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GCSE Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

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2
Q

An example of corrosion

A

Rusting

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3
Q

What must be present for iron to rust?

A

Air and water

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4
Q

Ways to add barrier to prevent corrosion

A

Greasing
Painting
Electroplating

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5
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?

A

Applying a coating that acts as a barrier

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6
Q

what happens to aluminium to prevent further corrosion

A

A layer of aluminium oxide is formed on the surface which protects the metal

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7
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

When a coating contains a more reactive metal (e.g. zinc used to galvanised iron)

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8
Q

What form are most metals found in for everyday use?

A

Alloys

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9
Q

What is bronze an alloy for?

A

Copper and tin

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10
Q

What is brass an alloy for?

A

Copper and zinc

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11
Q

What is gold usually alloyed with in jewelry?

A

Silver, copper and zinc

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12
Q

Why is gold alloys in jewelry?

A

It is too soft when pure and expensive

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13
Q

What proportion is the gold in the alloy measured in?

A

Carats,
24 carat is 100% gold
18 carat is 75% gold

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14
Q

What is used to make the alloy steel?

A

Iron with specific amounts of carbon an other metals

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15
Q

What is a property of high carbon steel?

A

Brittle

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16
Q

What is a property of low carbon steel?

A

Softer than high carbon and more easily shaped

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17
Q

what type of steel is resistant to corrosion?

A

Stainless steel

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18
Q

What is added to steal to turn it into stainless steel?

A

Chromium and nickel

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19
Q

What is the most common type of glass used?

A

Soda lime glass

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20
Q

How is soda lime glass made?

A

By heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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21
Q

What is borosilicate glass made from?

A

Sand and boron trioxide

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22
Q

How does the melting point compare between soda lime glass and borosilicate glass?

A

Borosiliate glass melts at a higher melting point

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23
Q

How are clay ceramics, including pottery on bricks made?

A

By sharing wet clay
Then heating in a furnace

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24
Q

What are the properties of polymers depend on?

A

Depends upon what monomers they are made from and the conditions used to make them

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25
Q

Two types of polyethylenes?

A

Low density (ld)
High density (hd)

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26
Q

How can you make two types of polyethylene?

A

By changing conditions
Eg use a catalyst

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27
Q

What do you thermosoftening polymers do when they are heated

A

Melt

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28
Q

What do you thermosetting polymers do when they are heated

A

They do not melt

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29
Q

What is the structure of a thermosoftening polymer?

A

Have weak intermolecular forces between polymer chains, so easily broken (hence melt when they are heated)

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30
Q

What is the structure of a thermosetting polymer?

A

Have strong covalent bonds between polymer chains, so require lots of heat to overcome

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31
Q

What is a composite?

A

A substance made of two materials

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32
Q

How are the two types of material combined in a composite?

A
  • A matrix or bind
  • Reinforcement

(The matrix binds together fibres/fragments of the reinforcement material)

Eg reinforced concrete
Matrix =concrete
Reinforcment/fibre = steel

Eg surfboard containing glass fibre surrounded by a polyester
Matrix =polyester
Reinforcement/fibre = glass fibre

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33
Q

What is the haber process?

A

A way to manufacture ammonia

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34
Q

What can ammonia be used to make?

A

Nitrogen based fertilisers

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35
Q

What are the raw materials for the Haber process?

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

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36
Q

Where are the nitrogen and hydrogen sourced from in the Haber process?

A

Nitrogen is sourced from the air

Hydrogen from natural gas

37
Q

What conditions are used in the Haber process?

A

The purified gases are passed over an iron catalyst

High temperature, 450°C

High-pressure 200 atm

38
Q

What type of reaction is make an ammonia?

A

Reversible reaction

39
Q

Why does some of the ammonia break back down to nitrogen and hydrogen?

A

It is a reversible reaction

40
Q

What is the word equation for making ammonia?

A

Nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ Ammonia

41
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for making ammonia?

A

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

42
Q

How is the ammonia removed in the Haber process?

A

It is cooled and liquefied

The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen is recycled

43
Q

What elements to NPK fertilisers contain?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

44
Q

Why are NPK fertilisers used?

A

To improve agricultural productivity

45
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

Formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements

46
Q

What can ammonia be used to manufacture?

A

Ammonium salts
Nitric acid

47
Q

How are potassium chloride, potassium, sulphate, and phosphate rocks obtained?

A

By mining

48
Q

Can phosphate rock be used directly as a fertiliser

A

No

49
Q

What is phosphate rock treated with to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers?

A

With nitric acid or sulphuric acid

50
Q

What do humans use earths resources for?

A

-Warmth
-Shelter
-Food
-Transport

51
Q

What do natural sources provide?

A

-food
-Timber
-Clothes
-Fuels
(supplemented by agriculture)

52
Q

Where do we get a finite resources from?

A

-Earth
-Oceans
-Atmosphere
(to provide energy and materials)

53
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

54
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

55
Q

Is potable water, pure

A

No

56
Q

What do you need a low levels of in drinking water?

A

Dissolved salts and microbes

57
Q

What dictates the method used to obtain potable water?

A

Supplies of water and local conditions

58
Q

How is most potable water produced in the UK

A
  • Choose appropriate source

-Pass water through filter beds

-Sterilise

59
Q

Where is most of the potable water obtained from in the UK?

A

Rainwater provides water with low levels of dissolved substances (freshwater)
Which collect in the ground and in lakes and rivers

60
Q

What are three ways to sterilise water

A

-Chlorine
-Ozone
-UV light

61
Q

What is another method to obtain potable water if freshwater is limited

A

Desalination of salty water or sea water

62
Q

What process is used in desalination

A

Distillation or using membranes by reverse osmosis

63
Q

What are the issues with desalination and reverse osmosis?

A

Require large amounts of energy

64
Q

What produces large amount of waste water

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes

65
Q

What is removed from sewage and agricultural waste

A

Organic matter and harmful microbes

66
Q

What is removed from industrial waste

A

Organic matter and harmful chemicals

67
Q

What are the steps in sewage treatment?

A

-Screening and grit removal
-Sedimentation to produce sewage, sludge and effluent
-Anaerobic, digestion of sewage sludge
-aerobic, biological treatment of effluent

68
Q

What is happening to earths metal resources?

A

Becoming limited and scarce

69
Q

Two ways to extract copper from low-grade ores.

A

Phytomining and bioleaching

70
Q

What do phytoming and bioleaching avoid compared to traditional methods

A

Digging moving and disposing of large amounts of rocks

71
Q

What does bioleaching use to extract the copper?

A

Bacteria to produce leachate that contain metal compounds

72
Q

How can metal compounds be extracted after bioleaching?

A

By displacement with scrap iron or electrolysis

73
Q

How is copper extracted by phytomining?

A

-plants are used to absorb metal compounds
-The plants are harvested, and then burned
-This produces Ash that contains metal compounds

74
Q

How can metal compounds be processed to obtain the metal?

A

Example, includes using scrap iron to displace the copper from a solution, or by electrolysis

75
Q

What is a life-cycle assessment?

A

Away to assess the environmental impact of a product at all stages

76
Q

What are the stages assessed in LCA

A

-Extracting and processing raw materials
-Manufacturing and packaging
-Use an operation during its lifetime
-Disposal and end of its useful life (includes transport and distribution)

77
Q

What resources can be easily quantified

A

Water sources
Energy sources
Production, wastes

78
Q

What type of substance is hard to quantify?

A

Pollutants as based on judgement, so it’s not purely objective

79
Q

What is the issue with selected or abbreviated LCAs?

A

Misused to reach a conclusion, e.g. false advertising claims

80
Q

How can we reduce the use of resources?

A

Reuse and recycle

81
Q

What are the impacts of reuse and recycle?

A

Reduces use of limited resources, energy use, reduces waste so environmental impact

82
Q

Examples of products from limited resources

A

-Metals
-Glass
-Building materials
-Clay ceramics
-most plastic

83
Q

Where are the resources obtained from for these products?

A

Quarrying and mining which causes environmental issues

84
Q

What are the two ways to reuse these products?

A

Reuse (glass) or recycled

85
Q

How can metals be recycled?

A

Melting and recasting or reforming into a different products

86
Q

What dictates the amount of recycling needed for a metal?

A

Material and its final use (product)

87
Q

How can glass bottles be reused?

A

Crushed then melted to make different glass products

88
Q

What happens to a product that can’t be reused

A

Can be recycled for a different use

89
Q

What is the amount of separation required for recycling?

A

Depends upon the material and tge properties required of the final product

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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