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Eleanor Rowe Chemistry GCSE > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of ceramics

A

Bricks

Glass

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2
Q

How is glass made

A

Heating limestone sand and sodium carbonate together to melt and harden as glass

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3
Q

What is a composite material

A

Made of one material embedded in another

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4
Q

Example of a composite material

A

Fibreglass
Carbon fibre
Concrete
Wood

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5
Q

What do the properties of polyethene depend on

A

The catalyst that was used to make it and the temperature and pressure it was made under

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6
Q

Properties and uses of low density polyethene

A

Flexible

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7
Q

Uses of low density polyethene

A

Bags and bottles

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8
Q

What is polyethene

A

Plastic

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9
Q

How is low density polyethene made

A

Ethene at:
Moderate temperature
High pressure
Catalyst

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10
Q

Property of high density polyethene

A

Rigid

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11
Q

Uses of high density polyethene

A

Water tanks

Drainpipes

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12
Q

How is high density polyethene made

A

Ethene at:
Low temperature
Low pressure
Different catalyst

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13
Q

What do the monomers that a polymer contain determine

A

The type of bonds that form between the polymer chains

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14
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers

A

Contain individual polymer chains that have no bonds between them

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15
Q

What can you do to thermosoftening polymers

A

Melt them and remould them

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16
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A

Contain monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure

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17
Q

What are the monomer connections between polymer chains in thermosetting polymers called

A

Cross-links

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18
Q

Properties of thermosetting polymers

A

Strong
Hard
Rigid

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19
Q

Properties of ceramics

A

Insulated heat and electricity
Brittle
Stuff

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20
Q

Properties of polymers

A

Insulators of heat and electricity
Flexible
Easily moulded

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21
Q

Properties of composites

A

Depends on the binder and reinforcement so have many uses and properties

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22
Q

Properties of metals

A 
Malleable
Conductors of heat and electricity 
Ductile(made into wires)
Shiney
Stiff
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23
Q

How are alloys made and what makes them different to metals

A

Alloys are a mixture of metals

They are harder than pure metals due to the disrupted structure

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24
Q

What is an alloy of iron

A

Steel

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25
Q

What is bronze an alloy of

A

Copper and tin

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26
Q

What is brass and alloy of

A

Copper and zinc

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27
Q

What are aluminium alloys used for

A

Aircraft

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28
Q

What is rusted iron called and what is the equation for this

A

Iron oxide

Iron+water+oxygen—>hydrated iron oxide

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29
Q

How does corrosion occur

A

The surface of material is exposed to air

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30
Q

What is bad about rust

A

It is crumbly so falls off and means that eventually all the iron has corroded away

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31
Q

What happens when aluminium corrodes

A

It forms a layer of aluminium oxide that sticks to it and stops further reaction taking place

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32
Q

What two things are needed for iron to rust

A

Water

Air

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33
Q

What are the two main ways to prevent rusting

A

Coat the iron with a barrier such as paint or oil to keep out water and oxygen
Place a more reactive metal eg zinc or magnesium with the iron so that water or air reacts with that instead

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34
Q

What are natural resources

A

Things that form without human input

Eg cotton or oil

35
Q

What can natural products be replaced by

A

Synthetic products made by man made processes

Eg man made polymers replace rubber

36
Q

What is a renewable resource

A

Something that reforms at a similar rate or faster than we use them

37
Q

What is a finite resource

A

A resource that isn’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable

38
Q

Examples of finite resources

A

Fossil fuels
Nuclear fuels
Minerals and metals found in ores

39
Q

What are the risks of extracting finite resources

A

Mining ores is bad for the environment as it:
Uses lots of energy
Scars the landscape
Produces lots of waste

40
Q

What is the best way of reducing the use of finite resources

A

People to use less of them

41
Q

What are the two new ways of extracting copper

A

Bioleaching and phytomining

42
Q

What is bioleaching

A

Bacteria is used to convert copper compounds in ores to soluble copper compounds, seperating the copper out in the process, which can be gathered through electrolysis

43
Q

What is phytomining

A

Growing plants in soil that contains copper, the leaves grow with copper in them, the leaves are burnt and copper is extracted from the ash

44
Q

How are metals usually recycled

A

Melted and them casted into a new shape

45
Q

How is glass recycled

A

Crushed and melted to be reshaped

46
Q

What are the 4 stages of a life cycle assessment

A

Getting the raw materials
Manufacturing the packaging
Using the product
Product disposal

47
Q

What is a life cycle assessment

A

A document that looks at every stage of a products life to assess the impact it would have on the environment

48
Q

What happens in the getting the raw materials part of a life cycle assessment

A

Extracting the raw materials can damage the environment and result in pollution
Raw materials often need to be processed with requires a lot of energy eg crude oil

49
Q

What is the manufacture and packaging part of a LCA

A

Manufacturing the product can use lots of energy resources and cause pollution
Waste products can also be produced which need to be disposed of

50
Q

What is the using the product part of a LCA

A

The use of a product can release greenhouse gases or harmful substances
Products that need lots of energy to produce but are used for ages means less waste in the long run

51
Q

What is the product disposal part of an LCA

A

Products disposed through landfill take up space and pollute land and water
Energy is used to transport waste to landfill
Products may be burnt which pollutes

52
Q

What are the problems with life cycle assessments

A

It is difficult to quantify the amount of energy used for a product in its overall lifespan
It can be biased
Some can miss our stages to give a company positive advertising

53
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that has been treated and is naturally safe to drink

54
Q

Are pure water and potable water the same thing

A

No

Pure water contains only H2O molecules, potable water contains small microbes to keep it safe

55
Q

What are the important things to make water safe to drink

A

The levels of dissolved salts aren’t too high
It has a pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Aren’t any bacteria in it

56
Q

Is rainwater potable?

A

It is fresh water (not much dissolved in it)
Found as surface water(lakes, rivers…) or as groundwater in rocks
It needs to be treated to be safe before it is used

57
Q

What are the two processes to make rainwater safe to drink

A

Filtration and sterilisation

58
Q

What does filtration of water include

A

A wire mesh screens out large twigs and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits

59
Q

What is sterilisation of rainwater

A

Chlorine gas is bubbled through the water or by using ozone of ultraviolet light to kill bacteria or microbes

60
Q

What is distillation used to do to seawater

A

Desalinate it (remove salt)

61
Q

How does distillation for desalination work?

A

Test pH, if too low, needs to be neutralised through titration
Water needs to be tested for presence of sodium chloride through flame test (yellow) and chloride ions rest with nitric acid and silver nitrate (white precipitate)
If positive for sodium chloride (salt) carry out distillation and then retest pH of water and sodium chloride levels to be safe for drinking

62
Q

What is another method for treating seawater

A

Using membranes through reversion osmosis

63
Q

What is bad about distillation and reverse osmosis

A

Require lots of energy
Expensive
Not practical

64
Q

Where does waste water come from

A 
Baths 
Toilets
Washing up
Sewage from domestic sites 
The haber process
65
Q

How is waste water treated

A

1) screened for large materials to be removed
2) separated in a settlement tank, heavier solids produce sludge at bottom and lighter effluent floats on top
3) effluent is removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion to break down organic matter so water is just left and released into environment
4) sludge is broken down by bacteria through anaerobic digestion
5) methane gas is produced by anaerobic digestion which is used as an energy source and the remaining waste can be used as a fertiliser
6) some waste containing toxic substances may also be treated using UV radiation

66
Q

What is biological aerobic digestion

A

Air is pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter in water

67
Q

What is anaerobic digestion

A

Organic matter in sludge is broken down releasing methane gas

68
Q

What is the haber process used for

A

To make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen

69
Q

What is the equation for the haber process

A

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (+heat)

Nitrogen+ hydrogen ammonia+heat

70
Q

Why is the haber process suitable for an industrial scale

A

The reactants aren’t too difficult or expensive to obtain

71
Q

How does the haber process work?

A

The gases are passed over an iron catalyst at high temperature and pressure
Because it is reversible some of the ammonia produced converts into hydrogen and nitrogen until dynamic equilibrium is produced
The ammonia is formed as a gas but cools in a condenser to liquid

72
Q

Is the foreword reaction for the haber process endo or exothermic

A

Exothermic

73
Q

What does increasing pressure do to the haber process’ equilibrium

A

It moves the position towards the products so it maximises the yield

74
Q

What are NPK fertilisers

A

Plant fertilisers that contain nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in different ratios and percentages

75
Q

What is the main use of NPK fertilisers

A

To increase crop yield and the three elements are most required by plants to grow
Also makes crops grow faster and bigger

76
Q

What is ammonia reacted with oxygen and water to produce

A

Nitric acid

77
Q

What is ammonia reacted with nitric acid to make

A

Ammonium nitrate

78
Q

What happens when ammonia is reacted with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate in industry

A

The reaction is carried out in vats at high concentration meaning there is an exothermic reaction
The heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make a very concentrated product

79
Q

What happens when ammonia is reacted with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate in a lab

A

That reaction is carried out on a smaller scale by titration and crystallisation
The reactants are at a lower concentration so less heat is produced and it is safer
After titration the liquid is crystallised to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals

80
Q

How are potassium chloride and potassium surface found and what aw they used for

A

They are mined and used as a source of potassium

81
Q

What does reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid produce

A

Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

82
Q

What does phosphate rock react with sulphuric acid to make

A

Calcium surface and calcium phosphate

83
Q

What does phosphate rock react with phosphoric acid to make

A

Calcium phosphate

Eleanor Rowe Chemistry GCSE (9 decks)

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