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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

H(n)C(2n+2)

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4
Q

What are the first four hydrocarbon prefixes?

A

Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-

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5
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into more useful short chain hydrocarbons using high temperature and pressure

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6
Q

Describe catalytic cracking

A
  • High temperature and pressure
  • Vapours passed over hot catalyst
  • Covalent bonds break + reform
  • Products alkenes and alkanes
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7
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

H(n)C(2n)

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8
Q

What are the products of cracking used for?

A

Fuels

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9
Q

How do you test for alkenes?

A

Mix with bromine water - positive result is colour change from orange to colourless

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10
Q

Explain fractional distillation.

A
  • Crude oil is heated to form a vapour
  • This enters the bottom of the fractionating column
  • The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  • Long chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom
  • Short chains condense at the top
  • Some hydrocarbons remain as gases and leave through the top
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11
Q

Name the products of complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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12
Q

Name the products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide and water

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13
Q

Why are alkene molecules unsaturated?

A

Because they contain two less hydrogen atoms than their corresponding alkane

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14
Q

Name 3 of the properties of short chain hydrocarbons (+ why?)

A
  • Low boiling points
  • High flammability
  • High volatility
  • Low viscosity
  • Because there are less intermolecular forces between molecules, meaning less energy is required to overcome them
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15
Q

Name 3 of the properties of long chain hydrocarbons (+why)

A
  • High boiling points
  • Low flammability
  • Low volatility
  • High viscosity
  • Because there are more intermolecular forces between molecules, meaning more energy is required to overcome them
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16
Q

Name 3 products of crude oil

A

Petrol, solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents, etc.

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17
Q

What happens to the hydrogen and carbon atoms during combustion?

A

They are oxidised

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18
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of an organic compound responsible for their chemical reactions (E.g. alkanes = C-C )

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19
Q

What is the functional group of alkanes?

A

C-C

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20
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

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21
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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22
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

23
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

24
Q

Write a word equation for the complete combustion of ethene

A

Ethene + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water

25
Q

Write a word equation for the incomplete combustion of ethene

A

Ethene + Oxygen —> Carbon monoxide + Water

26
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds with the same function group (E.g. Alkanes)

27
Q

How do alkenes burn? (+why)

A

With a smoky flame, because of incomplete combustion

28
Q

Why are alkanes used for fuels and not alkenes?

A

Alkanes produce more energy per mole

29
Q

What are the products of alkenes reacting with water by addition reactions?

A

Alcohols (Prefix + -anol)

30
Q

Write a word equation for the addition reaction of ethene with water

A

Ethene + Steam (Water) ⇌ Ethanol

31
Q

Which addition reaction does NOT require a catalyst?

A

Reactions with halogens

32
Q

Describe steam cracking

A
  • High temperature and pressure
  • Vapours mixed with steam
  • Products are alkenes and alkanes
33
Q

Which type of cracking requires the highest temperature?

A

Steam cracking

34
Q

What catalyst is used in addition reactions with hydrogen?

A

Nickel

35
Q

Are carboxylic acids strong or weak?

A

Weak - they partially ionise in water

36
Q

Do alcohols dissolve in water?

A

Yes

36
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

C(N) H(2n+1) OH

37
Q

What organic compound forms when alcohols are oxidised?

A

Carboxylic acids

38
Q
A

=

39
Q

Give 2 uses of alcohols

A
  • Fuels
  • Solvents
40
Q

Write a word equation for the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

Ethanol + Ethanoic acid ⇌ Ethyl ethanoate + Water

41
Q

Name 3 naturally occurring polymers

A
  • DNA
  • Protein
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
42
Q

What type of catalyst is used to make esters?

A

Sulfuric acid catalysts

43
Q

Name 2 qualities of esters

A
  • Volatile
  • Smell sweet
44
Q

What are esters commonly used for?

A

Perfumes and flavourings

45
Q

How are polymers made?

A
  • Addition polymerisation
  • Condensation polymerisation
46
Q

Write a word equation for the addition polymerisation of butene

A

Butene –> Poly(butene)

47
Q

What is the difference in the products of addition / condensation polymerisation?

A

Addition - produces a polymer
Condensation - produces a polymer and a small molecule (H20)

48
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation?

A

The double bond in the monomer breaks and a longer polymer is formed

49
Q

What are diols? (+ example)

A

Molecules with 2 alcohol groups
E.g. ethanediol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH)

50
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid?

A

A carboxylic acid containing 2 -COOH groups

51
Q

What is the general equation for producing polyesters?

A

Diol + Carboxylic acid –> Polyester + Water

52
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  • Double helix
  • 2 polymer chains
  • Held in place by intermolecular forces
  • 4 nucleotides (monomers) that make up the polymer chains
53
Q

What are the 4 bases that make up nucleotides?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine

Chemistry (6 decks)

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