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Chemistry > Using Resources (10) > Flashcards

Using Resources (10) Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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2
Q

In the UK, potable (safe to
drink) water is produced by…?

A

• choosing an appropriate source of fresh water

• passing the water through filter beds to remove any solids

• sterilising to kill microbes

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3
Q

What are the sterilising agents
for potable water?

A

Sterilising agents used for potable water include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light.

• Chlorine is a toxic gas so the amount added to water has to be carefully
monitored.

• Using ultraviolet light to kill microbes avoids adding chemicals to the water but is
more expensive

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4
Q

How is desalination carried
out?

A

Desalination can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such
as reverse osmosis. These processes require large amounts of energy.

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5
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

Sea water is passed through a membrane that only allows through the water
molecules. It needs high pressure to push the water through the membrane. The
high pressure requires a lot of energy to produce.

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6
Q

How is wastewater produced and how is it treated? (Urban lifestyle)

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water
that require treatment before being released into the environment.

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7
Q

How is wastewater produced and how is it treated? (Sewage)

A

• Sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of organic matter and
harmful microbes.

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8
Q

How is wastewater produced and how is it treated? (Industrial waste)

A

Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful
chemicals.

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9
Q

What are the processes
involved in sewage treatment?

A

Sewage treatment includes:

  • screening and grit removal
  • sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • aerobic biological treatment of effluent
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10
Q

What do new methods of mining
avoid in terms of disadvantages of
traditional mining?

A

Avoids the disadvantages of traditional mining methods of digging, moving and
disposing of large amounts of rock

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11
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds from the soil. The plants are
harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains the metal compounds

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12
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal
compounds.

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13
Q

What are the 3 advantages phytomining

A

Reduces the need for new ore by traditional mining

Conserves limiting supplies of high-grade ores

Reduces the amount of rock waste that must be disposed of after traditional mining.

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14
Q

What are the 3 advantages bioleaching

A

Bioleaching can stabilise sulphate toxins from the mine without causing harm to the environment.

Bioleaching is a relativley green process

It also doesn’t require land that already contains high concentrations of low grade ores.

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15
Q

What are the 3 didsadvantages bioleaching

A

produces toxins

Has sulfuric acid which damages the environment

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16
Q

What are the 3 didsadvantages phytomining

A

Plants growing on contaminated land absorb copper ions as they grow. These plants are harvested and burned, producing ash that contains high concentrations of copper
compounds.

A disadvantage of phytomining is that the process takes a lot longer than the classic methods

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17
Q

Describe the stages of LCAs

A

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) are carried out to assess the environmental
impact of products in each of these stages:

  • extracting and processing raw materials
  • manufacturing and packaging
  • use and operation during its lifetime
  • disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at
    each stage.
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18
Q

How do we reduce the use of resources?

A

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduces the
use of limited resources, energy consumption, waste and environmental impacts.

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19
Q

What are the advantages of recycling?

A

Advantages of recycling: less acid rain (pollution) metal ore reserves last longer /
conserved energy for extraction saved less mining / quarrying less waste less
landfill creates local employment

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling?

A

Disadvantages of recycling ; collection problems transport problems/ cost of
transport difficult to separate metal from appliances/sort

21
Q

What is corrosion ?

A

Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in
the environment, e.g. rusting.

22
Q

how is corrosion prevented?

A

Corrosion can be prevented by applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as
greasing, painting or electroplating. These methods stop the air or water coming
into contact with the metal.

23
Q

Describe the sacrificial protection

A

Some coatings are reactive and may contain corrosion inhibitors or a more
reactive metal.

If two metals are in contact the more reactive metal will corrode instead of the less
reactive one, e.g. zinc is used to galvanise iron and when scratched, provides
sacrificial protection because zinc is more reactive than iron.

24
Q

Describe the compounds and the uses of bronze

A

Bronze - an alloy of copper and tin, used for making statues and decorative objects.

25
Q

Describe the compounds and the uses of bronze

A

Bronze - an alloy of copper and tin, used for making statues and decorative objects.

26
Q

Describe the compounds and the
uses of brass

A

Brass - an alloy of copper and zinc used for producing water taps and door fittings.

27
Q

Describe the compounds and the
uses of gold

A

Gold used as jewellery is usually an alloy with silver, copper and zinc (The proportion of gold in the alloy is
measured in carats, with pure gold being 24 carat, e.g. 18 carat gold is 75% gold.)

28
Q

Describe the compounds and the
uses of aluminium-magnesium

A

Aluminium-magnesium alloys are low density and used in aerospace manufacturing.

29
Q

Describe the compounds and the
uses of steels

A

Steels - alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals. High carbon steel is
strong but brittle. Low carbon steel is softer and more easily shaped. Steels containing chromium and
nickel (stainless steels) are hard and resistant to corrosion.

30
Q

How are the properties of polymers determined?

A

The properties of polymers depend on what monomers they are made from and
the conditions under which they are made. For example, low density (LD) and high
density (HD) poly(ethene) are produced from ethene, using different catalysts and
reaction conditions.

31
Q

Describe the structures of thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers

A

Thermosetting polymers do not melt on heating. The polymer molecules are linked
to each other by strong cross-links. Thermosoftening polymers soften easily on
heating and can then be remoulded, keeping the new shape on cooling. The
polymer molecules are attracted to each other by weak intermolecular forces.

32
Q

How is glass made?

A

Most of the glass we use is soda-lime glass, made by heating a mixture of sand,
sodium carbonate and limestone. Borosilicate glass, made from sand and boron
trioxide, melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass

33
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

Clay ceramics, including pottery and bricks, are made by shaping wet clay and
then heating in a furnace.

34
Q

How are composites formed?

A

Fibres or fragments of one material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a
binder/matrix material that holds these fibres/fragments together.

E.g. fibreglass - glass fibres bound together in a polymer, used for making storage
tanks.

35
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

Key stages of Haber process:

(Step 1)

A
36
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

Key stages of Haber process:

(Step 2)

A
37
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

Key stages of Haber process:

(Step 3)

A
38
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

Key stages of Haber process:

(Step 4)

A
39
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

Key stages of Haber process:

(Step 5)

A
40
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

Key stages of Haber process:

(Step 6)

A
41
Q

The Haber process uses high T and p conditions.

A

The conditions are a compromise between rate and the yield:

• The reaction is exothermic. An optimum temperature of 450 °C is used. Using a lower temperature would give a higher yield, but the rate of NH3 production would be too slow.

42
Q

Explain why the haber process is a compromise

A

• A pressure of 200 atm is used. Using a higher pressure would give a higher yield, but would be too expensive, because of the cost of energy to produce the high pressure.

43
Q

How are compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium used?

A

Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used as fertilisers to
improve agricultural productivity. NPK fertilisers contain compounds of all three
elements

44
Q

How is industrial production of
NPK fertilisers achieved?

(Explanation)

A

Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium salts. The ammonium sulfate,
phosphate, and nitrate can be produced by reaction of ammonia with the requisite
acid.

45
Q

How is industrial production of NPK fertilisers
achieved?

A
46
Q

How is the phosphate rock utilised
in the production of fertilisers?

A

• Phosphate rock is reacted with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and
calcium nitrate.

• Phosphate rock can be reacted with sulfuric acid to produce a mixture of calcium
phosphate and calcium sulfate

• Phosphate rock can be reacted with phosphoric acid to produce calcium
phosphate.

47
Q

How is the phosphate rock utilised
in the production of fertilisers?

A

• Phosphate rock is reacted with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and
calcium nitrate.

• Phosphate rock can be reacted with sulfuric acid to produce a mixture of calcium
phosphate and calcium sulfate

• Phosphate rock can be reacted with phosphoric acid to produce calcium
phosphate.

Chemistry (10 decks)

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