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Organic chemistry (seneca) Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of …

A

only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons differ in their size, which can …

A

change the properties of the hydrocarbon.

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3
Q

Crude oil is found in 1. and is used to …

A
  1. rocks
    - produce fuels and other important chemicals.
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4
Q

Crude oil is made from the …

A

fossilised remnants of ancient plankton.

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5
Q

Crude oil is a 1. of lots of …

A
  1. mixture
    different compounds that are not chemically combined.
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6
Q

Most of the compounds in crude oil are …

A

hydrocarbons.

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7
Q

Crude oil is a ——— resource.

A

non-renewable

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8
Q

Hydrocarbons with ———– are less flammable.

A

longer chains

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9
Q

Hydrocarbons with longer chains are ——- flammable.

A

less

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10
Q

Hydrocarbons with ——- chains have higher boiling points.

A

longer

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11
Q

Hydrocarbons with longer chains have ——- boiling points.

A

higher

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12
Q

Hydrocarbons with longer chains have —— viscosity (i.e. they are thicker and flow less easily).

A

higher

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13
Q

Hydrocarbons with ————- have higher viscosity (i.e. they are thicker and flow less easily).

A

longer chains

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14
Q

what does viscosity mean?

A

The resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape or movement of neighbouring portions relative to one another.

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15
Q

When compared with short chain hydrocarbons, long chain hydrocarbons have:

A

Lower flammability
Higher viscosity
Higher boiling points

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16
Q

What does fractional distillation mean?

A

A process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated into different parts (called fractions) according to their different boiling points.

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17
Q

Hydrocarbons are —— compounds made of carbon and hydrogen.

A

organic

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18
Q

Hydrocarbons are the dominant compounds in crude oil. Most of these hydrocarbons are …

A

alkanes.

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19
Q

In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to —-atoms (hydrogen or carbon).

A

four

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20
Q

In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon).
We call them ————– as all their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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21
Q

In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon).
We call them saturated hydrocarbons as …

A

all their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.

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22
Q

Alkanes have quite low reactivity, but they …

A

combust quite well.

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23
Q

Alkanes have quite low reactivity, but they combust quite well.
This makes them useful as …

A

fuels.

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24
Q

Alkanes have the general formula …

A

CnH(2n+2)

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25
Q

What features of alkanes make them useful fuels?

A
  • Quite low reactivity
  • Burn well
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26
Q

Alkanes are …

A

organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups

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27
Q

The 4 smallest alkanes, in ascending size order, are:

A
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
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28
Q

What is the the chemical formula of Methane?

A

CH4

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29
Q

What is the the chemical formula of Ethane?

A

C2H6

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30
Q

What is the the chemical formula of Propane?

A

C3H8

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31
Q

What is the the chemical formula of Butane?

A

C4H10

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32
Q

All alkanes end in …

A

‘ane’

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33
Q

What do we call hydrocarbons that only have single bonds with other atoms?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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34
Q

Fractional distillation is the process of …

A

separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms

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35
Q

Fractional distillation is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms. We call these groups of hydrocarbons “————”.

A

fractions

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36
Q

Hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms are called …

A

long-chain hydrocarbons

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37
Q

Hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms are called …

A

short-chain hydrocarbons

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38
Q

What do we call the groups that fractional distillation separates crude oil into?

A

Fractions

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39
Q

Different-sized hydrocarbons have —— boiling points

A

different

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40
Q

Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons using their different boiling points. The steps of the process are:

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Condensation
  3. Collection
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41
Q

Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and (movement) …

A

rises upwards.

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42
Q

The temperature is 1. at the bottom of the column. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the …

A
  1. highest
    bottom and are collected as liquids.
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43
Q

Short-chain hydrocarbons have 1. boiling points. They pass up the column and …

A
  1. lower
    condense at lower temperatures nearer the top.
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44
Q

The fractions are collected. They are then processed to create end products:

A

Fuels (e.g. petrol, diesel) are a common end product.

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45
Q

The petrochemical industry can use some fractions as 1. to make products such as 2.

A
  1. feedstock (material used in an industrial process)
  2. solvents, detergents, lubricants etc.
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46
Q

We evaporate the crude oil by heating it. The crude oil vapour is put into a
————– at the bottom and rises upwards.

A

fractionating column

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47
Q

what is feedstock?

A

material used in an industrial process

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48
Q

The ———- industry can use some fractions as feedstock.

A

petrochemical

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49
Q

There are many different organic (carbon-containing) compounds because…

A

carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds.

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50
Q

There are many different organic (carbon-containing) compounds because carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds. These groups are known as …

A

homologous series.

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51
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of similar compounds

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52
Q

Name an example of a homologous series.

A

Alkanes are a family of similar compounds.
They all have the same general formula (CnH(2n+2)), which means that they have similar properties.

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53
Q

the product of fractional distillation are…

A

fractions

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54
Q

There are many —— (carbon-containing) compounds because carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds

A

organic

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55
Q

There are many organic (carbon-containing) compounds because …

A

carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds

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56
Q

What is the name for the families of similar compounds containing carbon atoms?

A

homologous series

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57
Q

The equations for the combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons depend on the …

A

amount of oxygen that is available.

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58
Q

The combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons when there is a good air supply involves:

A
  • The release of energy.
  • The oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to create carbon dioxide and water.
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59
Q

If alkanes are burned without enough oxygen, then carbon monoxide can be created (write the equation) :

A

2C + O2 → 2CO

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60
Q

Carbon monoxide is a gas with the following properties:

A
  • Colourless
  • Toxic
  • Odourless
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61
Q

What results from burning hydrocarbons in a plentiful supply of oxygen?

A
  • Energy is released
  • Carbon dioxide is formed
  • Water is formed
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62
Q

Heavy fractions of crude oil do NOT make good fuels because they:

A
  • Have low volatility
  • Don’t ignite easily
  • Have high boiling points
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63
Q

Cracking is the process that …

A

breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain molecules that are more useful.

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64
Q

Cracking is an example of …

A

a thermal decomposition reaction.

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65
Q

Cracking can be done in two ways:

A
  • Catalytic cracking
  • Steam cracking
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66
Q

Catalytic cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are …
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction

A

passed over the top of a heated catalyst.

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67
Q

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction. What type of cracking is this?

A

Catalytic cracking

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68
Q

Catalytic cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.
———————— are produced by this reaction

A

Alkanes and alkenes

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69
Q

what are Alkenes?

A

Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) of unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

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70
Q

The alkenes are —— hydrocarbons.

A

unsaturated

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71
Q

An example of a formula of Catalytic cracking:

A

hexane → butane + ethene

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72
Q

An example of a formula of Steam cracking:

A

decane → octane + ethene

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73
Q

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment.
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.What type of cracking is this?

A

Steam cracking

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74
Q

Steam cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are …
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction

A

combined with steam in a high temperature environment.

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75
Q

Steam cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment.
——– ——- are produced by this reaction

A

Alkanes and alkenes

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76
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
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77
Q

Alkenes, like alkanes, are hydrocarbons (organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen). Their uses include:

A
  • Being combined to make polymers
  • Starting materials for chemicals like ethanol
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78
Q

Alkenes can be used as the starting materials for many chemicals (e.g. ethanol) and can be combined to make …

A

polymers.

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79
Q

What can alkenes be combined to make?

A

polymers

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80
Q

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group …

A

C=C

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81
Q

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C. This means that alkenes have …

A

a carbon-carbon double bond.

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82
Q

How reactive are alkenes?

A

The presence of the C=C functional group means that alkenes have greater reactivity than alkanes.

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83
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A
  • A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same general formula.
  • Alkenes are a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n.
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84
Q

Alkenes are a homologous series with the general formula …

A

CnH2n.

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85
Q

A homologous series is a series of compounds with ——– general formula.

A

the same

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86
Q

Alkenes are —————- because they contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C).

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons

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87
Q

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons because …

A

they contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C).

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88
Q

An alkane and alkene with the same length of carbon chain will have ——– numbers of hydrogen atoms - the alkane will have — more hydrogen atoms.

A
  • different
  • two
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89
Q

what is a Homologous
series?

A

A homologous series is a set of compounds with the same functional group.

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90
Q

what is a alkene?

A

A class of unsaturated hydrocarbon.

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91
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C = C

92
Q

The four shortest alkenes, in ascending (increasing) size order, are:

A
  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
  • Pentene
93
Q

What is the chemical formula of Ethene

A

C2H4

94
Q

What is the chemical formula of Propene

A

C3H6

95
Q

What is the chemical formula of Butene

A

C4H8

96
Q

What is the chemical formula of Pentene

A

C5H10

97
Q

———- are hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).

A

Alkenes

98
Q

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group …

A

C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).

99
Q

Properties of alkenes:

A
  • Greater reactivity than alkanes
  • Unsaturated
  • General formula is CnH2n
100
Q

Functional groups are a…

A

collection of atoms that impact the reactions of an organic compound.

101
Q

The functional group of alkenes is …

A

C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).

102
Q

Addition reactions are —— for alkenes.

A

normal

103
Q

in additional reactions with alkenes, the C=C bond …

A

opens up and allows carbon atoms to bond with new atoms.

104
Q

what is a additional reaction?

A

When a double bond opens up allowing new atoms to bond.

105
Q

What happens during an alkene addition reaction?

A

A carbon-carbon double bond opens up.

106
Q

the function group of alkenes are …

A

C=C

107
Q

Alkenes are involved in ——— reactions

A

addition

108
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A chemical reaction wherein two or more reactants come together to form a larger single product.

109
Q

What is a subtraction reaction?

A

A reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group

110
Q

Alkenes are involved in addition reactions with …

A

different substances

111
Q

Alkenes, unlike ———, will react if mixed with bromine water and shaken.

A

alkanes

112
Q

Alkenes, unlike alkanes, will react if mixed with bromine water and …

A

shaken.

113
Q

if alkenes are mixed with bromine water and shaken, the solution will …

A

change colour from orange-brown to colourless.

114
Q

Ethene (C2H4) (1.) + bromine (Br2) (2.) → dibromoethane (CH2BrCH2Br) (3.)

A
  1. colourless
  2. orange-brown solution
  3. colourless
115
Q

Ethene (C2H4) (colourless) + bromine (Br2) (orange-brown solution) →

A

dibromoethane (CH2BrCH2Br) (colourless)

116
Q

Ethene (1.) (colourless) + bromine (2.) (orange-brown solution) → dibromoethane (3.) (colourless)

A
  1. C2H4
  2. Br2
  3. CH2BrCH2Br
117
Q

mixing alkenes with bromine water and shaking the solution is a effective test for …

A

distinguishing between alkenes and alkanes.

118
Q

Alkenes can be involved in ———- reactions with oxygen

A

combustion

119
Q

Alkenes can be involved in combustion reactions with oxygen. The outcome of these reactions is similar to when…

A

other hydrocarbons react with oxygen.

120
Q

Ethene (C2H4) + oxygen (O2) →

A

carbon monoxide (CO) + carbon (C) + water (H2O)

121
Q

Ethene (1.) + oxygen (2.) → carbon monoxide (3.) + carbon (4.) + water (5.)

A
  1. C2H4
  2. O2
  3. CO
  4. C
  5. H2O
122
Q

in the reaction between alkenes and oxygen because their combustion is ——, they burn with —— flames.

A
  • incomplete
  • smoky
123
Q

When a ——– is present, alkanes can be formed by combining hydrogen with an alkene.

A

nickel catalyst

124
Q

When a nickel catalyst is present, alkanes can be formed by …

A

combining hydrogen with an alkene.

125
Q

Ethene (1.) + hydrogen (2.) → ethane (3.)

A
  1. C2H4
  2. H2
  3. C2H6
126
Q

Ethene (C2H4) + hydrogen (H2) →

A

ethane (C2H6)

127
Q

Adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond is called …

A

hydrogenation.

128
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

Adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond

129
Q

When a ——– is present, alcohols can be formed by reacting alkenes with steam.

A

phosphoric acid catalyst

130
Q

When a phosphoric acid catalyst is present, ——- can be formed by reacting …

A

alcohols
alkenes with steam.

131
Q

Ethene (1.) + steam (2.) → ethanol (3.)

A
  1. C2H4
  2. H2O
  3. C2H5OH
132
Q

Ethene (C2H4) + steam (H2O) →

A

ethanol (C2H5OH)

133
Q

What catalyst is needed for alkenes to react with hydrogen?

A

nickel

134
Q

Hydrogen can be added to an alkene to give an alkane in the presence of which catalyst?

A

nickel

135
Q

what is a additional reaction?

A

When a double bond opens up allowing new atoms to bond.

136
Q

what is a Functional
group? 2

A

A collection of atoms that impact the reactions of an organic compound.

137
Q

What must be reacted together to give dibromopropane?

A

Propene
Bromine water

138
Q

“If all carbon atoms in a molecule are bonded to 4 atoms, then the molecule must be ——-.”

A

saturated

139
Q

State the names of the three stages of fractional distillation:

A

Evaporation
Collection
Condensation

140
Q

why do heavy fractions of crude oil do not make good fuels?

A

they have low volatility
they have high boiling point
they do not ignite easily

141
Q

Cracking heavy hydrocarbons is an example of what sort of reaction?

A

thermal decomposition

142
Q

alkenes can be combined to make…

A

polymers

143
Q

What is the formula of propene?

A

C3H6

144
Q

What type of reaction does the alkene functional group undergo?

A

Addition

145
Q

The homologous series of alcohols have the general formula …

A

CnH2n+1OH.

145
Q

The functional group of alcohols is a …

A

hydroxyl group (-OH).

146
Q

The smallest 4 alcohols, in ascending (increasing) size order, are:

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
147
Q

The formula for methanol is …

A

CH3OH.

148
Q

The formula for ethanol is …

A

CH3CH2OH.

149
Q

The formula for propanol is …

A

CH3CH2CH2OH.

150
Q

The formula for butanol is …

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.

151
Q

Alcohols all end in the phase …

A

‘ol’.

152
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

153
Q

Alcohol molecules react in —– ways with different substances.

A

similar

154
Q

When alcohols are added to water, they …

A

dissolve to give neutral solutions.

155
Q

When alcohols react with air (and heat), …

A

carbon dioxide and water are produced.

156
Q

The equation for the complete combustion of methanol is:

A

2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

157
Q

When alcohols react with a strong oxidising agent, a ——- is produced.

A

carboxylic acid

158
Q

When alcohols and sodium react together, …

A

hydrogen is produced.

159
Q

The process of fermentation involves adding yeast to a sugar solution. The resulting reaction gives:

A
  • An aqueous solution of ethanol.
  • Carbon dioxide.
160
Q

The ideal temperature for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:

A

A temperature of 37°C.

161
Q

The ideal ph for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:

A

A solution that is slightly acidic.

162
Q

The ideal conditions (oxygen) for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:

A

In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).

163
Q

What does the process of fermentation yield?

A
  • Solution of ethanol
  • Carbon dioxide
164
Q

Alcohols react similarly with…

A
  • Sodium
  • Water
  • Oxidising agents
  • Air (and heat)
165
Q

Fermentation is a common process for producing …

A

ethanol.

166
Q

In fermentation, we add —- to a sugar solution. The resulting reaction creates an …

A

yeast
aqueous solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide.

167
Q

The functional group of carboxylic acids is a …

A

carboxyl group (-COOH).

168
Q

The general formula for the homologous series of carboxylic acids is …

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH.

169
Q

Carboxylic acids only partially ——– in water, meaning they are weak acids.

A

ionise (form an ion)

170
Q

Carboxylic acids only partially ionise (form an ion) in water, meaning they are …

A

weak acids

171
Q

The functional group of carboxylic acids is a …

A

carboxyl group.

172
Q

The smallest 4 carboxylic acids, in ascending (increasing) order are:

A
  • Methanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid
  • Propanoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
173
Q

ethanoic acid has the formulae …

A

CH₃COOH

174
Q

Ethanoic acid has the formula …

A

CH3COOH.

175
Q

Propanoic acid has the formula …

A

C 2 H 5 C O O H.

176
Q

Butanoic acid has the formula …

A

CH3CH2CH2COOH.

177
Q

Carboxylic acids react in —— ways with different substances.

A

similar

178
Q

When carboxylic acids react with water, they …

A

dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH.

179
Q

When carboxylic acids react with carbonates, the products are:

A

A salt
Carbon dioxide
Water

180
Q

When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together (using an acid catalyst), an ester and water are produced:
E.g.

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water

181
Q

When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together (using an acid catalyst), ————- are produced.

A

an ester and water

182
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

Carbon dioxide

183
Q

Addition polymerisation is the …

A

joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer.

184
Q

what is the process in which the joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer?

A

Addition polymerisation

185
Q

——– are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.

A

Alkenes

186
Q

Alkenes are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.
This is because …

A

the carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes can open up to allow multiple alkenes to join together.

187
Q

In addition polymerisation, the ——– is the only product of the reaction.

A

polymer

188
Q

In addition polymerisation, the polymer is the only product of the reaction.This means that the repeating unit has ——–(adj) atoms as the monomer.

A

exactly the same

189
Q

Addition polymerisation is the…

A

joining of short-chain monomers to produce one
long-chain polymer.

190
Q

——— are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.

A

Alkenes

191
Q

Naming addition polymers is very simple. Start with …

A

‘poly’ and then put brackets around the name of the monomer.

192
Q

When ethene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, ———- is the product.

A

poly(ethene)

193
Q

When propene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, ———– is the product.

A

poly(propene)

194
Q

Condensation polymerisation describes the …

A

joining together of monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger polymers, as well as small molecule by-products (e.g. H2O).

195
Q

The simplest type of condensation polymer is produced by …

A

combining 2 monomers that each have 2 identical functional groups.

196
Q

what is an example of the simplest type of condensation

A

Ethanediol + hexanedioic acid → Terylene + water

197
Q

How many functional groups do monomers in condensation polymerisation have?

A

2

198
Q

what are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are organic compounds that have two different functional groups.

199
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acids?

A

Amine group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)

200
Q

Amino acids can be combined by —————-. The products of this reaction are a …

A

condensation polymerisation
polypeptide and water.

201
Q

The simplest type of condensation polymer is produced by combining 2 monomers that each have …

A

2 identical functional groups.

202
Q

In amino acids, Bonds ,called ——– , form that connect amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids. Thid produces polypeptides.

A

peptide links

203
Q

In amino acids, Bonds ,called peptide links, form that connect —————-. This produces …

A
  • amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids
  • polypeptides.
204
Q

When 1 or more polypeptides become associated, …

A

a macromolecule called a protein is formed

205
Q

How are Polypeptides produced?

A

When peptide links form between the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids.

206
Q

proteins include …

A

enzymes, haemglobin and antibodies.

207
Q

Enzymes catalyse …

A

biological reactions.

208
Q

Haemoglobin carries ——- in the blood.

A

oxygen

209
Q

Antibodies play a crucial role in our …

A

immune systems.

210
Q

What do we call the macromolecule that forms when 1 or more polypeptides become associated?

A

Protein

211
Q

DNA (————-) is a massive molecule that is crucial for life as we know it.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

212
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a …

A

massive molecule that is crucial for life as we know it.

213
Q

DNA encodes (produces) the …

A

genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms and viruses.

214
Q

Most DNA molecules are made up of …

A

2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix.

215
Q

The polymers are made from monomers known as …

A

nucleotides.

216
Q

Each nucleotide contains — of the 4 nitrogenous bases. (Adenine (A), Thymine (T),Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

A

1

217
Q

Each nucleotide contains 1 of the following 4 nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

218
Q

Polymers, such as DNA, are found in 1. and can be 2.

A
  1. nature
  2. extracted
219
Q

Naturally occurring polymers that are important for life include:

A

Starch and cellulose
Proteins

220
Q

Sugars are the 1. that combine to give 2.

A
  1. monomers
  2. starch and cellulose
221
Q

Amino acids are the 1. that combine to give 2.

A
  1. monomers
  2. proteins
222
Q

Starch, cellulose and sugars fall into the category of …

A

carbohydrates

223
Q

The acronym DNA stands for …

A

deoxyribonucleic acid.

224
Q
A

science chemistry (18 decks)

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