Using Resources Flashcards
1
Q
Examples of ceramics
A
Bricks
Glass
2
Q
How is glass made
A
Heating limestone sand and sodium carbonate together to melt and harden as glass
3
Q
What is a composite material
A
Made of one material embedded in another
4
Q
Example of a composite material
A
Fibreglass
Carbon fibre
Concrete
Wood
5
Q
What do the properties of polyethene depend on
A
The catalyst that was used to make it and the temperature and pressure it was made under
6
Q
Properties and uses of low density polyethene
A
Flexible
7
Q
Uses of low density polyethene
A
Bags and bottles
8
Q
What is polyethene
A
Plastic
9
Q
How is low density polyethene made
A
Ethene at:
Moderate temperature
High pressure
Catalyst
10
Q
Property of high density polyethene
A
Rigid
11
Q
Uses of high density polyethene
A
Water tanks
Drainpipes
12
Q
How is high density polyethene made
A
Ethene at:
Low temperature
Low pressure
Different catalyst
13
Q
What do the monomers that a polymer contain determine
A
The type of bonds that form between the polymer chains
14
Q
What are thermosoftening polymers
A
Contain individual polymer chains that have no bonds between them
15
Q
What can you do to thermosoftening polymers
A
Melt them and remould them
16
Q
What are thermosetting polymers
A
Contain monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure
17
Q
What are the monomer connections between polymer chains in thermosetting polymers called
A
Cross-links
18
Q
Properties of thermosetting polymers
A
Strong
Hard
Rigid
19
Q
Properties of ceramics
A
Insulated heat and electricity
Brittle
Stuff
20
Q
Properties of polymers
A
Insulators of heat and electricity
Flexible
Easily moulded
21
Q
Properties of composites
A
Depends on the binder and reinforcement so have many uses and properties
22
Q
Properties of metals
A
Malleable Conductors of heat and electricity Ductile(made into wires) Shiney Stiff
23
Q
How are alloys made and what makes them different to metals
A
Alloys are a mixture of metals
They are harder than pure metals due to the disrupted structure
24
Q
What is an alloy of iron
A
Steel
25
What is bronze an alloy of
Copper and tin
26
What is brass and alloy of
Copper and zinc
27
What are aluminium alloys used for
Aircraft
28
What is rusted iron called and what is the equation for this
Iron oxide
| Iron+water+oxygen—>hydrated iron oxide
29
How does corrosion occur
The surface of material is exposed to air
30
What is bad about rust
It is crumbly so falls off and means that eventually all the iron has corroded away
31
What happens when aluminium corrodes
It forms a layer of aluminium oxide that sticks to it and stops further reaction taking place
32
What two things are needed for iron to rust
Water
| Air
33
What are the two main ways to prevent rusting
Coat the iron with a barrier such as paint or oil to keep out water and oxygen
Place a more reactive metal eg zinc or magnesium with the iron so that water or air reacts with that instead
34
What are natural resources
Things that form without human input
| Eg cotton or oil
35
What can natural products be replaced by
Synthetic products made by man made processes
| Eg man made polymers replace rubber
36
What is a renewable resource
Something that reforms at a similar rate or faster than we use them
37
What is a finite resource
A resource that isn’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable
38
Examples of finite resources
Fossil fuels
Nuclear fuels
Minerals and metals found in ores
39
What are the risks of extracting finite resources
Mining ores is bad for the environment as it:
Uses lots of energy
Scars the landscape
Produces lots of waste
40
What is the best way of reducing the use of finite resources
People to use less of them
41
What are the two new ways of extracting copper
Bioleaching and phytomining
42
What is bioleaching
Bacteria is used to convert copper compounds in ores to soluble copper compounds, seperating the copper out in the process, which can be gathered through electrolysis
43
What is phytomining
Growing plants in soil that contains copper, the leaves grow with copper in them, the leaves are burnt and copper is extracted from the ash
44
How are metals usually recycled
Melted and them casted into a new shape
45
How is glass recycled
Crushed and melted to be reshaped
46
What are the 4 stages of a life cycle assessment
Getting the raw materials
Manufacturing the packaging
Using the product
Product disposal
47
What is a life cycle assessment
A document that looks at every stage of a products life to assess the impact it would have on the environment
48
What happens in the getting the raw materials part of a life cycle assessment
Extracting the raw materials can damage the environment and result in pollution
Raw materials often need to be processed with requires a lot of energy eg crude oil
49
What is the manufacture and packaging part of a LCA
Manufacturing the product can use lots of energy resources and cause pollution
Waste products can also be produced which need to be disposed of
50
What is the using the product part of a LCA
The use of a product can release greenhouse gases or harmful substances
Products that need lots of energy to produce but are used for ages means less waste in the long run
51
What is the product disposal part of an LCA
Products disposed through landfill take up space and pollute land and water
Energy is used to transport waste to landfill
Products may be burnt which pollutes
52
What are the problems with life cycle assessments
It is difficult to quantify the amount of energy used for a product in its overall lifespan
It can be biased
Some can miss our stages to give a company positive advertising
53
What is potable water
Water that has been treated and is naturally safe to drink
54
Are pure water and potable water the same thing
No
| Pure water contains only H2O molecules, potable water contains small microbes to keep it safe
55
What are the important things to make water safe to drink
The levels of dissolved salts aren’t too high
It has a pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Aren’t any bacteria in it
56
Is rainwater potable?
It is fresh water (not much dissolved in it)
Found as surface water(lakes, rivers...) or as groundwater in rocks
It needs to be treated to be safe before it is used
57
What are the two processes to make rainwater safe to drink
Filtration and sterilisation
58
What does filtration of water include
A wire mesh screens out large twigs and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits
59
What is sterilisation of rainwater
Chlorine gas is bubbled through the water or by using ozone of ultraviolet light to kill bacteria or microbes
60
What is distillation used to do to seawater
Desalinate it (remove salt)
61
How does distillation for desalination work?
Test pH, if too low, needs to be neutralised through titration
Water needs to be tested for presence of sodium chloride through flame test (yellow) and chloride ions rest with nitric acid and silver nitrate (white precipitate)
If positive for sodium chloride (salt) carry out distillation and then retest pH of water and sodium chloride levels to be safe for drinking
62
What is another method for treating seawater
Using membranes through reversion osmosis
63
What is bad about distillation and reverse osmosis
Require lots of energy
Expensive
Not practical
64
Where does waste water come from
```
Baths
Toilets
Washing up
Sewage from domestic sites
The haber process
```
65
How is waste water treated
1) screened for large materials to be removed
2) separated in a settlement tank, heavier solids produce sludge at bottom and lighter effluent floats on top
3) effluent is removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion to break down organic matter so water is just left and released into environment
4) sludge is broken down by bacteria through anaerobic digestion
5) methane gas is produced by anaerobic digestion which is used as an energy source and the remaining waste can be used as a fertiliser
6) some waste containing toxic substances may also be treated using UV radiation
66
What is biological aerobic digestion
Air is pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter in water
67
What is anaerobic digestion
Organic matter in sludge is broken down releasing methane gas
68
What is the haber process used for
To make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen
69
What is the equation for the haber process
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (+heat)
| Nitrogen+ hydrogen ammonia+heat
70
Why is the haber process suitable for an industrial scale
The reactants aren’t too difficult or expensive to obtain
71
How does the haber process work?
The gases are passed over an iron catalyst at high temperature and pressure
Because it is reversible some of the ammonia produced converts into hydrogen and nitrogen until dynamic equilibrium is produced
The ammonia is formed as a gas but cools in a condenser to liquid
72
Is the foreword reaction for the haber process endo or exothermic
Exothermic
73
What does increasing pressure do to the haber process’ equilibrium
It moves the position towards the products so it maximises the yield
74
What are NPK fertilisers
Plant fertilisers that contain nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in different ratios and percentages
75
What is the main use of NPK fertilisers
To increase crop yield and the three elements are most required by plants to grow
Also makes crops grow faster and bigger
76
What is ammonia reacted with oxygen and water to produce
Nitric acid
77
What is ammonia reacted with nitric acid to make
Ammonium nitrate
78
What happens when ammonia is reacted with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate in industry
The reaction is carried out in vats at high concentration meaning there is an exothermic reaction
The heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make a very concentrated product
79
What happens when ammonia is reacted with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate in a lab
That reaction is carried out on a smaller scale by titration and crystallisation
The reactants are at a lower concentration so less heat is produced and it is safer
After titration the liquid is crystallised to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals
80
How are potassium chloride and potassium surface found and what aw they used for
They are mined and used as a source of potassium
81
What does reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid produce
Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
82
What does phosphate rock react with sulphuric acid to make
Calcium surface and calcium phosphate
83
What does phosphate rock react with phosphoric acid to make
Calcium phosphate
