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Chemistry GCSE > Using resources > Flashcards

Using resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Non-metals with high melting points not made from carbon based compounds

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2
Q

What are two common examples of ceramics?

A

clay

glass

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3
Q

What are composites?

A

A material made up of two or more materials embedded in each other.

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4
Q

What do the properties of composites depend on?

A

what the composite is made from

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5
Q

What are some examples of composites? And what are their properties?

A

fibreglass (glass fibres embedded in polymers) - has a low density (from the polymers) but is strong (from the glass)
Carbon fibre (long chains of carbon joined together) - strong and light
Concrete (aggregate [any material made from fragments, eg. sand and gravel] embedded in cement) -very strong
Wood (natural composite)

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6
Q

What influences the properties of a polymer?

A

how it’s made

what it’s made from

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7
Q

What do the monomers a polymer is made from determine?

A

the type of bonds that form between the polymer chains

the weak bonds between the chains affect the properties of the polymer

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8
Q

What are alloys and why do we use them?

A

Alloys are a metal with another element added to it to change the properties to make the metal more appropriate for its use. We use them instead of metals as they are better for its job, for example an alloy could be harder and stronger than the original metal.

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9
Q

What are steels?

A

alloys of iron

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10
Q

What properties does low carbon steel have? What can it be used for?

A

easily shaped

car bodies

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11
Q

What properties does high carbon steel have? What can it be used for?

A

very hard and inflexible

blades for cutting tools or bridges

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12
Q

What properties does stainless steel have? What can it be used for?

A

corrosion-resistant

cutlery or containers for corrosive substances

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13
Q

What is bronze an alloy of?

A

copper and tin

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14
Q

What is brass an alloy of?

A

copper and zinc

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15
Q

What are gold alloys used for?

A

making jewellery

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16
Q

What are aluminium alloys used for?

A

making aircraft

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17
Q

What is rust?

A 
hydrated iron (III) oxide
corrosion of iron
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18
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Where metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed

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19
Q

How does stainless steel prevent rust?

A

Stainless steel contains aluminium. When aluminium is exposed to air, it reacts to form aluminium oxide, which acts as a protective layer as none of the rest of the metal is exposed to air or water, meaning it can not rust.

20
Q

What experiment can you do to show that air and water are needed for rusting?

A

set up three test tubes:
in one, have an iron nail in water (with no air; boil the water and put a layer of oil on top to keep out air) to show that the iron won’t rust without air
in another, have air with no water (use calcium chloride to absorb any water) to show that water is needed to rust
in the third, have some water and air to show that the iron nail rusts with water and air

21
Q

How can you prevent rusting?

A 
Coating the iron (eg. painting, coating with plastic, electroplating, oiling, greasing)
Sacrificial protection (placing a more reactive metal with the iron so that that metal reacts with the air instead of the iron)
22
Q

What are natural resources?

A

Resources that form without human input, eg cotton and fossil fuels

23
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Resources that reform at a similar (or faster) rate than they are used, so do not run out.

24
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Non-renewable resources that will run out because they aren’t formed quickly enough to replaceable.

25
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

approach to development that takes account of present society whilst not damaging future generations

26
Q

How can we make finite resources last longer?

A

Reduce how much we use them (this also reduces how much needs to be produced, which will also reduce the use of anything needed to make them)

27
Q

How can the sustainability of copper be improved?

A

bioleaching (bacteria used to separate copper compounds)
phytomining (growing plants in soil that contains copper so that copper builds up in the leaves, which can then be harvested, dried and burned so that copper can be extracted)

28
Q

Why are metals recycled?

A

recycling them uses much less energy than is needed to mine and extract new metal
conserves the finite amount if each metal in the earth
reduces the amount of waste that goes to landfill sites

29
Q

How can glass be recycled?

A

by being crushed, melted and reshaped to use in glass products
alternatively, glass bottles can be reused without needing to be reshaped.

30
Q

What are life cycle assessments (LCA)?

A

an assessment that looks at every stage of a product’s life to assess the impact it has on the environment

31
Q

What stages are considered in a life cycle assessment?

A

getting the raw materials (and how many stages are in this process)
manufacturing and packaging
use of the product (and how long it is used for)
disposal of the product (eg. landfill, burnt)

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of life cycle assessments?

A

the effect of some pollutants are hard to give a numerical value to
can be biased

33
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

isn’t pure water as it does contain other dissolved substances

34
Q

How is rain water treated in the UK to become potable?

A

filtration - wire mesh screens out objects
- sand beds filter out any other solid bits
sterilisation - water is steralised to kill harmful baceria
chemicals can be added, eg. fluoride

35
Q

Where does waste water come from?

A

Water used in homes (eg. shower, washing up, going to toilet)
Agricultural systems (eg. slurry from animals, nutrient run offs from fields)
Industrial processes

36
Q

Why does waste water need to be treated?

A

To remove any organic matter or harmful microbes before it can be put back into fresh water sources

37
Q

What happens in sewage treatment?

A

screening (removes large materials)
sedimentation (heavier suspended solids sink to bottom of tank)
and then…
a) aerobic digestion (effluent water is treated by biological aerobic digestion to break down organic matter and microbes)
water released into environment
b) anaerobic digestion (sludge from bottom of settlement tank is removed and broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestion)
anaerobic digestion releases methane, which can be used as an energy source and the rest can be used as a fertiliser)

38
Q

What is a matrix?

A

a binder that holds together the reinforcement (fibres or fragments of a material) in a composite

39
Q

What is a reinforcement?

A

fibres or fragments of a material used in a composite

40
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

an industrial process used to make ammonia (which can then be used to make ammonium nitrate, which is used as a fertiliser)
using the reaction: nitrogen + hydrogen -> ammonia

41
Q

Why does the Haber process work well on an industrial scale?

A

reactants aren’t difficult or expensive to obtain

  • nitrogen is easily obtained from the air
  • hydrogen often comes from heating methane
42
Q

What industrial conditions are needed in the haber process?

A

pressure: 200 atmospheres
temperature: 450°C
catalyst: iron

43
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

fertilisers that contain nitrogen, phosphate and potassium in the correct percentages of the elements for plants

44
Q

Why do farmers use fertilisers?

A

To provide enough nutrients (and to provide nutrients that have been lost from previous crops) for plant growth to increase their crop yield.

45
Q

How can ammonium nitrate (fertiliser) be produced?

two different ways

A
  • in industry (at high concentrations in giant vats)

- in labs (at a much slower, smaller scale by using titrations and crystallisation)

Chemistry GCSE (11 decks)

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