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Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

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2
Q

An example of corrosion

A

Rusting

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3
Q

What must be present for iron to rust?

A

Air and water

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4
Q

Ways to add barrier to prevent corrosion

A

Greasing
Painting
Electroplating

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5
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?

A

Applying a coating that acts as a barrier

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6
Q

what happens to aluminium to prevent further corrosion

A

A layer of aluminium oxide is formed on the surface which protects the metal

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7
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

When a coating contains a more reactive metal (e.g. zinc used to galvanised iron)

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8
Q

What form are most metals found in for everyday use?

A

Alloys

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9
Q

What is bronze an alloy for?

A

Copper and tin

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10
Q

What is brass an alloy for?

A

Copper and zinc

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11
Q

What is gold usually alloyed with in jewelry?

A

Silver, copper and zinc

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12
Q

Why is gold alloys in jewelry?

A

It is too soft when pure and expensive

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13
Q

What proportion is the gold in the alloy measured in?

A

Carats,
24 carat is 100% gold
18 carat is 75% gold

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14
Q

What is used to make the alloy steel?

A

Iron with specific amounts of carbon an other metals

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15
Q

What is a property of high carbon steel?

A

Brittle

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16
Q

What is a property of low carbon steel?

A

Softer than high carbon and more easily shaped

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17
Q

what type of steel is resistant to corrosion?

A

Stainless steel

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18
Q

What is added to steal to turn it into stainless steel?

A

Chromium and nickel

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19
Q

What is the most common type of glass used?

A

Soda lime glass

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20
Q

How is soda lime glass made?

A

By heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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21
Q

What is borosilicate glass made from?

A

Sand and boron trioxide

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22
Q

How does the melting point compare between soda lime glass and borosilicate glass?

A

Borosiliate glass melts at a higher melting point

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23
Q

How are clay ceramics, including pottery on bricks made?

A

By sharing wet clay
Then heating in a furnace

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24
Q

What are the properties of polymers depend on?

A

Depends upon what monomers they are made from and the conditions used to make them

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25
Two types of polyethylenes?
Low density (ld) High density (hd)
26
How can you make two types of polyethylene?
By changing conditions Eg use a catalyst
27
What do you thermosoftening polymers do when they are heated
Melt
28
What do you thermosetting polymers do when they are heated
They do not melt
29
What is the structure of a thermosoftening polymer?
Have weak intermolecular forces between polymer chains, so easily broken (hence melt when they are heated)
30
What is the structure of a thermosetting polymer?
Have strong covalent bonds between polymer chains, so require lots of heat to overcome
31
What is a composite?
A substance made of two materials
32
How are the two types of material combined in a composite?
- A matrix or bind - Reinforcement (The matrix binds together fibres/fragments of the reinforcement material) Eg reinforced concrete Matrix =concrete Reinforcment/fibre = steel Eg surfboard containing glass fibre surrounded by a polyester Matrix =polyester Reinforcement/fibre = glass fibre
33
What is the haber process?
A way to manufacture ammonia
34
What can ammonia be used to make?
Nitrogen based fertilisers
35
What are the raw materials for the Haber process?
Nitrogen and hydrogen
36
Where are the nitrogen and hydrogen sourced from in the Haber process?
Nitrogen is sourced from the air Hydrogen from natural gas
37
What conditions are used in the Haber process?
The purified gases are passed over an iron catalyst High temperature, 450°C High-pressure 200 atm
38
What type of reaction is make an ammonia?
Reversible reaction
39
Why does some of the ammonia break back down to nitrogen and hydrogen?
It is a reversible reaction
40
What is the word equation for making ammonia?
Nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ Ammonia
41
What is the balanced symbol equation for making ammonia?
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
42
How is the ammonia removed in the Haber process?
It is cooled and liquefied The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen is recycled
43
What elements to NPK fertilisers contain?
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
44
Why are NPK fertilisers used?
To improve agricultural productivity
45
What are NPK fertilisers?
Formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements
46
What can ammonia be used to manufacture?
Ammonium salts Nitric acid
47
How are potassium chloride, potassium, sulphate, and phosphate rocks obtained?
By mining
48
Can phosphate rock be used directly as a fertiliser
No
49
What is phosphate rock treated with to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers?
With nitric acid or sulphuric acid
50
What do humans use earths resources for?
-Warmth -Shelter -Food -Transport
51
What do natural sources provide?
-food -Timber -Clothes -Fuels (supplemented by agriculture)
52
Where do we get a finite resources from?
-Earth -Oceans -Atmosphere (to provide energy and materials)
53
What is sustainable development?
Meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
54
What is potable water?
Water that is safe to drink
55
Is potable water, pure
No
56
What do you need a low levels of in drinking water?
Dissolved salts and microbes
57
What dictates the method used to obtain potable water?
Supplies of water and local conditions
58
How is most potable water produced in the UK
- Choose appropriate source -Pass water through filter beds -Sterilise
59
Where is most of the potable water obtained from in the UK?
Rainwater provides water with low levels of dissolved substances (freshwater) Which collect in the ground and in lakes and rivers
60
What are three ways to sterilise water
-Chlorine -Ozone -UV light
61
What is another method to obtain potable water if freshwater is limited
Desalination of salty water or sea water
62
What process is used in desalination
Distillation or using membranes by reverse osmosis
63
What are the issues with desalination and reverse osmosis?
Require large amounts of energy
64
What produces large amount of waste water
Urban lifestyles and industrial processes
65
What is removed from sewage and agricultural waste
Organic matter and harmful microbes
66
What is removed from industrial waste
Organic matter and harmful chemicals
67
What are the steps in sewage treatment?
-Screening and grit removal -Sedimentation to produce sewage, sludge and effluent -Anaerobic, digestion of sewage sludge -aerobic, biological treatment of effluent
68
What is happening to earths metal resources?
Becoming limited and scarce
69
Two ways to extract copper from low-grade ores.
Phytomining and bioleaching
70
What do phytoming and bioleaching avoid compared to traditional methods
Digging moving and disposing of large amounts of rocks
71
What does bioleaching use to extract the copper?
Bacteria to produce leachate that contain metal compounds
72
How can metal compounds be extracted after bioleaching?
By displacement with scrap iron or electrolysis
73
How is copper extracted by phytomining?
-plants are used to absorb metal compounds -The plants are harvested, and then burned -This produces Ash that contains metal compounds
74
How can metal compounds be processed to obtain the metal?
Example, includes using scrap iron to displace the copper from a solution, or by electrolysis
75
What is a life-cycle assessment?
Away to assess the environmental impact of a product at all stages
76
What are the stages assessed in LCA
-Extracting and processing raw materials -Manufacturing and packaging -Use an operation during its lifetime -Disposal and end of its useful life (includes transport and distribution)
77
What resources can be easily quantified
Water sources Energy sources Production, wastes
78
What type of substance is hard to quantify?
Pollutants as based on judgement, so it’s not purely objective
79
What is the issue with selected or abbreviated LCAs?
Misused to reach a conclusion, e.g. false advertising claims
80
How can we reduce the use of resources?
Reuse and recycle
81
What are the impacts of reuse and recycle?
Reduces use of limited resources, energy use, reduces waste so environmental impact
82
Examples of products from limited resources
-Metals -Glass -Building materials -Clay ceramics -most plastic
83
Where are the resources obtained from for these products?
Quarrying and mining which causes environmental issues
84
What are the two ways to reuse these products?
Reuse (glass) or recycled
85
How can metals be recycled?
Melting and recasting or reforming into a different products
86
What dictates the amount of recycling needed for a metal?
Material and its final use (product)
87
How can glass bottles be reused?
Crushed then melted to make different glass products
88
What happens to a product that can’t be reused
Can be recycled for a different use
89
What is the amount of separation required for recycling?
Depends upon the material and tge properties required of the final product

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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