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GCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of resource is crude oil?

A

Finite (will run out quicker, then we can replace it.)

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2
Q

Where is crude oil found

A

In rocks/the bottom of the Sea

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3
Q

How was crude oil formed?

A

Remains of plankton/biomass buried in mud over millions of years

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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A substance made up of hydrogen and carbon elements only

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6
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are found in crude oil?

A

Alkanes

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7
Q

what is the general formula of an alkane?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same general formula
E.g., the general formula of alkanes is C(n)H(2n+2)

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9
Q

What are the first for alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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10
Q

How can alkanes be presented?

A

Molecular formula (shows the number of atoms of each element)
E.g. C2H6

Displayed formula (shows the bonds between atoms)

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11
Q

How is crude oil separated into its fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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12
Q

What two processes are involved in fractional distillation?

A

Evaporation and condensation

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13
Q

What is fraction?

A

Each fraction consist of groups of hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths

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14
Q

What are fractions used to produce?

A

Fuels on feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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15
Q

Name some fractions produced from crude oil

A

Petrol
Diesel oil
Kerosene
Heavy fuel oil
Liquefied petroleum gases

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16
Q

What products are produced from the petrochemical industry?

A

Solvent
Lubricants
Polymers
Detergent

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17
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A
  1. Crude oil is heated up to become a vapour.
  2. It enters the bottom of the fractionating column where it is the hottest at the bottom and cools as you get higher up (temperature gradient.)
  3. As the vapours rise, they condense when they reach their boiling points
  4. So different fractions are collected at different levels in a continuous process.
  5. Hydrocarbons with the smallest molecules have the lowest boiling point and are collected at the top.
  6. Large molecules with higher boiling point are collected near the bottom.
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18
Q

Where are the largest molecules found?

A

The bottom of the fractionating column

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19
Q

Where are the smallest molecules found?

A

At the top of the fractionating column

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20
Q

What are the trends in the properties of alkanes?

A

As molecular size increases:
Boiling point increases
Viscosity increases (thickness)
Flammability (how easily they are set on fire) decrease

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21
Q

Why do large molecules have the highest boiling points?

A

There are more intermolecular forces between molecules therefore more energy is required to overcome these

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22
Q

What is released during the a combustion of hydrocarbon?

A

Energy

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23
Q

What are the two types of combustion?

A

Complete and incomplete

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24
Q

Describe the difference between the two types of combustions

A

Complete combustion = large supply of oxygen

Incomplete combustion = limited supply of oxygen

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25
Q

What happens to the carbon and hydrogen when a hydrocarbon is burnt

A

They are oxidised (they both gain oxygen to become CO2 and H2O)

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26
Q

What is produced during complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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27
Q

Write a word equation for the complete combustion of propane

A

Propane + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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28
Q

Write a balanced symbol equation for the combustion of propane (tip, always balance to C then the H.)

A

C3H8 + 5O2 —> 3CO2 + 4H2O

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29
Q

How are hydrocarbons broken down into smaller more useful molecules?

A

Cracking

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30
Q

Why are hydrocarbons cracked?

A

To meet demands for high demand products such as fuels

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31
Q

What are the two methods of cracking?

A

Catalytic and steam

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32
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking

A

High temperature of 550°C
Zeolite catalyst (is made up from aluminium oxide and silicon oxide)

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33
Q

What are the conditions for steam cracking?

A

Higher temperature then catalytic cracking
water vapour/steam

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34
Q

What are the products formed from cracking

A

Long alkane —> Shorter alkane+ alkene

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35
Q

Which type of hydrocarbon is more reactive

A

Alkenes

36
Q

What is the test for alkene?

A

Bromine water (orange) changes to colourless

37
Q

What is produced from alkanes?

A

Polymers and starting materials for the production of many other chemicals

38
Q

Balanced equations showing cracking

A

The products are always shorter chains
You produce an alkene
The total number of carbon atoms of hydrogen atoms on reactants/product side remain the same

39
Q

What type of bond is found in alkenes

A

Double carbon-carbon (covalent) bonds

40
Q

Why are alkenes described as saturated?

A

Contain two fewer hydrogen atoms on the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms

41
Q

What determines the general reactions of an organic compound?

A

It’s a functional group

42
Q

What functional group is present in an alkene?

A

C=C

43
Q

How do alkenes react with hydrogen, water and halogens?

A

By the addition of atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single bond

44
Q

How do alkenes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction?

A

Same way as alkanes
Burns with a smoky flame due to incomplete combustion

45
Q

What is functional group is found in alcohol?

A

OH

46
Q

What are the first four members of the homologus series of alcohols?

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

47
Q

How can alcohol be represented?

A

In a molecular formula: Cn2nOH

Structural formula (different to molecular it gives you the order you draw the atom bonds in)
CHnCHnOH

Displayed formula

48
Q

what happens when alcohols reacts with sodium?

A

Bubbles of hydrogen are produced

Sodium + ethanol —> sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

49
Q

What happens when alcohol is burnt in the air

A

Undergoes complete combustion
Forms carbon dioxide and water

50
Q

What happens on alcohol is added to water

A

Small alcohols are soluble in water
Solubility decreases increase chain length

51
Q

What happens to an alcohol when it reacts with an oxidising agent?

A

Can be oxidised to make an carboxylic acid

52
Q

How can ethanol be produced from sugars?

A

Fermentation

53
Q

what are the conditions used during fermentation?

A

Yeast
No water present
No oxygen
Temperature : 25 degrees Celsius

54
Q

Word equation for fermentation

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

55
Q

What is the symbol equation for fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

56
Q

What is functional group is present in carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

57
Q

What are the first four members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid

Ethanoic acid

Propanoic acid

Butanoic acid

58
Q

How can carboxylic acids be represented?

A

Structural formula eg CH3COOH

DISPLAYED FORMULA

59
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

Salt + carbon dioxide + water

60
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid is dissolved in water

A

Disolved to form an acidic solution

61
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol?

A

It makes an ester

62
Q

What type of acid is a carboxylic acid?

A

It is a weak acid because it is only partially ionise in aqueous solution

63
Q

What functional group is an ester

A

COO

64
Q

What is the use for an ester

A

Solvent
Fruit smells

65
Q

What is the equation for an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to make an ester

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid—> Ester + water

66
Q

What ester is made between ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

Ethyl ethanoate

67
Q

An equation to show the production of ethyl ethanoate

A

Ethanol + ethanoic acid —> eythl ethanoate + water

68
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small alkene molecule

The repeating unit, in an addition, polymer will have the same atoms as the monomer

69
Q

What type of polymers can be made from alkenes?

A

Addition, polymers

70
Q

What happens during an addition, polymerisation reaction?

A

Many molecules (monomers) join/bond together to form very large molecules (polymers)

71
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

Involves to monomers with different functional groups

72
Q

What happens when the two monomers join when making a condensation polymer?

A

Water molecules are lost, so it’s called a condensation reaction

73
Q

What is found in an amino acid?

A

Two different functional groups.

74
Q

What are the two functional groups found in an amino acid?

A

Amine (NH2)

Carboxylic acid (COOH)

75
Q

What can be produced from the chain of different amino acids?

A

Proteins

76
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

77
Q

Why is DNA essential for?

A

Life

78
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Two. Polymer chains.

Made from four different monomers called nucleotides

in the form of a double helix

79
Q

Examples of other naturally occurring important polymers

A

Proteins
Starch
Celulose

80
Q

Name, the monomer from which starch is produced

A

Glucose

81
Q

Name, the monomer of which proteins are produced

A

Amino acids

82
Q

Name, the monomer of which Celulose is produced

A

Glucose/sugar molecules

83
Q

General formula for an alkane

A

CnH2n

84
Q

What are the first four members of the alkenes?

A

Ethene

Methene

Propene

Butene

85
Q

What is produced when an amino acid reacts by condensation polymerisation?

A

Polypeptides

86
Q

Why is DNA essential for life?

A

Encode is genetic instructions for the production of proteins

Development of functioning, living organisms and viruses

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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