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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What type of resource is crude oil?

A

Finite (will run out quicker, then we can replace it.)

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2
Q

Where is crude oil found

A

In rocks/the bottom of the Sea

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3
Q

How was crude oil formed?

A

Remains of plankton/biomass buried in mud over millions of years

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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A substance made up of hydrogen and carbon elements only

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6
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are found in crude oil?

A

Alkanes

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7
Q

what is the general formula of an alkane?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same general formula
E.g., the general formula of alkanes is C(n)H(2n+2)

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9
Q

What are the first for alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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10
Q

How can alkanes be presented?

A

Molecular formula (shows the number of atoms of each element)
E.g. C2H6

Displayed formula (shows the bonds between atoms)

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11
Q

How is crude oil separated into its fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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12
Q

What two processes are involved in fractional distillation?

A

Evaporation and condensation

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13
Q

What is fraction?

A

Each fraction consist of groups of hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths

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14
Q

What are fractions used to produce?

A

Fuels on feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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15
Q

Name some fractions produced from crude oil

A

Petrol
Diesel oil
Kerosene
Heavy fuel oil
Liquefied petroleum gases

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16
Q

What products are produced from the petrochemical industry?

A

Solvent
Lubricants
Polymers
Detergent

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17
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A
  1. Crude oil is heated up to become a vapour.
  2. It enters the bottom of the fractionating column where it is the hottest at the bottom and cools as you get higher up (temperature gradient.)
  3. As the vapours rise, they condense when they reach their boiling points
  4. So different fractions are collected at different levels in a continuous process.
  5. Hydrocarbons with the smallest molecules have the lowest boiling point and are collected at the top.
  6. Large molecules with higher boiling point are collected near the bottom.
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18
Q

Where are the largest molecules found?

A

The bottom of the fractionating column

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19
Q

Where are the smallest molecules found?

A

At the top of the fractionating column

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20
Q

What are the trends in the properties of alkanes?

A

As molecular size increases:
Boiling point increases
Viscosity increases (thickness)
Flammability (how easily they are set on fire) decrease

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21
Q

Why do large molecules have the highest boiling points?

A

There are more intermolecular forces between molecules therefore more energy is required to overcome these

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22
Q

What is released during the a combustion of hydrocarbon?

A

Energy

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23
Q

What are the two types of combustion?

A

Complete and incomplete

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24
Q

Describe the difference between the two types of combustions

A

Complete combustion = large supply of oxygen

Incomplete combustion = limited supply of oxygen

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25
What happens to the carbon and hydrogen when a hydrocarbon is burnt
They are oxidised (they both gain oxygen to become CO2 and H2O)
26
What is produced during complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
Carbon dioxide and water
27
Write a word equation for the complete combustion of propane
Propane + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
28
Write a balanced symbol equation for the combustion of propane (tip, always balance to C then the H.)
C3H8 + 5O2 —> 3CO2 + 4H2O
29
How are hydrocarbons broken down into smaller more useful molecules?
Cracking
30
Why are hydrocarbons cracked?
To meet demands for high demand products such as fuels
31
What are the two methods of cracking?
Catalytic and steam
32
What are the conditions for catalytic cracking
High temperature of 550°C Zeolite catalyst (is made up from aluminium oxide and silicon oxide)
33
What are the conditions for steam cracking?
Higher temperature then catalytic cracking water vapour/steam
34
What are the products formed from cracking
Long alkane —> Shorter alkane+ alkene
35
Which type of hydrocarbon is more reactive
Alkenes
36
What is the test for alkene?
Bromine water (orange) changes to colourless
37
What is produced from alkanes?
Polymers and starting materials for the production of many other chemicals
38
Balanced equations showing cracking
The products are always shorter chains You produce an alkene The total number of carbon atoms of hydrogen atoms on reactants/product side remain the same
39
What type of bond is found in alkenes
Double carbon-carbon (covalent) bonds
40
Why are alkenes described as saturated?
Contain two fewer hydrogen atoms on the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
41
What determines the general reactions of an organic compound?
It’s a functional group
42
What functional group is present in an alkene?
C=C
43
How do alkenes react with hydrogen, water and halogens?
By the addition of atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single bond
44
How do alkenes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction?
Same way as alkanes Burns with a smoky flame due to incomplete combustion
45
What is functional group is found in alcohol?
OH
46
What are the first four members of the homologus series of alcohols?
Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
47
How can alcohol be represented?
In a molecular formula: Cn2nOH Structural formula (different to molecular it gives you the order you draw the atom bonds in) CHnCHnOH Displayed formula
48
what happens when alcohols reacts with sodium?
Bubbles of hydrogen are produced Sodium + ethanol —> sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
49
What happens when alcohol is burnt in the air
Undergoes complete combustion Forms carbon dioxide and water
50
What happens on alcohol is added to water
Small alcohols are soluble in water Solubility decreases increase chain length
51
What happens to an alcohol when it reacts with an oxidising agent?
Can be oxidised to make an carboxylic acid
52
How can ethanol be produced from sugars?
Fermentation
53
what are the conditions used during fermentation?
Yeast No water present No oxygen Temperature : 25 degrees Celsius
54
Word equation for fermentation
Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
55
What is the symbol equation for fermentation?
C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
56
What is functional group is present in carboxylic acids?
COOH
57
What are the first four members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
58
How can carboxylic acids be represented?
Structural formula eg CH3COOH DISPLAYED FORMULA
59
What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?
Salt + carbon dioxide + water
60
What happens when a carboxylic acid is dissolved in water
Disolved to form an acidic solution
61
What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol?
It makes an ester
62
What type of acid is a carboxylic acid?
It is a weak acid because it is only partially ionise in aqueous solution
63
What functional group is an ester
COO
64
What is the use for an ester
Solvent Fruit smells
65
What is the equation for an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to make an ester
Alcohol + carboxylic acid—> Ester + water
66
What ester is made between ethanol and ethanoic acid
Ethyl ethanoate
67
An equation to show the production of ethyl ethanoate
Ethanol + ethanoic acid —> eythl ethanoate + water
68
What is a monomer?
A small alkene molecule The repeating unit, in an addition, polymer will have the same atoms as the monomer
69
What type of polymers can be made from alkenes?
Addition, polymers
70
What happens during an addition, polymerisation reaction?
Many molecules (monomers) join/bond together to form very large molecules (polymers)
71
What is a condensation polymer?
Involves to monomers with different functional groups
72
What happens when the two monomers join when making a condensation polymer?
Water molecules are lost, so it’s called a condensation reaction
73
What is found in an amino acid?
Two different functional groups.
74
What are the two functional groups found in an amino acid?
Amine (NH2) Carboxylic acid (COOH)
75
What can be produced from the chain of different amino acids?
Proteins
76
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
77
Why is DNA essential for?
Life
78
Describe the structure of DNA
Two. Polymer chains. Made from four different monomers called nucleotides in the form of a double helix
79
Examples of other naturally occurring important polymers
Proteins Starch Celulose
80
Name, the monomer from which starch is produced
Glucose
81
Name, the monomer of which proteins are produced
Amino acids
82
Name, the monomer of which Celulose is produced
Glucose/sugar molecules
83
General formula for an alkane
CnH2n
84
What are the first four members of the alkenes?
Ethene Methene Propene Butene
85
What is produced when an amino acid reacts by condensation polymerisation?
Polypeptides
86
Why is DNA essential for life?
Encode is genetic instructions for the production of proteins Development of functioning, living organisms and viruses

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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