
  3. Copper: Fragile hair, neuropathy, ataxia
  4. Vit A: night blindness, immune defn
  5. Vit D: Bone Dz, 2n hyperparathyroidism
  6. Vit K: Coagulopathy
  7. Ca: osteopenia, hyperparathyroidsm
  8. Folate: macrocytic anemia
  9. Thiamine: wernicke / intractable vomiting
  10. B12 - you know dis biatch
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19
Q

Diabetic Gastroparesis

A

• More prevalent in DM Type 1 • Usually long-standing, with other complications, esp. autonomic neuropathy • High blood sugar exacerbates symptoms • Likewise, gastroparesis leads to poor glycemic control • Variable Sxs N, V, distension, fullness, abdominal pain

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20
Q

Diagnose celiac disease in a patient with iron-deficiency anemia.

A

Small-bowel biopsies should be obtained even if the tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody is negative in patients in whom there is ongoing concern about the diagnosis based on the disease probability in a specific patient, because the sensitivity of tTG varies significantly among laboratories (69%-93%). Because this patient has both Down syndrome and unexplained iron-deficiency anemia, small-bowel biopsies should be obtained even with a negative tTG, because both of these findings are associated with celiac disease.

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21
Q

Diagnose fulminant Wilson disease.

A

A young patient who presents with acute liver failure should always be suspected of having Wilson disease.

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22
Q

Diagnose rumination syndrome.

A

Rumination syndrome is characterized by effortless regurgitation of undigested food and reswallowing of the contents.

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23
Q

Crohn’s Disease work up

A

• Colonoscopy - Findings: Patchy disease, aphthous and deep ulcers, strictures, fistula - Colonic disease: Rectal sparing, skip lesions, perirectal disease - Heal disease • CT or CT enterography: Shows small bowel or colonic inflammation or thickening • UGI with small bowel - String sign: Heal disease • Colon only: 30%, SB only: 30%; colon and small intestine: 40% • Granulomas not common, but diagnostic

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24
Q

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm Tx:

A

Treatment?

  • Trial proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
  • Anti-spasm agents
  • Anti-anxiety
  • Calcium channel antagonists
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25
Q

Discriminant function Calculation

A

4.6 X [pt - control pt]+serum billi

DF > 32 will benefit from 40 mg prednisone

Prothrombin time

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26
Q

Dyspepsia

A
  • Dyspepsia
  • Workup
  • Test and treat H. pylori
  • DC NSAIDs
  • Trial PPI
  • EGD (alarm Sxs, failure of Tx)
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27
Q

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

A
  • Solid food dysphagia
  • EGD shows “ringed” esophagus and biopsy reveals infiltrate of eosinophils
  • Treat: PPI and ingested fluticasone
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28
Q

Eosinophillic esophagitis

A

history of Asthma / allergies

Develope intermittent Dysphagia or even sudden food bolus impaction

Could see furrows or rings

Avoid allergens

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29
Q

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is defined as

A

hepatic encephalopathy in the setting of jaundice without preexisting liver disease.

Liver failure is classified by the number of weeks after jaundice onset that encephalopathy appears

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30
Q

Esophageal Cancer Tx:

A
  • Treat: Surgery, if localized
  • XRT + Cisplatin + 5FU (always have 5FU in regiment)
  • Neoadjuvant Tx before surgery
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31
Q

Fundoplication

A
  • Young patient
    • definite GERD, intolerant of PPIs
  • Any patient
    • refractory regurgitation leading to cough, asthma, aspiration pneumonia
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32
Q

Colon cancer screening

  • Avg risk
  • 1st degree relative with colorectal cancer < 60
  • Ulcerative colitis proximal to splenic flexure or crohns colitis
  • Left sided UC
A

Avg risk

  • At 50 Q19 y
  • Fit 3 yearly
  • Stoll DNA q5y
  • Double contrast barium enema / CT colongraphy Q5y

1st degree relative with colorectal cancer < 60

  • AT 40 start or 10 < earliest family dx then Q5Y

Ulcerative colitis proximal to splenic flexure or crohns colitis

  • 8yrs after start dz then yearly

Left sided UC

  • 12 yrs after start dz then yearly
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33
Q

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

• Usually diagnosed after symptoms • Most with symptoms are advanced • Abdominal pain, nausea, satiety, wt loss • Most common of the gastric neoplasms - with recent trend of increase in proximal stomach near junction of esophagus and stomach

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34
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis vs Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

Gastrin levels

PH

A

pH will be lower in ZES if patient is off of ppIs

Otherwise Chronic atrophic gastritis possible

Gastrin in both could be > 1000

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35
Q

Gastric cancer / Diagnosis and Staging

A

• Endoscopy, brush, and biopsy - CT and EUS for staging - Most have regional nodes or direct invasion • Treatment and survival - Surgical resection if possible Node-negative: 5-year survival 85-90% Node-positive: 5-10% Chemotherapy - adjuvant post-op chemo-radiation 5FU based with leucovorin

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36
Q

Gastric Carcinoid

A

• Single or multiple polypoid lesions in fundus or body of stomach • Common gastrin elevation / Generally benign behavior • Least common Gl site • Very rare to have carcinoid syndrome with this • Possible Board question: 60-year-old pt. with small polyp in stomach; Bx shows carcinoid; Treatment - snare it off Repeat EGD / once out of stomach it becomes malignant

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37
Q

C-Diff Recurrent Disease

  • First recurrance
  • Second recurrance
  • subsequent relapses
A
  • First infection - Metro 14 days
  • First recurrance - Metro for non sever / vanc for severe illness
  • Second recurrance - Pulsed tapering oral vanc for 6-7 wks
  • Subsequent relapses - Vanc for 14 days + oral rifaximin for 14 days or fidaxomicin
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38
Q

Gastric Lymphoma

A

• Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma • Better prognosis than adenocarcinoma • MALT - H. pylori • Possible Board question - treat MALT with omeprazole/ amoxicillin/ clarithromycin and F/U

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39
Q

Gastrinoma / Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A
  • Ulcer disease of upper Gl tract / 30% have diarrhea
  • Non-beta islet cell tumor of pancreas or duodenal wall
  • Marked increase gastric acid and elevated serum gastrin
  • 20% MEN I
  • Workup:
  • Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
  • Surgical exploration * Remember: Most common cause of increased gastrin is achlorhydria (“no acid” means no inhibition of gastrin secretion) atrophic gastritis/PPI/chronic gastritis
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40
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Complications:

A
  1. Ulcerative esophagitis
  2. Bleeding
  3. Stricture
  4. Barrett’s esophagus
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41
Q

Bacterial overgrowth

A

DM entropathy with painless and water diarrhea (at nights)

Fecal inconinence and some times with laternating normal Bowel movemnets or constipation.

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42
Q

Gastroparesis / Dx

A

Associated symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, satiety, fullness Diagnosis confirmed by gastric emptying scan But, always exclude obstruction with EGD

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43
Q

GERD

Factors in pathogenesis

A

Factors in pathogenesis

    1. Lower esophageal sphincter / - Defective or transient relaxation
    1. Hiatal hernia
    1. Poor esophageal clearance
    1. Delayed gastric emptying
    1. Association with BMI
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44
Q

GERD / Ulcerative esophagitis

A

Start with PPI qd / Re-scope to assess healing and exclude Barrett’s esophagitis If persistent esophagitis: change PPI to bid Indefinite maintenance treatment - up to 80% recur off meds

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45
Q

Giardiasis

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Steatorrhea
  • Abdominal crams and gas
  • weight loss with good input
  • Tx: Metro
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46
Q

HAV post exposure prophylaxis

A

HAV vaccine preferred over IG

47
Q

HCV genotype I treatment

A
  • Triple therapy
  • Interferon, ribavirin and telaprevir
48
Q

GERD Tx:

A

EGD if alarm symptoms, especially dysphagia, weight loss, heme+ stools

24-hour pH study - helpful in atypical cases, like refractory symptoms and normal EGD, or atypical symptoms like cough, hoarseness

49
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A
  • If Bx choronic gastritis / order serology and treate if needed Related to Gastritis
  • PUD
  • gastric adenocarcinoma
  • gastric B-cell lymphoma
  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue/MALT* (B cell lymphoma)
  • Infected pts:
    • 15% lifetime PUD risk
    • But chronic gastritis in all patients*
    • Reduced acid secretion in most pts
    • Dyspeptic symptoms:
  • To test and treat, if age less than 50 and no alarm symptoms
50
Q

Hepatic injuries

Autoimmune

Irion overload

CHF

Insuline / metabolic

Toxin injury

A

Autoimmune

  • AST and ALT 300-1000

Irion overload

  • Feritin > 1000

CHF

  • JVD would be seen with edema / DOE etc

Insulin / metabolic

  • NAFLD non alcoholic fatty liver disease /
  • middle aged obese and metabolic sndrome.

Toxin injury

ALT > 4-5 times normal

51
Q

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome

A

Dx: Contrast Echo

Triad : Hypoxemia / liver Dz /Intrapulmonary vascular dialatation

Will see hypoxemia and cyanosis

52
Q

High risk ulcers

A

active arterial bleeders

Non bleeding visible vessel

adherent clot

oozing without visible vessel

72 hr keepers

53
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis

serologic markers

False positives

Tx

A
  • Anti nuclear Antibodies
  • Anti smooth muscle antibody ASMA
  • Anti Liver Kidney Microsomal LKM1
  • Liver Cytosol
  • Positive HCV ab - check with RNA
  • Positive AMA
  • Liver bx will show piece meal necrosis
54
Q

When can a 24-hour pH study help?

A

60-year-old with 3 years of cough

EGD shows hernia but no esophagitis

PPI doesn’t help

55
Q

IBD Treatment Overview ABX:

A

• Metronidazole - Crohn’s: Perianal abscess, fistula • Occ’l maintenance use - Ulcerative colitis: Only if peritonitis, toxic megacolon, pouchitis - Side effects, esp. neuropathy, limit long-term use - Ciprofloxacin also used

56
Q

Alarm Symptoms

A
  • Over 40
  • Dysphagia
  • Family history
  • Weight loss
  • Epigastric pain
  • Anemia, iron deficiency (start workup from below, usually colonoscopy)
  • Some occult Gl bleeding
  • Follow up gastric adenoma, carcinoid
57
Q

IBD: Treatment • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists

A

IBD: Treatment • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists - Infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab - Indications: Fistulous Crohn’s, moderate-to-severe active Crohn’s, and refractory UC - Generally requires ongoing treatment - Screen for TB before treating - Lymphoma Possible Board Question / Most common side effect from infJiximab? is Arthralgias

58
Q

IBD: Treatment Overview • Immunosuppressants

A

• Immunosuppressants - Azathioprine and 6MP and methotrexate - Value as steroid-sparing - Maintenance agent - Takes 3-4 months to start working - Bone marrow suppression, esp. WBC - monthly CBC first year - Use for Crohn’s or UC - Raises risk of lymphoma (so do anti-TNFs) - Board fodder —Methotraxate not good for UC ****

59
Q

Aortic valve stenosis

A

AVM formation

AS: Ejection type midsystolic mumur

TR / MR/VSD (holosystolic mumur)

AR Diastolic decresendo

MS mid diastolic rumble

60
Q

IBD: Treatment Overview / Budesonide

A

IBD Treatment: Budesonide • Enteric-coated • Ileal Crohn’s • Mild-to-moderate disease

61
Q

IBD: Treatment Overview / Mesalamine (5-ASA)

A

Mesalamine (5-ASA) - Oral and enema preparations - Oral forms have delayed absorption • May be useful for Crohn’s, even if small bowel disease and ulcerative colitis • / reserve for very mild Crohn’s of the small bowel • Use in acute or maintenance • Side effect: Interstitial nephritis - follow kidney function

62
Q

Ascites due to portal hypertension

SAAG > 1.1

A
  • Alcohol cessation
  • Avoid ACEi / NSAIDs
  • Sodium restricitons

Serum sodium < 120

  • Yes : fliud restriction / vasopressin receptor agonist
  • No: Lasix 40 + aldactone 100 increase dose weekly

Refracotry ascites after Lasix/aldacton

  • Hypotensive : Midodrine
  • Normotensive: Consider Tips
63
Q

IBD: Treatment Overview / Sulfasalazine

A

Sulfasalazine - Split by colonic bacteria - 5-ASA and sulfapyridine - Not very effective in small bowel - only in colon - Sulfa portion: Side effects, allergy (leukopenia, oligospermia) - Use in acute or maintenance

64
Q

IBS

Meds for

Diarrhea

Constipation

A

All IBS patients:

  • Antispasmodics: Dicyclomin, hyoscyamine
  • TCA and SSRI
  • Cognitive dynamic psychotherapy

Diarrhea

  • Loperamid
  • Rifaximine
  • Alosetron

Constipation

  • Lubiprostone
  • Linaclotide
65
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

• Microscopic and collagenous colitis

66
Q

Liver nodules

A
  • < 1 cm - repeat US in 4 months
  • > 1 cm 4 phase MDCT or MRI with contrast
    • if positive then HCC
    • else many need bx
67
Q

Malignancies of the Stomach

A

• Carcinoid • Adenocarcinoma • Lymphoma • GIST-stromal tumor

68
Q

Manage achalasia.

A

Surgical release of the lower esophageal sphincter by laparoscopic myotomy is first-line therapy for achalasia.

69
Q

Methylnaltrexone

A

Methylnaltrexone has been found to help with opioid-induced constipation without negating the beneficial effects of the analgesia.

70
Q

Non neoplasti polyps

A

Hyperplastic

Submucosal

inflammatory

mucosal

71
Q

Odynophagia

A
  • Rare for common entities of stricture, Schatzki ring*
  • Infections:
    • CMV
    • Candida / Treat first
    • Herpes
  • Medication-induced
    • ASA, NSAIDs
    • Doxycycline
    • KCI,
    • FeSO4
    • alendronate
    • quinidine
72
Q

Osler-Weber-Rendu

A

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia)

telangiectasia of fingers and nasal and oral mucosa; history of nosebleeds; familial

73
Q

PD peritonitis

  • Common symptoms
  • ABD pain
  • Fever> 37.5
  • Nausea / Diarrhea
A

Intraperitoneal vanc and cefepime

74
Q

Manage an incidentally discovered high-risk gallbladder polyp.

A

A polypoid lesion of the gallbladder that is larger than 10 mm has a 45% to 67% likelihood of cancer, and surgical resection of the gallbladder should be performed.

75
Q

Peginterferon HEP C treatment Side effects

A

Bone Marro suppresion

Flu like symptoms (f, HA, malaise) worse the first 48 hrs and disappear after 3 months

Neuropsychiatric disturbances

76
Q

Pentat

A

Cholangitis

Fever, RUQ pain, Jaundice

AMS, leukocytosis

Will need a ERCP within 24-48 hrs

77
Q

Peutz-Jeghers

A
  • perioral pigmentation; hamartomas of Gl tract can bleed
  • Interstitial Cancer increased in chance
  • Csope at 18 and EGD at 8 yrs old
78
Q

Lower Esophageal Ring / Schatzki RingTreatment:

A

Treatment:

Dilation / PPI after dilation

79
Q

PeutzJephers

A

Hmartomatous GI tract polyps

Pigmented mucocutaneous papules

Risk of malignancy (GI and non GI)

I

80
Q

Post treatment of Hpylori

Tx

Test

A
  • Stool antigen test for H. pylori
    • Remember to confirm eradication
    • Take patients off of ppi before the tests
81
Q

Pregnancy and reflux

A

Acid reducing therapy

PPI

H2 inhibitors

82
Q

Pregnancy fucking numbers ?

  • Hb
  • WBC
  • D-Dimer
  • INR
  • ALT
  • AST
  • ALP or ALK
  • Albumin
  • LDH
  • BUN
  • ESR
A
  • Hb Down 9.5-15
  • WBC up
  • D-Dimer UP 1.3-1.7
  • INR
  • ALT down 2-25
  • AST down 4-32
  • ALP or ALK UP 38-229
  • Albumin Mild 2.3-4.2
  • LDH UP 82-250
  • BUN Down
  • ESR UP 13-70
83
Q

Primary billiary cirrhosis

A

Tx: Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of choice

84
Q

Acute pancreatitis with > 30% necrosis

A
  • IV hydartation with entral nutrition and phrophylactic antibiotics
  • no improvment - CT guided aspiration
85
Q

Primary Scelerosing Cholangitis

  • Associated with which dz
  • What kinda of screening is needed
A
  • IBD - Ulcerative colitis
  • Will need colonoscopyQ5 yrs to screen for colon cancer.
86
Q

Psuedocyst

A
  • Lipase will be elevated (may not have N/V with this)
  • abd fullness
  • most resolve by themselves
87
Q

PUD Treatment: H. pylori

A
  1. PPI + bismuth + metronidazole + tetracycline: 95%
  2. PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin
  3. **** CAP PPI + metronidazole + clarithromycin
88
Q

Repeat colonocopy

  1. 10 yrs
  2. 5 yrs
  3. 3 yrs
  4. < 3yrs
  5. 2-6 months
A
  1. smal recatal hyperplastic polyps
  2. 1-2 < 1 tubular adenomas
  3. 3-10 adnomas or any > 1 cm or high grade adenomas or villous futures
  4. More than 10 adenomas
  5. Large > 2 cm sessile polyps
89
Q

Dz associated with Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • Amyloidosis
  • sarcoidosis
  • hemochromatosis
90
Q

ROME criteria for IBS

A
  • > 3 days a month for 3 montsh > 2 of the following
  • Improvement with BM
  • Cahnge in freq of stool
  • change in form of stool
91
Q

S/P Diverticulitis

A

2-6 weeks best to have

  • Colonscopy or
  • Flexible simoidoscopy plus barium enema (if C-scope is not tolerated)
92
Q

Abnormal AST / ALT

Rule out most common dz

A

Drug induced Hepatitis

HEP B and C

ETOH abuse AST / ALT 2:1

Fatty liver dz AST/ALT < 1

Hemochromatosis

93
Q

Scleroderma and the Esophagus

Cause

Dx

Tx

A
  • Incompetent LES, poor peristalsis
  • At risk for severe GERD
  • Dysphagia can be due to esophagitis, stricture, or just poor motility
  • Work up if dysphagia:
    • Barium swallow and EGD
  • Important to assess for GERD complications
    • Only treatment is PPI
94
Q

Seriouse C-Diff infection

A

WBC ? 20000

LACTATE > 2.2

Toxic Megacolon

Severe ileus

95
Q

Small intestinal Bacterial overgrowth

A

Sx: ABD pain, diarrhea, bloating, excess flatulenc, malabsorption, weight loss, anemia, nutritional def

Dx: endoscopy gold with jejunal aspirate

Glucose breath hydrogen testing

Tx: Avoid antimotility agents

Dietary change high fat low carb

Trial of metoclopramide

7 day course of Abs Rifaximin

96
Q

Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer

A
  • Location: Proximal 2/3 of esophagus
  • Smoking and alcohol are risk factors
  • Other risk factors: Lye stricture, other head and neck malignancy
97
Q

STool osmolol gap

Stool Osm - 2 * (Na+K) =

  • < 60
  • 50-126
  • > 125
A
  • Secretory diarrhea
    • inflam diarrhea
  • Indeterminate
  • Osmotic diarrhea
    • Magnesium citrate / lactulose
98
Q

Suspect Gastrinoma

EGD shows multiple stomach ulcers

Check Gastrin

A

Gastrin level < 110

Gastrin 110-1000

Gastrin > 1000

99
Q

Treat a patient with large esophageal varices ?

A

Small varices are usually less than 5 mm in diameter and easily flatten with air insufflation during endoscopy. Large varices are larger than 5 mm or persist despite air insufflation. The presence of red wale markings (longitudinal red streaks on varices) indicates an increased risk of rupture.

100
Q

Treat a patient with microscopic colitis.

A

The first step in treatment of a patient with microscopic colitis is to stop any potentially causative drugs; the most commonly implicated drugs are lansoprazole, NSAIDs, sertraline, ranitidine, ticlopidine, and acarbose.

Colonoscopy reveals normal-appearing colonic mucosa, but colonic biopsies disclose an abnormally thickened subepithelial collagen band in the lamina propria.

101
Q

Treat refractory hepatic encephalopathy.

A

Patients with refractory hepatic encephalopathy despite lactulose therapy may benefit from the addition of rifaximin.

102
Q

Treatment of gastroparesis

A

• *limprove diabetes control • Diet: Liquid if severe, low fiber • Metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist) useful, except for side effects such as tardive dyskinesia • Erythromycin (motilin agonist): Not indicated but does cause strong gastric contractions Domperidone : only from canada

103
Q

UGI Hemorrhage

A

Current role for IV PPI in Gl bleed?

  • Use for 72 hours in any patient with endoscopic therapy Other causes
  • Mallory-Weiss tear
  • Esophageal varices
  • Aorto-enteric fistula - always remember this if the patient has a past history of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair; Presents with melena, then severe hemorrhage
  • Osler-Weber-Rendu (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia), telangiectasia of fingers and nasal and oral mucosa; history of nosebleeds; familial
  • Peutz-Jeghers perioral pigmentation; hamartomas of Gl tract can bleed
104
Q

Ulcerative Colitis / Clinical

A

Clinical: • Main symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain • Variable extent - Proctitis: Rectum only - Proctosigmoiditis - Extensive colitis (pancolitis) • Constitutional Sxs. extraintestinal: *Common 40%

105
Q

Ulcerative colitis flare

After working up infectious causes

(ecoli / salmonella/ shigella / C difficile / Campylobacter)

A

Treat with IV steriods 20 mg 2-3 times daily

Complete response - change to oral steriods

partial - continue for 5-7 days and reassess

no Response on Day 3 (colectomy or / rescue pharm with cyclosporine or infliximab

106
Q

Ulcerative Colitis Extraintestinal Manifestations:

A

• Relates to colonic disease • Peripheral polyarthritis (RF negative) • Ankylosing spondylitis (HLA-B27) • Skin lesions (E. nodosum, pyoderma) • Eye: Iritis, episcleritis, uveitis • *HLA association tends not to improve with colitis Tx • *Not unique to UC; seen with Crohn’s

107
Q

UPPER GI bleed

A

EGD assessment not treatment

Tx: Blood + resuscitate

108
Q

Ursodeoxycholic acid

A

Reduces hepatic cholesterol secretion and fractional intestinal cholesterol reabsorption to decrease billiary cholesterol content. Help to prevent and desolve gallstones in primary biliary cirrhosis.

109
Q

Variceal Hemorrhage

A
  1. Volume resuscitation / IV octreotide or terlipressi + Abx
  2. Endoscopy for sclerotherapy or band ligation
  3. if not successfull temp. used Balloon temponade
  4. Tips for shunt surgery (Transjugular intrahepatic postosystemic shunt)
110
Q

Wilson’s Dz

liver dz

neuropsychiatric

A
  • Chronic hapatitis +elevated liver functions
  • portal hypertension
  • acute liver failure
  • parkinson tremor
  • bradykinesia
  • cognitive impairment and mood disorder
  • Abnormal gait
  • Dysartheria

Non immune hemolytic anemia

111
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A
  • Chronic diarrhea accompanies either bad esophagitis or peptic ulcer disease
  • Fasting serum gastrin after stopping the omeprazole for 7 days
112
Q

• Perirectal fistula with Crohn’s What medication do you use?

A

Mesalamine, 6MP, infliximab, steroids I think the answer is infliximab

113
Q
A
114
Q
A

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