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Eleanor Rowe Chemistry GCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil made out of and used for

A

Made of hydrocarbons

Used for plastics cosmetics and petrol

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2
Q

What is the formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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4
Q

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons

A

Thicker
Less flammable
Higher boiling point

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5
Q

Properties of short chain hydrocarbons

A

Less thick
More flammable
Lower boiling point

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6
Q

What happens in the combustion of hydrocarbons and what is produced

A

Releases energy
Hydrogen and carbon are oxidised
Produces co2 and water

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7
Q

How does fractional distillation occur

A

Crude oil boils to gas
Fed into column (hot at bottom, cool at top)
Vapours rise and condense when reaches boiling point
Collect liquid fuel

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8
Q

What happens to long chain hydrocarbons in fractional distillation

A

They won’t boil so are collected at bottom as liquid

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9
Q

What happens to very short chain hydrocarbons in fractional distillation

A

Are collected at top as gas as don’t condense

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10
Q

What are the uses of the fractions collected in distillation

A

Petrol (cars)
Petroleum (camping fuel)
Kerosene (plane fuel)

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11
Q

What is cracking

A

Breaks down long chain alkanes into a short chain alkanes and an Alkene
Helps large demand for short chain alkanes

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12
Q

What are the two types of cracking and how do they work

A

Catalytic - turns to vapour, add catalyst

Steam- vaporise, mix with steam, heat

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13
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated molecules

A

Saturated , no double bonds

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14
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

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15
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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16
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

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17
Q

What’s more reactive alkanes or alkenes

A

Alkenes

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18
Q

How many bonds can a carbon atom form

A

4

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19
Q

What happens in an alkene addition reaction

A

The carbon carbon double bond breaks and two new atoms are added often occurs with halogens as they are diatomic

20
Q

What happens when alkenes go through incomplete combustion

A

They produce carbon,carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and water and burn with a smokey flame

21
Q

What happens when alkenes react with hydrogen and what is it called

A

Happens in presence of catalyst

Called hydrogenation

22
Q

What happens when alkene reacts with steam

A

Water is added across double bins and forms alcohol
Uses catalyst
Makes ethanol industrially

23
Q

How can you use bromine water to test for alkenes

A

When orange bromine water is added to a saturated compound, like an alkane, no reaction will happen and it stays bright orange
If it’s added for an alkene the bromine will add across the double bond, making a colourless compound

24
Q

What is polymerisation and what conditions are needed

A

When monomers join together to form polymers

Needs high pressure and a catalyst

25
Q

What happens to the alkene bonds in polymerisation

A

The double bond is broken and opens up to join the molecules together

26
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

27
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

28
Q

What are the properties of alcohols

A

Soluble in water
React with sodium to form hydrogen
Oxidised to produce carboxylic acid

29
Q

What are the uses of alcohols

A

Solvents in industry as dissolve substances that water won’t dissolve
Used as fuels as burns clearly and is non smelly

30
Q

How does fermentation make ethanol

A

Uses the enzyme yeast to convert sugar into ethanol
Reaction produces co2
Occurs at 37 degrees
In anaerobic conditions

31
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid

A

COOH

32
Q

What are the first four carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

33
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with carbonates

A

Form a salt water and carbon dioxide

Salt ends in anoate

34
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with water

A

They dissolve in water and ionise and release h+ ions

Don’t ionise fully, only form weak acids

35
Q

What is the functional group of esters

A

COO

36
Q

How are esters formed

A

From an alcohol and carboxylic acid with a catalyst

Also produce water

37
Q

What is an example of an ester

A

Ethyl ethanoate

38
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

Monomers with different functional groups form polymers and produce water

39
Q

What are the differences between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

Addition has only one monomer type where’s condensation has different
Addition forms one product condensation forms water and polymer molecule
Addition has the C C double bond functional group, condensation has COO/COOH functional group

40
Q

What two groups do amino acids have

A

An amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group

41
Q

What is a protein

A

An amino acid polymer
Made up of monomers called polypeptides
Formed in reaction where water is also formed

42
Q

What are proteins used for

A

To work as enzymes, haemoglobin, antibodies

43
Q

What are DNA molecules made from

A

Nucleotide polymers that contain bases and cross links

44
Q

How do simple sugars form polymers

A

React together through polymerisation to form larger carbohydrate molecules eg starch

45
Q

What do alcohols react with sodium to form

A

Hydrogen

46
Q

What is added to alcohols to form a carboxylic acid

A

Oxygen, the alcohol is oxidised

Eleanor Rowe Chemistry GCSE (9 decks)

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