Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Question 1

What is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

Answer 1

relative mass 1

charge +1

Question 2

What is the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

Answer 2

relative mass 1

charge 0

Question 3

What is the relative mass and charge of an electron?

Answer 3

relative mass 1/2000

charge -1

Question 4

Why are atoms neutral?

Answer 4

They contain the same number of protons and electrons

Charges are the same size but opposite so cancel eachother out

Question 5

What does the atomic number show?

Answer 5

how many protons there are

Question 6

What does the atomic mass number show?

Answer 6

the total number of protons and neutrons

Question 7

What is an element?

Answer 7

Substance containing atoms with the same number of protons (and therefore only one type of atom)

Question 8

What are isotopes?

Answer 8

Different forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Question 9

What is a compound?

Answer 9

Substances formed from two or more elements with the atoms at fixed proportions throughout the compound that are held together by chemical bonds,

Question 10

What is a mixture?

Answer 10

A group of elements and/or compounds not chemically bonded together that can easily be separated.

Question 11

Explain the method of chromotography

Answer 11

• draw pencil line near bottom of filter paper
• add a spot of ink on the line
• put the sheet of filter paper in the solvent (eg. water) so that the water is bellow the ink
• the solvent will seep up the paper, moving the ink with it
• different inks will move to different points on the filter paper
• leave to dry
• the results are called a chromatogram

Question 12

What method is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids?

Answer 12

Filtration

Question 13

What methods can be used to separate soluble solids from solutions?

Answer 13

Evaporation
or
Crystallisation

Question 14

What method is used to separate solutions?

Answer 14

Distillation

Question 15

What did John Dalton discover (about the atom)?

Answer 15

Atoms are solid spheres.

Different spheres make different elements

Question 16

What did J J Thomson discover (about the atom)?

Answer 16

Atoms aren’t solid spheres.
Atoms have smaller negatively charged particles called electrons.
This made the plum pudding model.

Question 17

What did Rutherford (and Marsden) discover (about the atom)?

Answer 17

Conducted alpha particle scattering experiments. They expected the alpha particles to all pass straight through the sheet of gold but not all if the particles went straight through, some deflected more than they expected and some deflected backwards.
He then made the nuclear model. In this model, there was a positively charged nucleus in the center of the atom and some electrons in a cloud around it. The rest of the atom was empty space.

Question 18

What did Bohr discover (about the atom)?

Answer 18

Bohr changed the nuclear model so that the electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells.

Question 19

What was the original periodic table like?

Answer 19

It was ordered by relative atomic mass, after this they noticed there was a pattern in the properties of elements.
Gaps were left in the periodic table for undiscovered elements and to help scientists predict what elements would be like.

Question 20

How is the current periodic table laid out?

Answer 20

In order of increasing atomic number meaning there are repeating properties of elements and means metals are on the left and non metals are on the right.

Question 21

What physical properties do all metals have?

Answer 21

strong
malleable
good conductors (of heat and electricity)
have high melting and boiling points

Question 22

What properties do the transition metals have?

Answer 22

can make more than one ion
often coloured (make colourful compounds)
good catalysts
(and typical properties of metals)

Question 23

What properties do group 1 elements have?

Answer 23

• soft
• low density
• have one electron in outer shell

Question 24

What do the alkali metals produce when they react with water?

Answer 24

hydrogen gas and metal oxides

Question 25

What do the alkali metals produce when they react with chlorine?

Answer 25

metal chloride salts

Question 26

What do the alkali metals produce when they react with oxygen?

Answer 26

metal oxide

Question 27

How do group 1 (alklali) metals change as you go down the group?

Answer 27

• reactivity increases
• lower melting and boiling points
• higher relative atomic mass

Question 28

How do group 7 (halogens) elements change as you go down the group?

Answer 28

• reactivity decreases
• higher melting and boiling points
• higher relative atomic mass

Question 29

What are the properties of group 0 (noble gases) elements?

Answer 29

• unreactive (already have a full outer shell)
• exist as monatomic gases
• colourless
• non flammable

Question 30

How do group 0 (noble gases) elements change as you go down the group?

Answer 30

-boiling points increase (increase in number of electrons leading to greater inter molecular forces that need lots of energy to be overcome)