Using resources (Seneca) Flashcards
We need to drink water to stay alive. But, water is often found with …
other substances dissolved in it.
We need to drink water to stay alive. But, water is often found with other substances dissolved in it. These substances can be harmful so we treat water to make it …
potable (safe for human consumption).
If water is potable, it does NOT mean that it has to be …
chemically pure.
To make water potable, we need to drastically reduce the number of ————- found in it.
microbes
To make water potable, we need to reduce the concentrations of …
dissolved minerals and salts found in the water.
To make water potable, we need to reduce the concentrations of dissolved minerals and salts found in the water.
We do not eradicate the …
minerals and salts from the water completely.
Potable water can be obtained from:
- Fresh water
- Seawater
- Waste water
Fresh water only needs …
filtering and sterilising.
———— is the easiest source of water to treat.
Fresh water
Seawater is the most expensive source to treat because of …
of the large amounts of energy needed to desalinate the water.
————- is the most expensive source to treat because of the large amounts of energy needed to desalinate the water.
Seawater
Treatment of waste water involves …
many steps.
There are different methods for producing potable water. Which method is chosen depends on …
what water is available and the local conditions.
In the United Kingdom, levels of rainfall are …
quite high.
Rain water is a type of fresh water, meaning that it contains …
low concentrations of dissolved substances.
Step 1 in potable water production in the UK is …
collecting fresh water from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas.
Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:
- Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.
- Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.
In Saudi Arabia, rainfall levels are 1. , and so 2.
- low
- supplies of fresh water can’t be relied upon.
Rain water is a type of fresh water, meaning that it contains …
low concentrations of dissolved substances.
In the United Kingdom, levels of rainfall are …
quite high
Step 1 in potable water production in the UK is …
collecting fresh water from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas.
Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:
1. Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.
2. …
Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.
Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:
1. ——–
2. Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.
Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.
There are different methods for producing potable water. Which method is chosen depends on …
what water is available and the local conditions.
What type of water is rain?
Fresh
Rainfall levels are low, and so supplies of ——– can’t be relied upon.
fresh water
Rainfall levels are low, and so supplies of fresh water can’t be relied upon.
———– is used as an alternative to fresh water.
Seawater
Seawater must be desalinated (have the salt removed) to make it potable. There are 2 desalination methods:
- Distillation: boiling seawater creates steam, which then condenses to give pure water.
- Reverse osmosis: a selective membrane only allows water molecules to pass through. This results in larger molecules being separated out of the water.
The major disadvantage of both desalination methods is that …
their high energy demands mean that costs are high.
Processes involved in treating rain water:
- filtration
- sterilisation
What is desalination?
Removing salt from seawater.
What is Reverse
osmosis?
A selective membrane only allows water molecules to pass through. This results in larger molecules being separated out of the water.
What is Distillation?
Boiling seawater gives steam, which then condenses to give pure water.
In Saudi Arabia, potable water is produced by …
desalinating seawater.
Describe Potable Water Production in the UK.
- Fresh water is collected from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas
- Particles of solids are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh
- Harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water
We split natural resources into two categories:
- Non-renewable resources
- Renewable resources
Non-renewable resources are regenerated at a much slower rate than we use them. Examples include:
- Fossil fuels
- Nuclear fuels
- Metal ores
Renewable resources don’t run out as they are regenerated quicker than they’re used. Examples include:
- Timber
- Fresh water
- Food
The development of useful synthetic products has reduced our reliance on natural products.
E.g. …
Rubber in tyres has been gradually replaced by synthetic polymers.
The development of useful synthetic products has reduced our reliance on ————-
E.g. Rubber in tyres has been gradually replaced by synthetic polymers.
natural products.
Agriculture is the main example of a supplement to natural resources.
Natural food products (e.g. beef, maize, wheat etc.) are now available in much larger quantities because of the …
organisation of agriculture.
————- is the main example of a supplement to natural resources.
Natural food products (e.g. beef, maize, wheat etc.) are now available in much larger quantities because of the organisation of agriculture.
Agriculture
The development of useful ——— products has reduced our reliance on natural products.
synthetic
There are three main sources of waste water:
- Agricultural sources of waste water
- Industrial sources of waste water
- Domestic sources of waste water
Nutrient run-off and slurry are two major sources of …
agricultural waste water.
———- are two major sources of agricultural waste water.
Nutrient run-off and slurry
Nutrient run-off and slurry are two major sources of agricultural waste water.
Similarly to domestic waste water, —————- must be removed before allowing this water to go back into fresh water sources.
organic matter and harmful microbes
The Haber process is an example of an …
industrial process that generates large volumes of waste water.
The Haber process is an example of an industrial process that generates large volumes of waste water.
———– are required for industrial waste water to make sure there are no harmful chemicals that remain in the water.
Extra treatment stages
—————- are all activities which produce waste water.
Washing up, using the toilet and taking a shower
Washing up, using the toilet and taking a shower are all activities which produce waste water.
Treatment removes the ————– found in this waste.
organic matter and harmful microbes
To avoid polluting our environment, we must ——– sewage before letting it return into the environment.
treat
The steps in the sewage treatment process are:
- Sewage is examined to remove grit and any large items, such as plastic bags.
- Sedimentation results in the separation of sewage into heavier sludge and lighter effluent.
- The sludge is anaerobically digested by bacteria.
- The effluent is aerobically digested by bacteria.
What are the 2 products of separation of sewage?
- Heavy sludge
- Light effluent
———— of sewage separates it into heavier sludge and lighter effluent.
Sedimentation
Main sources of waste water:
- domestic
- industry
- agriculture
What are the steps in sewage treatment?
- sedimentation
- screening
Mining is the traditional method used to extract ores from the ground, but this process causes significant environmental damage:
- Landscape scars
- Habitat destruction
- Pollution
Metal ores are a ———— resource and the availability of metal ores is rapidly decreasing.
finite
Metal ores are a finite resource and the availability of metal ores is …
rapidly decreasing.
Mining creates a lot of …
noise and air pollution.
In mining, large mounds of rock are left behind, ——— the landscape.
scarring
Habitats are destroyed by mining.
The destruction of habitats threatens …
biodiversity
No reaction happens when copper and water are combined. This means that copper has a …
long useful lifespan.
———- reaction happens when copper and water are combined. This means that copper has a long useful lifespan.
No
No reaction happens when ———— are combined. This means that copper has a long useful lifespan.
copper and water
Copper is malleable, meaning it can …
bend into a desired shape.
Copper has some properties :
- Malleable
- Unreactive
- Conducts electricity well
- conducts heat well
Copper-rich ores (materials containing lots of copper) are in —— supply because of historical overexploitation.
short
Copper-rich ores (materials containing lots of copper) are in short supply because of …
historical overexploitation.
Consequently, we have had to find new ways to extract copper from …
low-grade ores and contaminated land.
A low-grade ore is one that …
does not contain much of the desired metal.
Phytomining is a …
technique that allows us to extract copper from contaminated land.
A disadvantage of phytomining is that the …
process takes a lot longer than the classic methods.
Describe the process of phytomining .
- Plants growing on contaminated land absorb copper ions as they grow.
- These plants are harvested and burned, producing ash that contains high concentrations of copper compounds.
A disadvantage of bioleaching is that …
It is a much slower process than traditional mining.
Describe the process of bioleaching.
- Bacteria are added in with low-grade ores.
- The bacteria break down the ores to create a solution rich in copper compounds known as a leachate solution. We can easily extract copper from leachate solution.
Which extraction method allows for copper to be obtained from low-grade ores?
Bioleaching
Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) assess all four stages of a product’s life cycle to try and calculate its total environmental costs.
Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) assess …
all four stages of a product’s life cycle to try and calculate its total environmental costs.
Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) assess all four stages of a product’s life cycle to try and calculate its total environmental costs. The four stages are:
- Collecting the raw materials needed
- Making and packaging the product
- Product use
- Disposal of the product
Some elements of LCAs are easy to measure, such as energy use. Other elements can be ..
more difficult to estimate.
Some elements of LCAs are easy to measure, such as energy use. Other elements can be more difficult to estimate. LCAs can also be manipulated by …
not including all of a product’s environmental impacts.
Most LCAs have ———- parts to them.
subjective (i.e. parts that are based on personal opinion).
Most LCAs have subjective parts to them (i.e. parts that are based on personal opinion). This means that they can be …
biased
Most LCAs have subjective parts to them (i.e. parts that are based on personal opinion). This means that they can be biased.
For example, …
quantifying (deciding the size) of the environmental impact of pollutants involves personal judgement.
Sometimes, LCAs will choose to ——— certain environmental impacts of a product. We call these selective LCAs.
ignore
Sometimes, LCAs will choose to ignore certain environmental impacts of a product. We call these …
selective LCAs
Sometimes, LCAs will choose to ignore certain environmental impacts of a product. We call these selective LCAs.
These can be exploited by …
biased companies to create positive advertising.
Easily quantified aspects of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs):
- Use of energy
- Use of raw materials
LCAs allow us to compare the environmental impact of different products. For example, we can compare the environmental impact of plastic and paper bags:
- On the surface, plastic bags would seem to have a more significant impact on the environment due to the pollution they cause.
- By examining what actually happens at each stage of the product life cycles, LCAs have shown that paper bags may actually be more harmful.
- This is because their manufacture requires more energy and their lifespan is far shorter.
What do we call LCAs that choose to ignore certain environmental impacts of a product?
Selective LCAs
What are the difficulties associated with LCAs?
- subjective elements
- missing details
Our use of resources can be reduced by reusing and recycling existing materials or by encouraging people to use them less. This could:
- increase sustainability
- Reduce waste production
- Reduce environmental damage
- Increased efficiency
Our use of using and recycling existing materials or by encouraging people to use them less. Ensuring the preservation of raw materials for …
use by future generations.
If materials are not reused or recycled, the materials are …
“waste” and accumulate in landfill sites.
Resource extraction can cause …
significant environmental damage.
More recycling and reusing materials can reduce the need for …
resource extraction (like mining).
Our use of resources can be reduced by reusing and recycling existing materials or by encouraging people to use them less. For example, increased efficiency in terms of both …
cost and energy consumption.
How to reduce the use of resources?
- Reuse
- Recycle
- Encourage people to use
less
The process of recycling metals involves melting and then reshaping the metal. Recycling is preferable to mining and extracting new resources for the following reasons:
- Less energy required
- Fewer waste rock heaps
- Reduced burning of fossil fuels
- Conserves finite resources
Some glass products, such as bottles, can be reused as they are (in their current form). Glass products that can’t be reused can be …
recycled to make other glass products.
The process of recycling glass involves four steps:
- Glass products are sorted for recycling by splitting apart bottles with different colours and different chemistry.
- Crush
- Melt
- Reshape
What do glass products get sorted by before being recycled?
- chemistry
- colour
Iron + oxygen + water →
hydrated iron(III) oxide
Take a boiling tube and put an iron nail inside under three different sets of conditions and see if it rusts:
- Only water - no rust.
- Only air - no rust.
- Air and water - rust.
Corrosion describes the …
gradual destruction of metals because of chemical reactions between metals and the oxygen and water around them.
What are metals reacting with in the environment when they corrode?
- water
- oxygen
We can prevent corrosion by …
applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as greasing, painting or electroplating.
We can prevent corrosion by applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as greasing, painting or electroplating.
E.g.
Aluminium has an oxide coating that protects the metal from further corrosion by preventing the metal’s surface coming into contact with oxygen and water.
A disadvantage of coatings is that …
any damage to the coating will lead to the metal becoming exposed and so corrosion will take place.
There are three main methods used to stop metals corroding:
- Coatings
- Sacrificial method
- Galvanising
In the sacrificial method, a metal …
That requires protection will have a more reactive metal attached to it.
In the sacrificial method, a metal that requires protection will have a more reactive metal attached to it.
This means that …
water and oxygen will stop reacting with the protected metal as they are too busy reacting with the sacrificial metal!
Galvanising is a hybrid of …
coatings and the sacrificial method.
In galvanising, the metal that needs protecting is …
sprayed with a more reactive metal. This initially acts as a coating.
In galvanising, if the more reactive metal is damaged, it will …
continue to protect as a sacrificial metal.
Most metals that we use in day-to-day life are …
alloys
A key feature of aluminium alloys is their ————, which makes them suitable for use in manufacturing planes.
low density
A key feature of aluminium alloys is their low density, which makes them suitable for use in …
manufacturing planes.
A key feature of aluminium alloys is their low density, which makes them suitable for use in manufacturing planes.
Other uses include …
armour plating for military vehicles.
Brass is an alloy of …
copper and zinc.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Adding zinc makes the material …
more malleable (easy to bend).
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Uses include …
hinges, locks, plumbing and plug sockets.
Carats provide a measure for the purity of a gold alloy:
24 carats = 100% gold
So, 12 carats = ——% gold
50
The softness of pure gold means that jewellers will often add metals such as ————- to produce a more resilient substance.
silver, copper and zinc
The softness of pure gold means that jewellers will often add metals such as silver, copper and zinc to produce a …
more resilient substance.
Bronze is an alloy of …
copper and tin.
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Adding tin increases the …
hardness of the material.
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Uses include …
making coins, electrical hardware and statues.
Steels are alloys of …
iron that contain carbon as well as other metals.
—— carbon steels are strong but brittle. Uses include making cutting tools and blades.
High
High carbon steels are ————-. Uses include making cutting tools and blades.
strong but brittle
High carbon steels are strong but brittle. Uses include …
making cutting tools and blades.
——— carbon steels are soft but malleable. Uses include making car bodies.
Low
Low carbon steels are —————. Uses include making car bodies.
soft but malleable
Low carbon steels are soft but malleable. Uses include …
making car bodies
—————- are strong and resistant to corrosion. Uses include cooking utensils and cutlery.
Stainless steels (steels containing chromium and nickel)
Stainless steels (steels containing chromium and nickel) are ————-. Uses include cooking utensils and cutlery.
strong and resistant to corrosion
Stainless steels (steels containing chromium and nickel) are strong and resistant to corrosion. Uses include …
cooking utensils and cutlery.
Ceramics are …
inorganic (not carbon-based), non-metallic solids.
Some examples of ceramics are:
- Pottery and bricks
- Glass
Pottery and bricks are made from …
clay.
Wet clay is moulded into the desired shape before being ———– to produce a hard clay ceramic.
heated in a furnace
Most of the glass we use is …
soda-lime glass
Most of the glass we use is soda-lime glass.
This type of glass is produced by …
combining limestone, sodium carbonate and sand and then heating the mixture.
Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) is another important type of glass.
This type of glass is made by …
combining sand and boron trioxide and then heating the mixture to a greater temperature than needed for making soda-lime glass.
Borosilicate glass or ——- is another important type of glass.
Pyrex
Pyrex is commonly used in …
chemical glassware (e.g. test tubes, conical flasks etc) and kitchenware.
What do we call polymers that have their chains in a solid structure because their monomers allow cross-links to connect the chains?
Thermosetting polymers
A polymer’s properties are determined by two factors:
the monomers it is made from and the conditions it is made in.
Composites are made by …
embedding a material known as the reinforcement (fibres or fragments) into the matrix (material that surrounds the reinforcement, acting as a binder).
Some examples of composites are:
- Concrete
- Carbon fibre
- Fibreglass
In concrete, The matrix is cement. The reinforcement is a …
combination of sand and gravel.
In concrete, The matrix is ——-. The reinforcement is a combination of sand and gravel.
cement
In carbon fibre, The matrix is a ——— . The reinforcement is carbon fibres or carbon nanotubes.
polymer
In carbon fibre, The matrix is a polymer. The reinforcement is …
carbon fibres or carbon nanotubes.
In fibreglass, The matrix is a ——–. The reinforcement is glass fibres.
polymer
In fibreglass, The matrix is a polymer. The reinforcement is …
glass fibres.
Although nitrogen gas is abundant in the atmosphere (there is lots of it), —— cannot use nitrogen in the air.
plants
Although nitrogen gas is abundant in the atmosphere (there is lots of it), plants cannot use nitrogen in the air.Instead, plants absorb soluble nitrates (nitrogen-containing compounds) from the …
soil.
Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants …
die.
———– re-enter the soil when plants die.
Nitrates
Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die.
But, harvesting crops takes this …
nitrogen out of the system.
Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die. But, ——– takes this nitrogen out of the system.
harvesting crops
Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die.
But, harvesting crops takes this nitrogen out of the system.
So, farmers should …
manually add nitrogen back into the soil.
Ecosystem services provided by plants:
- Food source
- Remove carbon dioxide
By reacting ———– , the Haber process yields ammonia.
nitrogen with hydrogen
By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the —— process yields ammonia.
Haber
By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields …
ammonia.
By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields ammonia. ——————– can be made from this ammonia.
Nitrogen-based fertilisers
By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields ammonia. Nitrogen-based fertilisers can be made from this ammonia. Farmers can then …
add the fertiliser back into the soil.
The steps involved in the Haber process are:
- Collect and purify nitrogen and hydrogen gases
- Pass over iron catalyst
- Condensation
- Recycling
Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of ——-. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
200 atm
Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of —– and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
450°C
Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
This reaction is reversible, so …
not all of the ammonia stays as ammonia - some will break back down to give the reactants, nitrogen and hydrogen.
Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
This reaction is ———– , so not all of the ammonia stays as ammonia - some will break back down to give the reactants, nitrogen and hydrogen.
reversible
During condensation during the Haber process, The ammonia gas ————. The ammonia is removed from the condenser once it has become a liquid.
cools down in a condenser
During condensation during the Haber process, The ammonia gas cools down in a condenser. The ammonia is removed from the condenser once it has become a …
liquid.
In order to grow, plants need to make ———-, and this requires nitrogen.
proteins
We can recycle any unused hydrogen and nitrogen back into the process to create more ammonia. This means that …
waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!
We can recycle any unused hydrogen and nitrogen back into the process to create more ———-. This means that waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!
ammonia
We can recycle any unused ——————— back into the process to create more ammonia. This means that waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!
hydrogen and nitrogen
what is the chemical equation for the Haber Process?
N 2+3H 2⇌2NH 3(+heat)
The Haber process produces ammonia by reacting nitrogen (from the air) with hydrogen (obtained by ——————-).
reacting methane found in natural gas and steam
The Haber process produces ammonia by reacting nitrogen (from the ——-) with hydrogen (obtained by reacting methane found in natural gas and steam).
air
The reaction that produces ammonia in the Haber process is reversible. Because of this, changing the conditions affects the …
position of equilibrium.
The forward reaction of the Haber Process is exothermic. This means that …
an increase in temperature moves the position of equilibrium towards the reactants.
The forward reaction of the Haber Process is ———-. This means that an increase in temperature moves the position of equilibrium towards the reactants.
exothermic
The forward reaction is exothermic. This means that an increase in temperature moves the position of equilibrium towards the reactants. So, there is a trade-off between …
increasing the rate of reaction by increasing the temperature and reducing the yield (because of the high temperature).
In the Haber Process, there are fewer molecules of product than reactant. This means that an increase in pressure moves the position of equilibrium towards the …
products.
In the Haber Process, there are ——- molecules of product than reactant. This means that an increase in pressure moves the position of equilibrium towards the products.
fewer
Increasing the pressure also increases the rate of reaction, but high pressures are ————— . 200 atmospheres represents a happy medium between rate of ammonia production versus safety and cost.
expensive and can be hazardous
Increasing the pressure also ——– the rate of reaction, but high pressures are expensive and can be hazardous. 200 atmospheres represents a happy medium between rate of ammonia production versus safety and cost.
increases
Increasing the pressure also increases the rate of reaction, but high pressures are expensive and can be hazardous. 200 atmospheres represents a happy medium between …
rate of ammonia production versus safety and cost.
—————– are all essential elements for plant growth.
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are all essential elements for plant growth. —————- may mean that there isn’t enough of these elements in the soil.
Harvesting crops
Fertilisers increase the amount of essential nutrients present in the soil. This results in an increase in …
agricultural productivity.
———- increase the amount of essential nutrients present in the soil. This results in an increase in agricultural productivity.
Fertilisers
NPK fertilisers contain ——– of the three essential elements in carefully controlled percentages.
salts
NPK fertilisers contain salts of …
the three essential elements in carefully controlled percentages.
NPK fertilisers contain salts of all three of the elements that are essential for plant growth and success:
N - Nitrogen.
P - Phosphorus.
K - Potassium.
Traditionally, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were added to the soil using manure fertilisers. Today, farmers often use formulated fertilisers, which have the following advantages:
- Can be customised
- Better availability
- Not as complex to use
- Odourless
The nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in fertilisers are made using ————, which is manufactured by oxidising ammonia.
ammonia and nitric acid
The nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in fertilisers are made using ammonia and nitric acid, which is manufactured by …
oxidising ammonia.
Ammonia + nitric acid →
ammonium nitrate
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) →
NH4NO3(aq)
Because it contains two sources of nitrogen, ammonium nitrate is ideal for use in …
fertilisers.
Because it contains two sources of nitrogen, ————– is ideal for use in fertilisers.
ammonium nitrate
Because it ————-, ammonium nitrate is ideal for use in fertilisers.
contains two sources of nitrogen
The nitrogen-containing compounds found in fertilisers are produced using ——- from the Haber process.
ammonia
The nitrogen-containing compounds found in fertilisers are produced using ammonia from the —— process.
Haber
Phosphate rock is a source of ———– that is obtained by mining.
insoluble phosphorus
Phosphate rock is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by …
mining
——— is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by mining.
Phosphate rock
———————- → phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
Phosphate rock + nitric acid
Phosphate rock + nitric acid →
phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
——————- → single superphosphate
Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid
Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid →
single superphosphate
Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid → single superphosphate
Single superphosphate is a mixture of …
calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate.
Phosphate rock is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by mining. Useful soluble products can be obtained by …
treating the rock with acids.
Phosphate rock is a source of insoluble phosphorus that is obtained by mining. ————- can be obtained by treating the rock with acids.
Useful soluble products
————– → triple superphosphate
Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid
Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid →
triple superphosphate
Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid → triple superphosphate
Triple superphosphate is also known as …
calcium phosphate.
What does treating phosphate rock with nitric acid yield?
- Phosphoric acid
- Calcium nitrate
There are – main soluble sources of potassium that can be used as fertilisers in their raw form.
2
There are 2 main soluble sources of potassium that can be used as fertilisers in their raw form. Both of these soluble sources are extracted using …
mining.
There are 2 main soluble sources of potassium that can be used as fertilisers in their raw form. Both of these soluble sources are extracted using mining. These are:
- Potassium sulfate
- Potassium chloride
What useful soluble products are created by reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid?
- Calcium nitrate
- Phosphoric acid
Which is a source of insoluble phosphorus?
Phosphate rock
What are the 2 main soluble sources of potassium?
- Potassium chloride
- Potassium sulfate
What is the product of reacting ammonia and nitric acid?
Ammonium nitrate
Fibreglass is an example of what?
A composite
Phytomining Pros:
- There is no need for mining which may degrade natural habitats.
- Phytomining requires less energy than normal mining and this may result in fewer fossil fuels being used.
Phytomining Cons:
- Phytomining requires large scale crop growth which also requires space. This will usually result in the degradation of natural habitat.
- Phytomining produces much smaller amounts of pure metal and, therefore, must be done on a much larger scale. This may increase the environmental impact of the process.
Advantages of formulated fertiliser:
- Can be customised to the needs of the crop. Different crops have different nutrient requirements which can be catered for.
- They have no odour. Unlike manure, formulated fertilisers do not have a pungent smell.
- They are easier to use. Formulated fertiliser comes in pellets which are easy to transport and can be spread using a machine.
- They can be produced on demand and so they are more available.
Advantages of natural manure:
- Using manure as a fertiliser is a form of recycling. The animal waste does not need to be treated or disposed of because it serves a function.
- Using manure may save you money if you own cows.
- Manure requires much less energy to make. Formulated fertilisers use a huge amount of energy to make. (1-2% of the world’s energy supply is estimated to be used by the Haber process!)
Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, explain the reason why high pressure increases the amount of ammonia produced.
- Increased pressure moves the reaction equilibrium to the right.
- Because increasing the pressure will push the equilibrium to the side with fewer gas molecules.
3 .There are four gas molecules on the left-hand side and two gas molecules on the right-hand side of the equilibrium.
Why does the Haber process run at a high heat of 450°C?
- The high temperature pushes the equilibrium to the left.
- But the high temperatures also increase the rate of reaction.
- This allows more ammonia to be produced in a shorter period of time.
In the Haber process, list three measures that are taken to decrease the cost of manufacture for ammonia.
- A catalyst is used to increase the rate of reaction.
- Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen can be recycled.
- Machines can reduce wage costs.
