Organic chemistry (seneca) Flashcards
1
Q
Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of …
A
only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
2
Q
Hydrocarbons differ in their size, which can …
A
change the properties of the hydrocarbon.
3
Q
Crude oil is found in 1. and is used to …
A
- rocks
- produce fuels and other important chemicals.
4
Q
Crude oil is made from the …
A
fossilised remnants of ancient plankton.
5
Q
Crude oil is a 1. of lots of …
A
- mixture
different compounds that are not chemically combined.
6
Q
Most of the compounds in crude oil are …
A
hydrocarbons.
7
Q
Crude oil is a ——— resource.
A
non-renewable
8
Q
Hydrocarbons with ———– are less flammable.
A
longer chains
9
Q
Hydrocarbons with longer chains are ——- flammable.
A
less
10
Q
Hydrocarbons with ——- chains have higher boiling points.
A
longer
11
Q
Hydrocarbons with longer chains have ——- boiling points.
A
higher
12
Q
Hydrocarbons with longer chains have —— viscosity (i.e. they are thicker and flow less easily).
A
higher
13
Q
Hydrocarbons with ————- have higher viscosity (i.e. they are thicker and flow less easily).
A
longer chains
14
Q
what does viscosity mean?
A
The resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape or movement of neighbouring portions relative to one another.
15
Q
When compared with short chain hydrocarbons, long chain hydrocarbons have:
A
Lower flammability
Higher viscosity
Higher boiling points
16
Q
What does fractional distillation mean?
A
A process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated into different parts (called fractions) according to their different boiling points.
17
Q
Hydrocarbons are —— compounds made of carbon and hydrogen.
A
organic
18
Q
Hydrocarbons are the dominant compounds in crude oil. Most of these hydrocarbons are …
A
alkanes.
19
Q
In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to —-atoms (hydrogen or carbon).
A
four
20
Q
In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon).
We call them ————– as all their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.
A
saturated hydrocarbons
21
Q
In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon).
We call them saturated hydrocarbons as …
A
all their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.
22
Q
Alkanes have quite low reactivity, but they …
A
combust quite well.
23
Q
Alkanes have quite low reactivity, but they combust quite well.
This makes them useful as …
A
fuels.
24
Q
Alkanes have the general formula …
A
CnH(2n+2)
25
What features of alkanes make them useful fuels?
- Quite low reactivity
- Burn well
26
Alkanes are ...
organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups
27
The 4 smallest alkanes, in ascending size order, are:
- Methane
- Ethane
- Propane
- Butane
28
What is the the chemical formula of Methane?
CH4
29
What is the the chemical formula of Ethane?
C2H6
30
What is the the chemical formula of Propane?
C3H8
31
What is the the chemical formula of Butane?
C4H10
32
All alkanes end in ...
'ane'
33
What do we call hydrocarbons that only have single bonds with other atoms?
Saturated hydrocarbons
34
Fractional distillation is the process of ...
separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms
35
Fractional distillation is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms. We call these groups of hydrocarbons “------------”.
fractions
36
Hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms are called ...
long-chain hydrocarbons
37
Hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms are called ...
short-chain hydrocarbons
38
What do we call the groups that fractional distillation separates crude oil into?
Fractions
39
Different-sized hydrocarbons have ------ boiling points
different
40
Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons using their different boiling points. The steps of the process are:
1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
3. Collection
41
Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and (movement) ...
rises upwards.
42
The temperature is 1. at the bottom of the column. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the ...
1. highest
bottom and are collected as liquids.
43
Short-chain hydrocarbons have 1. boiling points. They pass up the column and ...
1. lower
condense at lower temperatures nearer the top.
44
The fractions are collected. They are then processed to create end products:
Fuels (e.g. petrol, diesel) are a common end product.
45
The petrochemical industry can use some fractions as 1. to make products such as 2.
1. feedstock (material used in an industrial process)
2. solvents, detergents, lubricants etc.
46
We evaporate the crude oil by heating it. The crude oil vapour is put into a
-------------- at the bottom and rises upwards.
fractionating column
47
what is feedstock?
material used in an industrial process
48
The ---------- industry can use some fractions as feedstock.
petrochemical
49
There are many different organic (carbon-containing) compounds because...
carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds.
50
There are many different organic (carbon-containing) compounds because carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds. These groups are known as ...
homologous series.
51
What is a homologous series?
a family of similar compounds
52
Name an example of a homologous series.
Alkanes are a family of similar compounds.
They all have the same general formula (CnH(2n+2)), which means that they have similar properties.
53
the product of fractional distillation are...
fractions
54
There are many ------ (carbon-containing) compounds because carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds
organic
55
There are many organic (carbon-containing) compounds because ...
carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds
56
What is the name for the families of similar compounds containing carbon atoms?
homologous series
57
The equations for the combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons depend on the ...
amount of oxygen that is available.
58
The combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons when there is a good air supply involves:
- The release of energy.
- The oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to create carbon dioxide and water.
59
If alkanes are burned without enough oxygen, then carbon monoxide can be created (write the equation) :
2C + O2 → 2CO
60
Carbon monoxide is a gas with the following properties:
- Colourless
- Toxic
- Odourless
61
What results from burning hydrocarbons in a plentiful supply of oxygen?
- Energy is released
- Carbon dioxide is formed
- Water is formed
62
Heavy fractions of crude oil do NOT make good fuels because they:
- Have low volatility
- Don't ignite easily
- Have high boiling points
63
Cracking is the process that ...
breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain molecules that are more useful.
64
Cracking is an example of ...
a thermal decomposition reaction.
65
Cracking can be done in two ways:
- Catalytic cracking
- Steam cracking
66
Catalytic cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are ...
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction
passed over the top of a heated catalyst.
67
-------- -------
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction. What type of cracking is this?
Catalytic cracking
68
Catalytic cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.
------------------------ are produced by this reaction
Alkanes and alkenes
69
what are Alkenes?
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) of unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
70
The alkenes are ------ hydrocarbons.
unsaturated
71
An example of a formula of Catalytic cracking:
hexane → butane + ethene
72
An example of a formula of Steam cracking:
decane → octane + ethene
73
-------------- ------
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment.
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.What type of cracking is this?
Steam cracking
74
Steam cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are ...
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction
combined with steam in a high temperature environment.
75
Steam cracking
Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment.
-------- ------- are produced by this reaction
Alkanes and alkenes
76
What are the products of cracking?
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
77
Alkenes, like alkanes, are hydrocarbons (organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen). Their uses include:
- Being combined to make polymers
- Starting materials for chemicals like ethanol
78
Alkenes can be used as the starting materials for many chemicals (e.g. ethanol) and can be combined to make ...
polymers.
79
What can alkenes be combined to make?
polymers
80
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group ...
C=C
81
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C. This means that alkenes have ...
a carbon-carbon double bond.
82
How reactive are alkenes?
The presence of the C=C functional group means that alkenes have greater reactivity than alkanes.
83
What is the general formula of alkenes?
- A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same general formula.
- Alkenes are a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n.
84
Alkenes are a homologous series with the general formula ...
CnH2n.
85
A homologous series is a series of compounds with -------- general formula.
the same
86
Alkenes are ---------------- because they contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C).
unsaturated hydrocarbons
87
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons because ...
they contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C).
88
An alkane and alkene with the same length of carbon chain will have -------- numbers of hydrogen atoms - the alkane will have --- more hydrogen atoms.
- different
- two
89
what is a Homologous
series?
A homologous series is a set of compounds with the same functional group.
90
what is a alkene?
A class of unsaturated hydrocarbon.
91
What is the functional group of alkenes?
C = C
92
The four shortest alkenes, in ascending (increasing) size order, are:
- Ethene
- Propene
- Butene
- Pentene
93
What is the chemical formula of Ethene
C2H4
94
What is the chemical formula of Propene
C3H6
95
What is the chemical formula of Butene
C4H8
96
What is the chemical formula of Pentene
C5H10
97
---------- are hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).
Alkenes
98
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group ...
C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).
99
Properties of alkenes:
- Greater reactivity than alkanes
- Unsaturated
- General formula is CnH2n
100
Functional groups are a...
collection of atoms that impact the reactions of an organic compound.
101
The functional group of alkenes is ...
C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).
102
Addition reactions are ------ for alkenes.
normal
103
in additional reactions with alkenes, the C=C bond ...
opens up and allows carbon atoms to bond with new atoms.
104
what is a additional reaction?
When a double bond opens up allowing new atoms to bond.
105
What happens during an alkene addition reaction?
A carbon-carbon double bond opens up.
106
the function group of alkenes are ...
C=C
107
Alkenes are involved in --------- reactions
addition
108
What is an addition reaction?
A chemical reaction wherein two or more reactants come together to form a larger single product.
109
What is a subtraction reaction?
A reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group
110
Alkenes are involved in addition reactions with ...
different substances
111
Alkenes, unlike ---------, will react if mixed with bromine water and shaken.
alkanes
112
Alkenes, unlike alkanes, will react if mixed with bromine water and ...
shaken.
113
if alkenes are mixed with bromine water and shaken, the solution will ...
change colour from orange-brown to colourless.
114
Ethene (C2H4) (1.) + bromine (Br2) (2.) → dibromoethane (CH2BrCH2Br) (3.)
1. colourless
2. orange-brown solution
3. colourless
115
Ethene (C2H4) (colourless) + bromine (Br2) (orange-brown solution) →
dibromoethane (CH2BrCH2Br) (colourless)
116
Ethene (1.) (colourless) + bromine (2.) (orange-brown solution) → dibromoethane (3.) (colourless)
1. C2H4
2. Br2
3. CH2BrCH2Br
117
mixing alkenes with bromine water and shaking the solution is a effective test for ...
distinguishing between alkenes and alkanes.
118
Alkenes can be involved in ---------- reactions with oxygen
combustion
119
Alkenes can be involved in combustion reactions with oxygen. The outcome of these reactions is similar to when...
other hydrocarbons react with oxygen.
120
Ethene (C2H4) + oxygen (O2) →
carbon monoxide (CO) + carbon (C) + water (H2O)
121
Ethene (1.) + oxygen (2.) → carbon monoxide (3.) + carbon (4.) + water (5.)
1. C2H4
2. O2
3. CO
4. C
5. H2O
122
in the reaction between alkenes and oxygen because their combustion is ------, they burn with ------ flames.
- incomplete
- smoky
123
When a -------- is present, alkanes can be formed by combining hydrogen with an alkene.
nickel catalyst
124
When a nickel catalyst is present, alkanes can be formed by ...
combining hydrogen with an alkene.
125
Ethene (1.) + hydrogen (2.) → ethane (3.)
1. C2H4
2. H2
3. C2H6
126
Ethene (C2H4) + hydrogen (H2) →
ethane (C2H6)
127
Adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond is called ...
hydrogenation.
128
what is hydrogenation?
Adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond
129
When a -------- is present, alcohols can be formed by reacting alkenes with steam.
phosphoric acid catalyst
130
When a phosphoric acid catalyst is present, ------- can be formed by reacting ...
alcohols
alkenes with steam.
131
Ethene (1.) + steam (2.) → ethanol (3.)
1. C2H4
2. H2O
3. C2H5OH
132
Ethene (C2H4) + steam (H2O) →
ethanol (C2H5OH)
133
What catalyst is needed for alkenes to react with hydrogen?
nickel
134
Hydrogen can be added to an alkene to give an alkane in the presence of which catalyst?
nickel
135
what is a additional reaction?
When a double bond opens up allowing new atoms to bond.
136
what is a Functional
group? 2
A collection of atoms that impact the reactions of an organic compound.
137
What must be reacted together to give dibromopropane?
Propene
Bromine water
138
"If all carbon atoms in a molecule are bonded to 4 atoms, then the molecule must be -------."
saturated
139
State the names of the three stages of fractional distillation:
Evaporation
Collection
Condensation
140
why do heavy fractions of crude oil do not make good fuels?
they have low volatility
they have high boiling point
they do not ignite easily
141
Cracking heavy hydrocarbons is an example of what sort of reaction?
thermal decomposition
142
alkenes can be combined to make...
polymers
143
What is the formula of propene?
C3H6
144
What type of reaction does the alkene functional group undergo?
Addition
145
The homologous series of alcohols have the general formula ...
CnH2n+1OH.
145
The functional group of alcohols is a ...
hydroxyl group (-OH).
146
The smallest 4 alcohols, in ascending (increasing) size order, are:
- Methanol
- Ethanol
- Propanol
- Butanol
147
The formula for methanol is ...
CH3OH.
148
The formula for ethanol is ...
CH3CH2OH.
149
The formula for propanol is ...
CH3CH2CH2OH.
150
The formula for butanol is ...
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
151
Alcohols all end in the phase ...
'ol'.
152
What is the functional group of alcohols?
-OH
153
Alcohol molecules react in ----- ways with different substances.
similar
154
When alcohols are added to water, they ...
dissolve to give neutral solutions.
155
When alcohols react with air (and heat), ...
carbon dioxide and water are produced.
156
The equation for the complete combustion of methanol is:
2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
157
When alcohols react with a strong oxidising agent, a ------- is produced.
carboxylic acid
158
When alcohols and sodium react together, ...
hydrogen is produced.
159
The process of fermentation involves adding yeast to a sugar solution. The resulting reaction gives:
- An aqueous solution of ethanol.
- Carbon dioxide.
160
The ideal temperature for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:
A temperature of 37°C.
161
The ideal ph for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:
A solution that is slightly acidic.
162
The ideal conditions (oxygen) for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:
In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).
163
What does the process of fermentation yield?
- Solution of ethanol
- Carbon dioxide
164
Alcohols react similarly with...
- Sodium
- Water
- Oxidising agents
- Air (and heat)
165
Fermentation is a common process for producing ...
ethanol.
166
In fermentation, we add ---- to a sugar solution. The resulting reaction creates an ...
yeast
aqueous solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide.
167
The functional group of carboxylic acids is a ...
carboxyl group (-COOH).
168
The general formula for the homologous series of carboxylic acids is ...
C(n)H(2n+1)COOH.
169
Carboxylic acids only partially -------- in water, meaning they are weak acids.
ionise (form an ion)
170
Carboxylic acids only partially ionise (form an ion) in water, meaning they are ...
weak acids
171
The functional group of carboxylic acids is a ...
carboxyl group.
172
The smallest 4 carboxylic acids, in ascending (increasing) order are:
- Methanoic acid
- Ethanoic acid
- Propanoic acid
- Butanoic acid
173
ethanoic acid has the formulae ...
CH₃COOH
174
Ethanoic acid has the formula ...
CH3COOH.
175
Propanoic acid has the formula ...
C 2 H 5 C O O H.
176
Butanoic acid has the formula ...
CH3CH2CH2COOH.
177
Carboxylic acids react in ------ ways with different substances.
similar
178
When carboxylic acids react with water, they ...
dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH.
179
When carboxylic acids react with carbonates, the products are:
A salt
Carbon dioxide
Water
180
When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together (using an acid catalyst), an ester and water are produced:
E.g.
Ethanoic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water
181
When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together (using an acid catalyst), ------------- are produced.
an ester and water
182
What is produced when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
Carbon dioxide
183
Addition polymerisation is the ...
joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer.
184
what is the process in which the joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer?
Addition polymerisation
185
-------- are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.
Alkenes
186
Alkenes are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.
This is because ...
the carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes can open up to allow multiple alkenes to join together.
187
In addition polymerisation, the -------- is the only product of the reaction.
polymer
188
In addition polymerisation, the polymer is the only product of the reaction.This means that the repeating unit has --------(adj) atoms as the monomer.
exactly the same
189
Addition polymerisation is the...
joining of short-chain monomers to produce one
long-chain polymer.
190
--------- are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.
Alkenes
191
Naming addition polymers is very simple. Start with ...
'poly' and then put brackets around the name of the monomer.
192
When ethene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, ---------- is the product.
poly(ethene)
193
When propene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, ----------- is the product.
poly(propene)
194
Condensation polymerisation describes the ...
joining together of monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger polymers, as well as small molecule by-products (e.g. H2O).
195
The simplest type of condensation polymer is produced by ...
combining 2 monomers that each have 2 identical functional groups.
196
what is an example of the simplest type of condensation
Ethanediol + hexanedioic acid → Terylene + water
197
How many functional groups do monomers in condensation polymerisation have?
2
198
what are amino acids?
Amino acids are organic compounds that have two different functional groups.
199
What are the functional groups of amino acids?
Amine group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
200
Amino acids can be combined by ----------------. The products of this reaction are a ...
condensation polymerisation
polypeptide and water.
201
The simplest type of condensation polymer is produced by combining 2 monomers that each have ...
2 identical functional groups.
202
In amino acids, Bonds ,called -------- , form that connect amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids. Thid produces polypeptides.
peptide links
203
In amino acids, Bonds ,called peptide links, form that connect ----------------. This produces ...
- amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids
- polypeptides.
204
When 1 or more polypeptides become associated, ...
a macromolecule called a protein is formed
205
How are Polypeptides produced?
When peptide links form between the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids.
206
proteins include ...
enzymes, haemglobin and antibodies.
207
Enzymes catalyse ...
biological reactions.
208
Haemoglobin carries ------- in the blood.
oxygen
209
Antibodies play a crucial role in our ...
immune systems.
210
What do we call the macromolecule that forms when 1 or more polypeptides become associated?
Protein
211
DNA (-------------) is a massive molecule that is crucial for life as we know it.
deoxyribonucleic acid
212
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a ...
massive molecule that is crucial for life as we know it.
213
DNA encodes (produces) the ...
genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms and viruses.
214
Most DNA molecules are made up of ...
2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix.
215
The polymers are made from monomers known as ...
nucleotides.
216
Each nucleotide contains --- of the 4 nitrogenous bases. (Adenine (A), Thymine (T),Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
1
217
Each nucleotide contains 1 of the following 4 nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
218
Polymers, such as DNA, are found in 1. and can be 2.
1. nature
2. extracted
219
Naturally occurring polymers that are important for life include:
Starch and cellulose
Proteins
220
Sugars are the 1. that combine to give 2.
1. monomers
2. starch and cellulose
221
Amino acids are the 1. that combine to give 2.
1. monomers
2. proteins
222
Starch, cellulose and sugars fall into the category of ...
carbohydrates
223
The acronym DNA stands for ...
deoxyribonucleic acid.
224
