Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is crude oil made out of and used for

Answer 1

Made of hydrocarbons

Used for plastics cosmetics and petrol

Question 2

What is the formula for alkanes

Answer 2

CnH2n+2

Question 3

What are the first 4 alkanes

Answer 3

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

Question 4

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons

Answer 4

Thicker
Less flammable
Higher boiling point

Question 5

Properties of short chain hydrocarbons

Answer 5

Less thick
More flammable
Lower boiling point

Question 6

What happens in the combustion of hydrocarbons and what is produced

Answer 6

Releases energy
Hydrogen and carbon are oxidised
Produces co2 and water

Question 7

How does fractional distillation occur

Answer 7

Crude oil boils to gas
Fed into column (hot at bottom, cool at top)
Vapours rise and condense when reaches boiling point
Collect liquid fuel

Question 8

What happens to long chain hydrocarbons in fractional distillation

Answer 8

They won’t boil so are collected at bottom as liquid

Question 9

What happens to very short chain hydrocarbons in fractional distillation

Answer 9

Are collected at top as gas as don’t condense

Question 10

What are the uses of the fractions collected in distillation

Answer 10

Petrol (cars)
Petroleum (camping fuel)
Kerosene (plane fuel)

Question 11

What is cracking

Answer 11

Breaks down long chain alkanes into a short chain alkanes and an Alkene
Helps large demand for short chain alkanes

Question 12

What are the two types of cracking and how do they work

Answer 12

Catalytic - turns to vapour, add catalyst

Steam- vaporise, mix with steam, heat

Question 13

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated molecules

Answer 13

Saturated , no double bonds

Question 14

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

Answer 14

Unsaturated

Question 15

What is the general formula for alkenes

Answer 15

CnH2n

Question 16

What are the first 4 alkenes

Answer 16

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

Question 17

What’s more reactive alkanes or alkenes

Answer 17

Alkenes

Question 18

How many bonds can a carbon atom form

Answer 18

4

Question 19

What happens in an alkene addition reaction

Answer 19

The carbon carbon double bond breaks and two new atoms are added often occurs with halogens as they are diatomic

Question 20

What happens when alkenes go through incomplete combustion

Answer 20

They produce carbon,carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and water and burn with a smokey flame

Question 21

What happens when alkenes react with hydrogen and what is it called

Answer 21

Happens in presence of catalyst

Called hydrogenation

Question 22

What happens when alkene reacts with steam

Answer 22

Water is added across double bins and forms alcohol
Uses catalyst
Makes ethanol industrially

Question 23

How can you use bromine water to test for alkenes

Answer 23

When orange bromine water is added to a saturated compound, like an alkane, no reaction will happen and it stays bright orange
If it’s added for an alkene the bromine will add across the double bond, making a colourless compound

Question 24

What is polymerisation and what conditions are needed

Answer 24

When monomers join together to form polymers

Needs high pressure and a catalyst

Question 25

What happens to the alkene bonds in polymerisation

Answer 25

The double bond is broken and opens up to join the molecules together

Question 26

What is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 26

CnH2n+1OH

Question 27

What are the first 4 alcohols

Answer 27

Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol

Question 28

What are the properties of alcohols

Answer 28

Soluble in water React with sodium to form hydrogen Oxidised to produce carboxylic acid

Question 29

What are the uses of alcohols

Answer 29

Solvents in industry as dissolve substances that water won’t dissolve Used as fuels as burns clearly and is non smelly

Question 30

How does fermentation make ethanol

Answer 30

Uses the enzyme yeast to convert sugar into ethanol Reaction produces co2 Occurs at 37 degrees In anaerobic conditions

Question 31

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid

Answer 31

COOH

Question 32

What are the first four carboxylic acids

Answer 32

Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid

Question 33

How do carboxylic acids react with carbonates

Answer 33

Form a salt water and carbon dioxide | Salt ends in anoate

Question 34

How do carboxylic acids react with water

Answer 34

They dissolve in water and ionise and release h+ ions | Don’t ionise fully, only form weak acids

Question 35

What is the functional group of esters

Answer 35

COO

Question 36

How are esters formed

Answer 36

From an alcohol and carboxylic acid with a catalyst | Also produce water

Question 37

What is an example of an ester

Answer 37

Ethyl ethanoate

Question 38

What is condensation polymerisation

Answer 38

Monomers with different functional groups form polymers and produce water

Question 39

What are the differences between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

Answer 39

Addition has only one monomer type where’s condensation has different Addition forms one product condensation forms water and polymer molecule Addition has the C C double bond functional group, condensation has COO/COOH functional group

Question 40

What two groups do amino acids have

Answer 40

An amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group

Question 41

What is a protein

Answer 41

An amino acid polymer Made up of monomers called polypeptides Formed in reaction where water is also formed

Question 42

What are proteins used for

Answer 42

To work as enzymes, haemoglobin, antibodies

Question 43

What are DNA molecules made from

Answer 43

Nucleotide polymers that contain bases and cross links

Question 44

How do simple sugars form polymers

Answer 44

React together through polymerisation to form larger carbohydrate molecules eg starch

Question 45

What do alcohols react with sodium to form

Answer 45

Hydrogen

Question 46

What is added to alcohols to form a carboxylic acid

Answer 46

Oxygen, the alcohol is oxidised