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Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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2
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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3
Q

What is the difference between pure water and potable water?

A

Pure water contains only

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4
Q

How do you test for water?

A

Anhydrous copper sulphate turns from white to blue

Cobalt chloride paper turns from blue to pink

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5
Q

Describe two desalination techniques

A

Distillation
Reverse osmosis - forcing water through a fine membrane

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6
Q

Why is desalination only used where fresh water is in low supply?

A

It requires large amounts of energy

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7
Q

How is potable water produced in the UK?

A
  • An appropriate source of fresh water is chosen
  • Water is filtered
  • Water is sterilised
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8
Q

How can water be sterilised?

A

Chlorine
Ozone
UV light

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9
Q

How is sewage treated?

A
  • Filtered to remove large solids and grit
  • Sedimentation (dirt sinks to the bottom) separates effluent and sludge
  • Effluent treated with aerobic microbes
  • Sludge treated with anaerobic microbes, produces methane (used for energy) and leftover organic material (used for fertiliser)
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10
Q

What are the three types of water available to make potable?

A

Ground water
Salt water
Waste water (sewage)

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11
Q

What are the two main methods for extracting low-grade ores?

A

Phytomining
Bioleaching

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12
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Plants absorb metal ores, then are harvested and burned to produce ash containing metal compounds

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13
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Uses bacteria to feed on metal ores and produce leachate solutions containing metal compounds. These can be processed to obtain the pure metal (E.g. electrolysis)

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14
Q

What are life cycle assessments?

A

They assess the environmental impact of products

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15
Q

What are the stages of life cycle assessments?

A
  • Extracting and processing raw materials
  • Manufacturing and packaging
  • Use and operation during lifetime
  • Disposal and transportation
    (+Distribution at each stage)
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of life cycle assessments?

A

They can be misused for advertising purposes

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17
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

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18
Q

What is needed for iron to rust?

A

Air and water

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19
Q

What ways can corrosion be prevented?

A

Applying a coating to act as a barrier (E.g. painting)
Sacrificial protection (more reactive coatings)

20
Q

What is bronze an alloy of?

A

Copper and tin

21
Q

What is brass an alloy of?

A

Copper and zinc

22
Q

Why is aluminium used in alloys?

A

To lower the density

23
Q

What percentage of gold is in 24K?

A

100%

24
Q

What percentage of gold is in 18K?

A

75%

25
Q

What is a property of steels containing chromium and nickel?

A

Stainless steel
Hard and resistant to corrosion

26
Q

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

A

Made from different sized atoms
Distorts the regular layers of metal atoms
Stops the layers sliding over each other

27
Q

What is stainless steel made of?

A

Iron, carbon, chromium, and nickel

28
Q

What are the properties of low carbon steel?

A

Soft and easily shaped

29
Q

What are the properties of high carbon steel?

A

Strong and brittle

30
Q

What is low carbon steel used for?

A

Frames, bridges, etc.

31
Q

What is high carbon steel used for?

A

Cutting tools, springs, high strength wires

32
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers?

A

Polymers that melt when heated

33
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

Polymers that don’t melt when heated

34
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

A

What monomers they were made from and in what conditions

35
Q

What is soda-lime glass made from?

A

Sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone

36
Q

What is borosilicate glass made from and why?

A

Sad and boron trioxide
Melts at higher temperatures

37
Q

How are ceramics made?

A

Shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace

38
Q

What is the Haber process? (give the word equation)

A

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇋ Ammonia

39
Q

What are the conditions required for the Haber process?

A

Passed over an iron catalyst
High temperature (450°C)
High pressure (200 atmospheres)

40
Q

Where does the hydrogen used for the Haber process come from?

A

Natural gas

41
Q

Where does the nitrogen used in the Haber process come from?

A

The air

42
Q

What three elements are in NPK fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

43
Q

What 3 acids can be reacted with mined phosphate rock to produce fertiliser salts?

A

Phosphoric acid
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid

44
Q

What salt is made when phosphate rock reacts with sulphuric acid?

A

Single superphosphate

45
Q

What salt is made when phosphate rock reacts with nitric acid?

A

Calcium nitrate

46
Q

What salt is made when phosphate rock reacts with phosphoric acid?

A

Triple superphosphate

Chemistry (9 decks)

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