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POS 3 > Using the pathologist in diagnosis and grading tumours > Flashcards

Using the pathologist in diagnosis and grading tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gross characteristics of benign tumours?

A

growth by expansion
low to moderate growth rate
tumour well-demarcated from surrounding tissue which it is compressing
often smooth in gross outline
has a surrounding connective tissue capsule
usually freely mobile on palpation
homogeneous cut surface (may be cystic in glandular tumours)
generally little haemorrhage or necrosis
surgical removal often easy
no recurrence if completly excised
no metastasis spread elsewhere in the body!!!

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2
Q

What are the microscopic characteristics of benign tumours?

A

often very similar to the tissue of origin
tissue well organised
benign endocrine tumours can be functional producing hormones affecting other parts of body
surrounding connective tissue capsule
tumour does not broach this capsule
few or no mitoses
generally no hameorrhage or necrosis

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3
Q

What are the gross characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

growth by invasion of adjacent tissue
usually not encapsulated
usually not mobile on palpation
complete removal often difficult/impossible
often recurs after excision
often ulcerate if on skin or mucosal surface
frequently show internal necrosis and haemorrhage
can metastasize to local LN and lungs

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4
Q

What are the microscopic characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

variable cell size/shape: anisocytosis/pleomorphism
variable nuclei size/shape: anisokaryosis
increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
prominent nucleoli
presence of normal or abnormal mitoses
loss of cohesiveness/structure
malignant fusion leading to the formation of multinucleated cells
secondary changes: necrosis, fibrosis or inflammation
usually unencapsulated

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5
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign surface epithelial tumour?

A

tissue of origin + papilloma

viral induced

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6
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign glandular epithelial tumour?

A

tissue of origin + adenoma

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7
Q

What is the nomenclature for a malignant epithelial tumour?

A

tissue of origin + carcinoma

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8
Q

What is the nomenclature for a malignant glandular epithelial tumour?

A

tissue of origin + adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

What is the nomenclature for benign mesenchymal tumours?

A

tissue of origin -oma

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10
Q

What is the nomenclature for malignant mesenchymal tumours?

A

tissue of origin -sarcoma

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11
Q

What is the nomenclature for fibrous tissue of origin?

A

fibro

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12
Q

What is the nomenclature for bone tissue of origin?

A

osteo

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13
Q

What is the nomenclature for cartilage tissue of origin?

A

chrondro

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14
Q

What is the nomenclature for adipose tissue of origin?

A

lipo

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15
Q

What is the nomenclature for smooth muscle tissue of origin?

A

leiomyo

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16
Q

What is the nomenclature for endothelium tissue of origin?

A

haemangio

17
Q

What is the nomenclature for skeletal muscle tissue of origin?

A

Rhabdomyo

18
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

tumour of lymphoid system, usually malignant

19
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

tumour of melanocyted
benign or malignant

20
Q

What are mast cell tumours?

A

tumour of mast cell
vary in degree of malignancy

21
Q

What are leukaemias?

A

tumours derived from cells of bone marrow which circulate in the blood

22
Q

What are teratomas?

A

germ cell tumours with elements of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

23
Q

What are sarcoids?

A

low grade fibrosarcomas commonly see in skin of horses
caused by bovine papillomavirus infection

24
Q

Which tumours are likely to cause lymphatic metastasis?

A

carcinoma

LN draining tumour

25
Q

Which tumours are likely to cause vascular metastasis?

A

sarcoma

tumour “seeds” widely to internal organs

26
Q

Which tumours are likely to cause trans-cavity/coelomic metastasis?

A

mesothelioma or ovarian carcinomas

tumour spreads across serosal surfaces

27
Q

What are multicentric tumours?

A

tumours where its difficult to determine a primary site due to multiple tumours present at first presentation

ex: lymphoma

28
Q

What is cytokeratin?

A

immunohistochemistry epithelial marker for carcinoma

29
Q

What is vimentin?

A

immunochemistry mesenchymal marker for sarcoma

30
Q

What is CD3?

A

immunohistochemistry t cell marker for t cell lymphoma

31
Q

Wat is CD79a/CD20?

A

immunohistochemistry b cell markers for b cell lymphoma

32
Q

What are common ways of tumour grading?

A

grading on light microscopy
immunophenotyping
detection of genetic mutations
use of proliferation markers

POS 3 (12 decks)

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