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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry (7) > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry (7) Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass.

Finite resource - cannot be replaced as it is used up.

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms

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3
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons of a general formula

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Series of compounds with same general formula, same functional groups and similar chemical properties.

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5
Q

Describe the combustion of hydrocarbons

A
  • Exothermic reaction occurring when
    hydrocarbons are reacted with oxygen.
  • Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water (carbon and
    hydrogen atoms are completely oxidised).
  • Incomplete combustion produces carbon or carbon monoxide and water.
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6
Q

Describe the physical properties of alkanes

A
  • First few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then to solids.
  • In general, boiling points and viscosity increase as molecules get bigger.
  • Volatility and flammability decrease as molecules get bigger.
  • Poor reactivity.
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7
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 1

A
  • Crude oil is heated and vaporised.
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8
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 2

A
  • Vapor rises up the fractionating column (tower).
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9
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 3

A
  • The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
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10
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 4

A
  • Hydrocarbons cool as they go up the column and condense at different heights, as they have different boiling points.
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11
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 4

A
  • Large molecules, high boiling points - collected at the bottom.
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12
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 5

A
  • Small molecules, low boiling points - collected at the top.
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13
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Step 6

A
  • This gives fractions, which can be used in various ways.
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14
Q

What is cracking?

A

When large hydrocarbons are thermally broken down into smaller and useful molecules

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15
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

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16
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

A

Reactant heated to vapor, passed over a hot catalyst (catalytic cracking) or heated to vapor, mixed with steam and heated to high temperatures (steam cracking)

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17
Q

How are the products of cracking used?

A

The products are alkanes and alkenes – used as polymers and starting materials for synthesis.

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18
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon. Contains a C=C bond.

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19
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A
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20
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Add bromine water. Colour change occurs from orange to colourless.

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21
Q

Describe the combustion of alkenes

A

They burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion

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22
Q

Describe addition reactions of alkenes

A

Addition atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond.

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23
Q

What happens in the addition reaction between carbon and hydrogen

A

With hydrogen - hydrogenation; requires a higher temperature and a nickel catalyst

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24
Q

What happens in the addition reaction between carbon and steam

A

With steam - hydration; requires high temperature, pressure, and concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a catalyst

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25
Q

What happens in the addition reaction between carbon and Br2/Cl2/I2

A

addition of halogens

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26
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An organic compound that contains an -OH functional group

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27
Q

State characteristics of methanol, ethanol,propanol and butanol

A
  • Dissolve in water to form a neutral solution.
  • React with sodium to form hydrogen.
  • Burn in oxygen.
  • React with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalyst to form esters.
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28
Q

Oxidation of the alcohols leads to…?

A

Carboxylic acids

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29
Q

What are some uses of alcohols?

A
  • Fuels
  • Solvents
  • Drinks
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30
Q

State the conditions required for fermentation of glucose

A

30 degrees Celsius, aqueous solution of the glucose, absence of air, yeast added;

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31
Q

What is the equation for the fermentation of glucose

A

C6H12O6 → 2x CH3CH2OH + 2x CO2

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32
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group

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33
Q

State 4 of the characteristics of carboxylic acids

A
  • Dissolve in water to form an acidic solution (contains H+ ions)
  • React with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide
  • React with alcohols with an acid catalyst to produce esters
  • React with metals to give off hydrogen gas
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34
Q

What type of acid is carboxylic acid?

A

It is a weak acid.

35
Q

Explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids?

A

They are partially dissociated in water, thus the pH of a carboxylic acid in solution is not as low as a solution of a strong acid of the same concentration.

36
Q

What is an ester and how is it formed?

A

An organic compound containing a -COO- functional group, formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.

37
Q

What is a characteristic in an ester
about this class of compounds?

A

They have a fruity smell.

38
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a long chain molecule which is made by lots of smaller molecules joining together.

39
Q

How do molecules containing C=C bond form polymers?

A

C=C bonds open up and many smaller molecules (monomers) join together to form a chain (a polymer). No other products are made.

It is called an “addition polymerisation” reaction.

40
Q

Give 3 examples of addition polymers and their uses.

A

Polyethene

Poly)tetrafluoroethene (PTFE)

Poly)chloroethene (polyvinylchloride, PVC)

41
Q

What is polyethene used in

A

plastic bags

42
Q

What is Poly)tetrafluoroethene (PTFE) used in

A

teflon surfaces, for use in non-stick kitchenware

43
Q

What is (Poly)chloroethene (polyvinylchloride, PVC) used in

A

Water pipes

44
Q

What is a repeating unit of a polymer?

A

It is a smallest structure which, upon numerous translations, yields the structure of the polymer.

45
Q

How to draw polymers

A

In addition polymers: to draw it, take a monomer, change C=C to C-C and show additional single bonds extending away from these carbons.

46
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

It is a polymer made in condensation polymerisation.

47
Q

How is a condensation polymer made

A

In this reaction, many molecules join together; the polymer is formed, but also a small molecule is released, e.g. H2O, HCl.

48
Q

What are the two main groups of polymers
name them and give relevant examples.

A

Polyesters, e.g. terylene.

Polyamides, e.g. Nylon.

49
Q

What is an amide bond?

A

An amide bond is similar to the ester bond, with O replaced by N, e.g. (C=O)-NH2

Just like an ester, it contains the C=O group.

50
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

It is an organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality (COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2).

51
Q

How do amino acids make proteins?

A

By numerous condensation polymerisation reactions; proteins are polymers made of amino acids (monomers).

52
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

*Polypeptides are also made by condensation polymerisation of amino acids, but are shorter than proteins. One could think about proteins as a product of many polypeptide chains bonded together.

53
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They are organic molecules made of C,H, and O. They are biologically relevant, e.g. starch and cellulose.

Both of these are polymers made of glucose (other carbohydrate) monomers. Their structures differ in the way the glucose molecules are joined together.

54
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a material that makes up chromosomes - cell structures that store genetic information.

55
Q

What is DNA is role and structure

A

DNA is made of two polymer chains that are held together in a double helix.

Each polymer chain can be made from 4 different monomers - nucleotides.

56
Q

Order of crude oil fractions from coolest to Hot

A

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

Petrol

Kerosene

Diesel

Heavy fuel oil

Bitumen

57
Q

Uses of LPG

A

Cooking

Vehicles

Industrial applications

58
Q

Uses of naptha

A

To treat laundry stains and hand wash clothes

59
Q

Uses of Petrol

A

Fuel for transportation (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel)

Heating homes

Generating electricity

60
Q

Uses of Kerosen

A

Cooking

lighting

heating

61
Q

What is the formula for Alkenes

A
62
Q

What is the formula for Alkanes

A
63
Q

What is the homolgous series

A
64
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in Ethene

Alkene

A

C = 2

H = 4

65
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in Propene

Alkene

A

C = 3
H = 6

66
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in butene

Alkene

A

C = 4

H = 8

67
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in pentene

(Alkene)

A

C = 5

H = 10

68
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in Methane

Alkane

A

C = 1

H = 4

69
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in Ethane

Alkane

A

C = 2

H = 6

70
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in Propane

Alkane

A

C = 3

H = 8

71
Q

How many Carbons (C) and Hydrogens (H) are in Butane

Alkane

A

C = 4

H = 10

72
Q

What is Hydrogenation

A

Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen across the alkene double bond

73
Q

What is an example of Hydrogenation

A

polyunsaturated fats being changed into saturated fats eg

liquid vegetable oils into solid edible fats or margarines

74
Q

What is a reagant

A

A reagent is a compound or mixture added to a system to start or test a chemical reaction.

75
Q

What is the reagent in Hydrogenation

A
76
Q

What are the conditions required for Hydrogenation

A

Heat

77
Q

What is the catalyst in Hydrogenation

A

Nickel metal (in the form of fine grains known as Raney nickel)

78
Q

What is the type of reaction is Hydrogenation

A

Addition / hydrogenation

79
Q

What is an example of Hydrogenation

A

hydrogen can be added to either but-1-ene or but-2-ene to form butane.

80
Q

What is an example of Hydrogenation

A

hydrogen can be added to either but-1-ene or but-2-ene to form butane.

81
Q

What are the conditions required for Hydration with steam

A

330•C

60-70 atm

Acid catalyst

82
Q

What are the conditions required for Hydration

A

150•C and nickel catalyst

83
Q

What is the polymersation of ethene

A
84
Q

What is the polymersation of butene

A

Chemistry (10 decks)

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