Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

science chemistry > Using resources (Seneca) > Flashcards

Using resources (Seneca) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

We need to drink water to stay alive. But, water is often found with …

A

other substances dissolved in it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

We need to drink water to stay alive. But, water is often found with other substances dissolved in it. These substances can be harmful so we treat water to make it …

A

potable (safe for human consumption).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If water is potable, it does NOT mean that it has to be …

A

chemically pure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

To make water potable, we need to drastically reduce the number of ————- found in it.

A

microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

To make water potable, we need to reduce the concentrations of …

A

dissolved minerals and salts found in the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

To make water potable, we need to reduce the concentrations of dissolved minerals and salts found in the water.
We do not eradicate the …

A

minerals and salts from the water completely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Potable water can be obtained from:

A
  • Fresh water
  • Seawater
  • Waste water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fresh water only needs …

A

filtering and sterilising.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

———— is the easiest source of water to treat.

A

Fresh water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Seawater is the most expensive source to treat because of …

A

of the large amounts of energy needed to desalinate the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

————- is the most expensive source to treat because of the large amounts of energy needed to desalinate the water.

A

Seawater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment of waste water involves …

A

many steps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There are different methods for producing potable water. Which method is chosen depends on …

A

what water is available and the local conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the United Kingdom, levels of rainfall are …

A

quite high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rain water is a type of fresh water, meaning that it contains …

A

low concentrations of dissolved substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Step 1 in potable water production in the UK is …

A

collecting fresh water from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:

A
  1. Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.
  2. Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In Saudi Arabia, rainfall levels are 1. , and so 2.

A
  1. low
  2. supplies of fresh water can’t be relied upon.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rain water is a type of fresh water, meaning that it contains …

A

low concentrations of dissolved substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the United Kingdom, levels of rainfall are …

A

quite high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Step 1 in potable water production in the UK is …

A

collecting fresh water from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:
1. Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.
2. …

A

Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:
1. ——–
2. Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.

A

Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

There are different methods for producing potable water. Which method is chosen depends on …

A

what water is available and the local conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of water is rain?

A

Fresh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rainfall levels are low, and so supplies of ——– can’t be relied upon.

A

fresh water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rainfall levels are low, and so supplies of fresh water can’t be relied upon.
———– is used as an alternative to fresh water.

A

Seawater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Seawater must be desalinated (have the salt removed) to make it potable. There are 2 desalination methods:

A
  1. Distillation: boiling seawater creates steam, which then condenses to give pure water.
  2. Reverse osmosis: a selective membrane only allows water molecules to pass through. This results in larger molecules being separated out of the water.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The major disadvantage of both desalination methods is that …

A

their high energy demands mean that costs are high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Processes involved in treating rain water:

A
  • filtration
  • sterilisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is desalination?

A

Removing salt from seawater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Reverse
osmosis?

A

A selective membrane only allows water molecules to pass through. This results in larger molecules being separated out of the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Distillation?

A

Boiling seawater gives steam, which then condenses to give pure water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In Saudi Arabia, potable water is produced by …

A

desalinating seawater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe Potable Water Production in the UK.

A
  • Fresh water is collected from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas
  • Particles of solids are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh
  • Harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

We split natural resources into two categories:

A
  • Non-renewable resources
  • Renewable resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Non-renewable resources are regenerated at a much slower rate than we use them. Examples include:

A
  • Fossil fuels
  • Nuclear fuels
  • Metal ores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Renewable resources don’t run out as they are regenerated quicker than they’re used. Examples include:

A
  • Timber
  • Fresh water
  • Food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The development of useful synthetic products has reduced our reliance on natural products.
E.g. …

A

Rubber in tyres has been gradually replaced by synthetic polymers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The development of useful synthetic products has reduced our reliance on ————-
E.g. Rubber in tyres has been gradually replaced by synthetic polymers.

A

natural products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Agriculture is the main example of a supplement to natural resources.
Natural food products (e.g. beef, maize, wheat etc.) are now available in much larger quantities because of the …

A

organisation of agriculture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

————- is the main example of a supplement to natural resources.
Natural food products (e.g. beef, maize, wheat etc.) are now available in much larger quantities because of the organisation of agriculture.

A

Agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The development of useful ——— products has reduced our reliance on natural products.

A

synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

There are three main sources of waste water:

A
  • Agricultural sources of waste water
  • Industrial sources of waste water
  • Domestic sources of waste water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Nutrient run-off and slurry are two major sources of …

A

agricultural waste water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

———- are two major sources of agricultural waste water.

A

Nutrient run-off and slurry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Nutrient run-off and slurry are two major sources of agricultural waste water.
Similarly to domestic waste water, —————- must be removed before allowing this water to go back into fresh water sources.

A

organic matter and harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The Haber process is an example of an …

A

industrial process that generates large volumes of waste water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The Haber process is an example of an industrial process that generates large volumes of waste water.
———– are required for industrial waste water to make sure there are no harmful chemicals that remain in the water.

A

Extra treatment stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

—————- are all activities which produce waste water.

A

Washing up, using the toilet and taking a shower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Washing up, using the toilet and taking a shower are all activities which produce waste water.
Treatment removes the ————– found in this waste.

A

organic matter and harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

To avoid polluting our environment, we must ——– sewage before letting it return into the environment.

A

treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The steps in the sewage treatment process are:

A
  • Sewage is examined to remove grit and any large items, such as plastic bags.
  • Sedimentation results in the separation of sewage into heavier sludge and lighter effluent.
  • The sludge is anaerobically digested by bacteria.
  • The effluent is aerobically digested by bacteria.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the 2 products of separation of sewage?

A
  • Heavy sludge
  • Light effluent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

———— of sewage separates it into heavier sludge and lighter effluent.

A

Sedimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Main sources of waste water:

A
  • domestic
  • industry
  • agriculture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the steps in sewage treatment?

A
  • sedimentation
  • screening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Mining is the traditional method used to extract ores from the ground, but this process causes significant environmental damage:

A
  • Landscape scars
  • Habitat destruction
  • Pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Metal ores are a ———— resource and the availability of metal ores is rapidly decreasing.

A

finite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Metal ores are a finite resource and the availability of metal ores is …

A

rapidly decreasing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Mining creates a lot of …

A

noise and air pollution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In mining, large mounds of rock are left behind, ——— the landscape.

A

scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Habitats are destroyed by mining.
The destruction of habitats threatens …

A

biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

No reaction happens when copper and water are combined. This means that copper has a …

A

long useful lifespan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

———- reaction happens when copper and water are combined. This means that copper has a long useful lifespan.

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

No reaction happens when ———— are combined. This means that copper has a long useful lifespan.

A

copper and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Copper is malleable, meaning it can …

A

bend into a desired shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Copper has some properties :

A
  • Malleable
  • Unreactive
  • Conducts electricity well
  • conducts heat well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Copper-rich ores (materials containing lots of copper) are in —— supply because of historical overexploitation.

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Copper-rich ores (materials containing lots of copper) are in short supply because of …

A

historical overexploitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Consequently, we have had to find new ways to extract copper from …

A

low-grade ores and contaminated land.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

A low-grade ore is one that …

A

does not contain much of the desired metal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Phytomining is a …

A

technique that allows us to extract copper from contaminated land.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

A disadvantage of phytomining is that the …

A

process takes a lot longer than the classic methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Describe the process of phytomining .

A
  1. Plants growing on contaminated land absorb copper ions as they grow.
  2. These plants are harvested and burned, producing ash that contains high concentrations of copper compounds.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

A disadvantage of bioleaching is that …

A

It is a much slower process than traditional mining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Describe the process of bioleaching.

A
  1. Bacteria are added in with low-grade ores.
  2. The bacteria break down the ores to create a solution rich in copper compounds known as a leachate solution. We can easily extract copper from leachate solution.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Which extraction method allows for copper to be obtained from low-grade ores?

A

Bioleaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) assess all four stages of a product’s life cycle to try and calculate its total environmental costs.

A

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) assess …

A

all four stages of a product’s life cycle to try and calculate its total environmental costs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) assess all four stages of a product’s life cycle to try and calculate its total environmental costs. The four stages are:

A
  • Collecting the raw materials needed
  • Making and packaging the product
  • Product use
  • Disposal of the product
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Some elements of LCAs are easy to measure, such as energy use. Other elements can be ..

A

more difficult to estimate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Some elements of LCAs are easy to measure, such as energy use. Other elements can be more difficult to estimate. LCAs can also be manipulated by …

A

not including all of a product’s environmental impacts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Most LCAs have ———- parts to them.

A

subjective (i.e. parts that are based on personal opinion).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Most LCAs have subjective parts to them (i.e. parts that are based on personal opinion). This means that they can be …

A

biased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Most LCAs have subjective parts to them (i.e. parts that are based on personal opinion). This means that they can be biased.
For example, …

A

quantifying (deciding the size) of the environmental impact of pollutants involves personal judgement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Sometimes, LCAs will choose to ——— certain environmental impacts of a product. We call these selective LCAs.

A

ignore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Sometimes, LCAs will choose to ignore certain environmental impacts of a product. We call these …

A

selective LCAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Sometimes, LCAs will choose to ignore certain environmental impacts of a product. We call these selective LCAs.
These can be exploited by …

A

biased companies to create positive advertising.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Easily quantified aspects of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs):

A
  • Use of energy
  • Use of raw materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

LCAs allow us to compare the environmental impact of different products. For example, we can compare the environmental impact of plastic and paper bags:

A
  • On the surface, plastic bags would seem to have a more significant impact on the environment due to the pollution they cause.
  • By examining what actually happens at each stage of the product life cycles, LCAs have shown that paper bags may actually be more harmful.
  • This is because their manufacture requires more energy and their lifespan is far shorter.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What do we call LCAs that choose to ignore certain environmental impacts of a product?

A

Selective LCAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are the difficulties associated with LCAs?

A
  • subjective elements
  • missing details
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Our use of resources can be reduced by reusing and recycling existing materials or by encouraging people to use them less. This could:

A
  • increase sustainability
  • Reduce waste production
  • Reduce environmental damage
  • Increased efficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Our use of using and recycling existing materials or by encouraging people to use them less. Ensuring the preservation of raw materials for …

A

use by future generations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

If materials are not reused or recycled, the materials are …

A

“waste” and accumulate in landfill sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Resource extraction can cause …

A

significant environmental damage.

97
Q

More recycling and reusing materials can reduce the need for …

A

resource extraction (like mining).

98
Q

Our use of resources can be reduced by reusing and recycling existing materials or by encouraging people to use them less. For example, increased efficiency in terms of both …

A

cost and energy consumption.

99
Q

How to reduce the use of resources?

A
  • Reuse
  • Recycle
  • Encourage people to use
    less
100
Q

The process of recycling metals involves melting and then reshaping the metal. Recycling is preferable to mining and extracting new resources for the following reasons:

A
  • Less energy required
  • Fewer waste rock heaps
  • Reduced burning of fossil fuels
  • Conserves finite resources
101
Q

Some glass products, such as bottles, can be reused as they are (in their current form). Glass products that can’t be reused can be …

A

recycled to make other glass products.

102
Q

The process of recycling glass involves four steps:

A
  1. Glass products are sorted for recycling by splitting apart bottles with different colours and different chemistry.
  2. Crush
  3. Melt
  4. Reshape
103
Q

What do glass products get sorted by before being recycled?

A
  • chemistry
  • colour
104
Q

Iron + oxygen + water →

A

hydrated iron(III) oxide

105
Q

Take a boiling tube and put an iron nail inside under three different sets of conditions and see if it rusts:

A
  • Only water - no rust.
  • Only air - no rust.
  • Air and water - rust.
106
Q

Corrosion describes the …

A

gradual destruction of metals because of chemical reactions between metals and the oxygen and water around them.

107
Q

What are metals reacting with in the environment when they corrode?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
108
Q

We can prevent corrosion by …

A

applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as greasing, painting or electroplating.

109
Q

We can prevent corrosion by applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as greasing, painting or electroplating.
E.g.

A

Aluminium has an oxide coating that protects the metal from further corrosion by preventing the metal’s surface coming into contact with oxygen and water.

110
Q

A disadvantage of coatings is that …

A

any damage to the coating will lead to the metal becoming exposed and so corrosion will take place.

111
Q

There are three main methods used to stop metals corroding:

A
  • Coatings
  • Sacrificial method
  • Galvanising
112
Q

In the sacrificial method, a metal …

A

That requires protection will have a more reactive metal attached to it.

113
Q

In the sacrificial method, a metal that requires protection will have a more reactive metal attached to it.
This means that …

A

water and oxygen will stop reacting with the protected metal as they are too busy reacting with the sacrificial metal!

114
Q

Galvanising is a hybrid of …

A

coatings and the sacrificial method.

115
Q

In galvanising, the metal that needs protecting is …

A

sprayed with a more reactive metal. This initially acts as a coating.

116
Q

In galvanising, if the more reactive metal is damaged, it will …

A

continue to protect as a sacrificial metal.

117
Q

Most metals that we use in day-to-day life are …

A

alloys

118
Q

A key feature of aluminium alloys is their ————, which makes them suitable for use in manufacturing planes.

A

low density

119
Q

A key feature of aluminium alloys is their low density, which makes them suitable for use in …

A

manufacturing planes.

120
Q

A key feature of aluminium alloys is their low density, which makes them suitable for use in manufacturing planes.
Other uses include …

A

armour plating for military vehicles.

121
Q

Brass is an alloy of …

A

copper and zinc.

122
Q

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Adding zinc makes the material …

A

more malleable (easy to bend).

123
Q

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Uses include …

A

hinges, locks, plumbing and plug sockets.

124
Q

Carats provide a measure for the purity of a gold alloy:
24 carats = 100% gold
So, 12 carats = ——% gold

A

50

125
Q

The softness of pure gold means that jewellers will often add metals such as ————- to produce a more resilient substance.

A

silver, copper and zinc

126
Q

The softness of pure gold means that jewellers will often add metals such as silver, copper and zinc to produce a …

A

more resilient substance.

127
Q

Bronze is an alloy of …

A

copper and tin.

128
Q

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Adding tin increases the …

A

hardness of the material.

129
Q

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Uses include …

A

making coins, electrical hardware and statues.

130
Q

Steels are alloys of …

A

iron that contain carbon as well as other metals.

131
Q

—— carbon steels are strong but brittle. Uses include making cutting tools and blades.

A

High

132
Q

High carbon steels are ————-. Uses include making cutting tools and blades.

A

strong but brittle

133
Q

High carbon steels are strong but brittle. Uses include …

A

making cutting tools and blades.

134
Q

——— carbon steels are soft but malleable. Uses include making car bodies.

A

Low

135
Q

Low carbon steels are —————. Uses include making car bodies.

A

soft but malleable

136
Q

Low carbon steels are soft but malleable. Uses include …

A

making car bodies

137
Q

—————- are strong and resistant to corrosion. Uses include cooking utensils and cutlery.

A

Stainless steels (steels containing chromium and nickel)

138
Q

Stainless steels (steels containing chromium and nickel) are ————-. Uses include cooking utensils and cutlery.

A

strong and resistant to corrosion

139
Q

Stainless steels (steels containing chromium and nickel) are strong and resistant to corrosion. Uses include …

A

cooking utensils and cutlery.

140
Q

Ceramics are …

A

inorganic (not carbon-based), non-metallic solids.

141
Q

Some examples of ceramics are:

A
  • Pottery and bricks
  • Glass
142
Q

Pottery and bricks are made from …

A

clay.

143
Q

Wet clay is moulded into the desired shape before being ———– to produce a hard clay ceramic.

A

heated in a furnace

144
Q

Most of the glass we use is …

A

soda-lime glass

145
Q

Most of the glass we use is soda-lime glass.
This type of glass is produced by …

A

combining limestone, sodium carbonate and sand and then heating the mixture.

146
Q

Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) is another important type of glass.
This type of glass is made by …

A

combining sand and boron trioxide and then heating the mixture to a greater temperature than needed for making soda-lime glass.

147
Q

Borosilicate glass or ——- is another important type of glass.

A

Pyrex

148
Q

Pyrex is commonly used in …

A

chemical glassware (e.g. test tubes, conical flasks etc) and kitchenware.

149
Q

What do we call polymers that have their chains in a solid structure because their monomers allow cross-links to connect the chains?

A

Thermosetting polymers

150
Q

A polymer’s properties are determined by two factors:

A

the monomers it is made from and the conditions it is made in.

151
Q

Composites are made by …

A

embedding a material known as the reinforcement (fibres or fragments) into the matrix (material that surrounds the reinforcement, acting as a binder).

152
Q

Some examples of composites are:

A
  • Concrete
  • Carbon fibre
  • Fibreglass
153
Q

In concrete, The matrix is cement. The reinforcement is a …

A

combination of sand and gravel.

154
Q

In concrete, The matrix is ——-. The reinforcement is a combination of sand and gravel.

A

cement

155
Q

In carbon fibre, The matrix is a ——— . The reinforcement is carbon fibres or carbon nanotubes.

A

polymer

156
Q

In carbon fibre, The matrix is a polymer. The reinforcement is …

A

carbon fibres or carbon nanotubes.

157
Q

In fibreglass, The matrix is a ——–. The reinforcement is glass fibres.

A

polymer

158
Q

In fibreglass, The matrix is a polymer. The reinforcement is …

A

glass fibres.

159
Q

Although nitrogen gas is abundant in the atmosphere (there is lots of it), —— cannot use nitrogen in the air.

A

plants

160
Q

Although nitrogen gas is abundant in the atmosphere (there is lots of it), plants cannot use nitrogen in the air.Instead, plants absorb soluble nitrates (nitrogen-containing compounds) from the …

A

soil.

161
Q

Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants …

A

die.

162
Q

———– re-enter the soil when plants die.

A

Nitrates

163
Q

Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die.
But, harvesting crops takes this …

A

nitrogen out of the system.

164
Q

Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die. But, ——– takes this nitrogen out of the system.

A

harvesting crops

165
Q

Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die.
But, harvesting crops takes this nitrogen out of the system.
So, farmers should …

A

manually add nitrogen back into the soil.

166
Q

Ecosystem services provided by plants:

A
  • Food source
  • Remove carbon dioxide
167
Q

By reacting ———– , the Haber process yields ammonia.

A

nitrogen with hydrogen

168
Q

By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the —— process yields ammonia.

A

Haber

169
Q

By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields …

A

ammonia.

170
Q

By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields ammonia. ——————– can be made from this ammonia.

A

Nitrogen-based fertilisers

171
Q

By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields ammonia. Nitrogen-based fertilisers can be made from this ammonia. Farmers can then …

A

add the fertiliser back into the soil.

172
Q

The steps involved in the Haber process are:

A
  1. Collect and purify nitrogen and hydrogen gases
  2. Pass over iron catalyst
  3. Condensation
  4. Recycling
173
Q

Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of ——-. This results in the production of ammonia gas.

A

200 atm

174
Q

Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of —– and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.

A

450°C

175
Q

Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
This reaction is reversible, so …

A

not all of the ammonia stays as ammonia - some will break back down to give the reactants, nitrogen and hydrogen.

176
Q

Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
This reaction is ———– , so not all of the ammonia stays as ammonia - some will break back down to give the reactants, nitrogen and hydrogen.

A

reversible

177
Q

During condensation during the Haber process, The ammonia gas ————. The ammonia is removed from the condenser once it has become a liquid.

A

cools down in a condenser

178
Q

During condensation during the Haber process, The ammonia gas cools down in a condenser. The ammonia is removed from the condenser once it has become a …

A

liquid.

179
Q

In order to grow, plants need to make ———-, and this requires nitrogen.

A

proteins

180
Q

We can recycle any unused hydrogen and nitrogen back into the process to create more ammonia. This means that …

A

waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!

181
Q

We can recycle any unused hydrogen and nitrogen back into the process to create more ———-. This means that waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!

A

ammonia

182
Q

We can recycle any unused ——————— back into the process to create more ammonia. This means that waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!

A

hydrogen and nitrogen

183
Q

what is the chemical equation for the Haber Process?

A

N 2+3H 2⇌2NH 3(+heat)

184
Q

The Haber process produces ammonia by reacting nitrogen (from the air) with hydrogen (obtained by ——————-).

A

reacting methane found in natural gas and steam

185
Q

The Haber process produces ammonia by reacting nitrogen (from the ——-) with hydrogen (obtained by reacting methane found in natural gas and steam).

A

air

186
Q

The reaction that produces ammonia in the Haber process is reversible. Because of this, changing the conditions affects the …

A

position of equilibrium.

187
Q

The forward reaction of the Haber Process is exothermic. This means that …

A

an increase in temperature moves the position of equilibrium towards the reactants.

188
Q

The forward reaction of the Haber Process is ———-. This means that an increase in temperature moves the position of equilibrium towards the reactants.

A

exothermic

189
Q

The forward reaction is exothermic. This means that an increase in temperature moves the position of equilibrium towards the reactants. So, there is a trade-off between …

A

increasing the rate of reaction by increasing the temperature and reducing the yield (because of the high temperature).

190
Q

In the Haber Process, there are fewer molecules of product than reactant. This means that an increase in pressure moves the position of equilibrium towards the …

A

products.

191
Q

In the Haber Process, there are ——- molecules of product than reactant. This means that an increase in pressure moves the position of equilibrium towards the products.

A

fewer

192
Q

Increasing the pressure also increases the rate of reaction, but high pressures are ————— . 200 atmospheres represents a happy medium between rate of ammonia production versus safety and cost.

A

expensive and can be hazardous

193
Q

Increasing the pressure also ——– the rate of reaction, but high pressures are expensive and can be hazardous. 200 atmospheres represents a happy medium between rate of ammonia production versus safety and cost.

A

increases

194
Q

Increasing the pressure also increases the rate of reaction, but high pressures are expensive and can be hazardous. 200 atmospheres represents a happy medium between …

A

rate of ammonia production versus safety and cost.

195
Q

—————– are all essential elements for plant growth.

A

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)

196
Q

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are all essential elements for plant growth. —————- may mean that there isn’t enough of these elements in the soil.

A

Harvesting crops

197
Q

Fertilisers increase the amount of essential nutrients present in the soil. This results in an increase in …

A

agricultural productivity.

198
Q

———- increase the amount of essential nutrients present in the soil. This results in an increase in agricultural productivity.

A

Fertilisers

199
Q

NPK fertilisers contain ——– of the three essential elements in carefully controlled percentages.

A

salts

200
Q

NPK fertilisers contain salts of …

A

the three essential elements in carefully controlled percentages.

201
Q

NPK fertilisers contain salts of all three of the elements that are essential for plant growth and success:

A

N - Nitrogen.
P - Phosphorus.
K - Potassium.

202
Q

Traditionally, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were added to the soil using manure fertilisers. Today, farmers often use formulated fertilisers, which have the following advantages:

A
  • Can be customised
  • Better availability
  • Not as complex to use
  • Odourless
203
Q

The nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in fertilisers are made using ————, which is manufactured by oxidising ammonia.

A

ammonia and nitric acid

204
Q

The nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in fertilisers are made using ammonia and nitric acid, which is manufactured by …

A

oxidising ammonia.

205
Q

Ammonia + nitric acid →

A

ammonium nitrate

206
Q

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) →

A

NH4NO3(aq)

207
Q

Because it contains two sources of nitrogen, ammonium nitrate is ideal for use in …

A

fertilisers.

208
Q

Because it contains two sources of nitrogen, ————– is ideal for use in fertilisers.

A

ammonium nitrate

209
Q

Because it ————-, ammonium nitrate is ideal for use in fertilisers.

A

contains two sources of nitrogen

210
Q

The nitrogen-containing compounds found in fertilisers are produced using ——- from the Haber process.

A

ammonia

211
Q

The nitrogen-containing compounds found in fertilisers are produced using ammonia from the —— process.

A

Haber

212
Q

Phosphate rock is a source of ———– that is obtained by mining.

A

insoluble phosphorus

213
Q

Phosphate rock is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by …

A

mining

214
Q

——— is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by mining.

A

Phosphate rock

215
Q

———————- → phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

A

Phosphate rock + nitric acid

216
Q

Phosphate rock + nitric acid →

A

phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

217
Q

——————- → single superphosphate

A

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid

218
Q

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid →

A

single superphosphate

219
Q

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid → single superphosphate
Single superphosphate is a mixture of …

A

calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate.

220
Q

Phosphate rock is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by mining. Useful soluble products can be obtained by …

A

treating the rock with acids.

221
Q

Phosphate rock is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by mining. ————- can be obtained by treating the rock with acids.

A

Useful soluble products

222
Q

————– → triple superphosphate

A

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

223
Q

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid →

A

triple superphosphate

224
Q

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid → triple superphosphate
Triple superphosphate is also known as …

A

calcium phosphate.

225
Q

What does treating phosphate rock with nitric acid yield?

A
  • Phosphoric acid
  • Calcium nitrate
226
Q

There are – main soluble sources of potassium that can be used as fertilisers in their raw form.

A

2

227
Q

There are 2 main soluble sources of potassium that can be used as fertilisers in their raw form. Both of these soluble sources are extracted using …

A

mining.

228
Q

There are 2 main soluble sources of potassium that can be used as fertilisers in their raw form. Both of these soluble sources are extracted using mining. These are:

A
  • Potassium sulfate
  • Potassium chloride
229
Q

What useful soluble products are created by reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid?

A
  • Calcium nitrate
  • Phosphoric acid
230
Q

Which is a source of insoluble phosphorus?

A

Phosphate rock

231
Q

What are the 2 main soluble sources of potassium?

A
  • Potassium chloride
  • Potassium sulfate
232
Q

What is the product of reacting ammonia and nitric acid?

A

Ammonium nitrate

233
Q

Fibreglass is an example of what?

A

A composite

234
Q

Phytomining Pros:

A
  • There is no need for mining which may degrade natural habitats.
  • Phytomining requires less energy than normal mining and this may result in fewer fossil fuels being used.
235
Q

Phytomining Cons:

A
  • Phytomining requires large scale crop growth which also requires space. This will usually result in the degradation of natural habitat.
  • Phytomining produces much smaller amounts of pure metal and, therefore, must be done on a much larger scale. This may increase the environmental impact of the process.
236
Q

Advantages of formulated fertiliser:

A
  • Can be customised to the needs of the crop. Different crops have different nutrient requirements which can be catered for.
  • They have no odour. Unlike manure, formulated fertilisers do not have a pungent smell.
  • They are easier to use. Formulated fertiliser comes in pellets which are easy to transport and can be spread using a machine.
  • They can be produced on demand and so they are more available.
237
Q

Advantages of natural manure:

A
  • Using manure as a fertiliser is a form of recycling. The animal waste does not need to be treated or disposed of because it serves a function.
  • Using manure may save you money if you own cows.
  • Manure requires much less energy to make. Formulated fertilisers use a huge amount of energy to make. (1-2% of the world’s energy supply is estimated to be used by the Haber process!)
238
Q

Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, explain the reason why high pressure increases the amount of ammonia produced.

A
  1. Increased pressure moves the reaction equilibrium to the right.
  2. Because increasing the pressure will push the equilibrium to the side with fewer gas molecules.
    3 .There are four gas molecules on the left-hand side and two gas molecules on the right-hand side of the equilibrium.
239
Q

Why does the Haber process run at a high heat of 450°C?

A
  1. The high temperature pushes the equilibrium to the left.
  2. But the high temperatures also increase the rate of reaction.
  3. This allows more ammonia to be produced in a shorter period of time.
240
Q

In the Haber process, list three measures that are taken to decrease the cost of manufacture for ammonia.

A
  • A catalyst is used to increase the rate of reaction.
  • Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen can be recycled.
  • Machines can reduce wage costs.

science chemistry (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions